BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

is the base class for all exceptions defined by applications.

This class represents application-defined errors detected during the execution of an application. It is provided as means to differentiate between exceptions defined by applications versus exceptions defined by the system. For more information on exceptions defined by the system, see . does not provide information as to the cause of the exception. In most scenarios, instances of this class should not be thrown. In cases where this class is instantiated, a human-readable message describing the error should be passed to the constructor. System.Exception Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "An application error has occurred." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current Exception. If is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an argument passed to a method is invalid.

is thrown when a method is invoked and at least one of the passed arguments does not meet the method's parameter specification. The Base Class Library includes three derived types: When appropriate, use these types instead of . The following example demonstrates an error that causes a exception to be thrown by the system. using System; public class MyClass {} public class ArgExceptionExample { public static void Main() { MyClass my = new MyClass(); string s = "sometext"; try { int i = s.CompareTo(my); } catch (ArgumentException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.ArgumentException: Object must be of type String. at System.String.CompareTo(Object value) at ArgExceptionExample.Main() System.SystemException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "An invalid argument was specified." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The and properties are initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current Exception. If is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the current exception. An instance of that is the cause of the current Exception. If is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , the property using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the exception. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Property System.String

Gets the name of the parameter that caused the current Exception.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the current Exception, or if no value was specified to the constructor for the current instance. This property is read-only. The property returns the same value as was passed into the constructor. Override the property to customize the content or format of the parameter name. Use this property to retrieve the name of the invalid parameter. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an argument passed to a method is invalid because it is .

is thrown when a method is invoked and at least one of the passed arguments is and should never be . behaves identically to . It is provided so that application code can differentiate between exceptions caused by arguments and exceptions caused by non-null arguments. For errors caused by non-null arguments, see . The following example demonstrates an error that causes the class to throw a exception. using System; class ArgumentNullTest { public static void Main() { String[] s = null; String sep = " "; try { String j = String.Join(sep,s); } catch (ArgumentNullException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null. Parameter name: value at System.String.Join(String separator, String[] value) at ArgumentNullTest.Main() System.ArgumentException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Argument cannot be null." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . The property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an argument passed to a method is invalid because it is outside the allowable range of values as specified by the method.

is thrown when a method is invoked and at least one of the arguments passed to the method is not and does not contain a valid value. behaves identically to . It is provided so that application code can differentiate between exceptions caused by invalid arguments that are not , and exceptions caused by arguments. For errors caused by arguments, see . The following example demonstrates an error that causes the class to throw a exception. using System; class ArgOutOfRangeExample { public static void Main() { int[] array1 = {0,0}; int[] array2 = {0,0}; try { Array.Copy(array1,array2,-1); } catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Non-negative number required. Parameter name: length at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Int32 sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, Int32 destinationIndex, Int32 length) at ArgOutOfRangeExample.Main() System.ArgumentException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Non-negative number required." This message takes into account the current system culture. The and properties are initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the current exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . The property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the current exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the current exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The value of the argument that caused the current exception. A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , the property using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The parameter contains the invalid argument that was passed to the method. Use the property to retrieve the name of the parameter used to pass . 0 Property System.Object

Gets the value of the parameter that caused the current exception.

A that contains the value of the parameter that caused the current exception, or if no value was specified to the constructor for the current instance. This property is read-only. The property returns the same value as was passed into the constructor. Override the property to customize the content or format of the value. Use this property to retrieve the invalid argument. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents an error caused by an arithmetic operation.

The Base Class Library includes two types derived from : When appropriate, use these types instead of . The following IL instructions throw : ckfinite div The following example demonstrates an error that causes the system to throw a error. using System; class testNan { public static void Main() { double myNan = Double.NaN; try { Math.Sign(myNan); } catch (ArithmeticException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.ArithmeticException: Function does not accept floating point Not-a-Number values. at System.Math.Sign(Double value) at testNan.Main() System.SystemException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "The arithmetic operation is not allowed." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current exception. If is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Serves as the base class for arrays. Provides methods for creating, copying, manipulating, searching, and sorting arrays.

This class is intended to be used as a base class by language implementations that support arrays. Only the system can derive from this type: derived classes of are not to be created by the developer. An array is a collection of identically typed data that are accessed and referenced by sets of integral . The of an array is the number of dimensions in the array. Each dimension has its own set of indices. An array with a rank greater than one can have a different lower bound and a different number of elements for each dimension. Multidimensional arrays (i.e. arrays with a rank greater than one) are processed in row-major order. The of a dimension is the starting index of that dimension. The of an array is the total number of elements contained in all of its dimensions. A is a one-dimensional array with a of '0'. If the implementer creates a derived class of , expected behavior cannot be guaranteed. For information on array-like objects with increased functionality, see the interface. For more information regarding the use of arrays versus the use of collections, see Partition V of the CLI Specification. Every specific type has three instance methods defined on it. While some programming languages allow direct access to these methods, they are primarily intended to be called by the output of compilers based on language syntax that deals with arrays. Get: Takes as many arguments as the array has dimensions and returns the value stored at the given index. It throws a exception for invalid indices. Set: Takes as many arguments as the array has dimensions, plus one additional argument (the last argument) which has the same type as an array element. It stores the final value in the specified index of the array. It throws a exception for invalid indices. Address: Takes as many arguments as the array has dimensions and returns the address of the element at the given index. It throws a exception for invalid indices. In addition, every specific type has a constructor on it that takes as many positive arguments as the array has dimensions. The arguments specify the number of elements in each dimension, and a lower bound of 0. Thus, a two-dimensional array of objects would have a constructor that could be called with (2, 4) as its arguments to create an array of eight zeros with the first dimension indexed with 0 and 1 and the second dimension indexed with 0, 1, 2, and 3. For all specific array types except vectors (i.e. those permitted to have non-zero lower bounds and those with more than one dimension) there is an additional constructor. It takes twice as many arguments as the array has dimensions. The arguments are considered in pairs, with the first of the pair specifying the lower bound for that dimension and the second specifying the total number of elements in that dimension. Thus, a two-dimensional array of objects would also have a constructor that could be called with (-1, 2, 1, 3) as its arguments, specifying an array of 6 zeros, with the first dimension indexed by -1 and 0, and the second dimension indexed by 1, 2, and 3. System.Object System.ICloneable 0 System.Collections.IList 0 System.Collections.ICollection 0 System.Collections.IEnumerable 0 Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified section of the specified one-dimensional for the specified value, using the specified implementation.

A to search. A that contains the index at which searching starts. A that contains the number of elements to search, beginning with . A for which to search, or a null reference. A null reference will be considered to compare less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. A with one of the following values based on the result of the search operation. Return Value Description The index of in the array. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is larger than . was not found, and at least one array element in the range of to + - 1 was greater than . The bitwise complement of ( + ). was not found, and was greater than all array elements in the range of to + - 1. If is not found, the caller can take the bitwise complement of the return value to determine the index of where would be found in the range of to + - 1 if is already sorted. is . has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. + > .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). -or- is , and both and at least one element of do not implement the interface. -or- is , and is not of the same type as the elements of . -or- .UpperBound == . is compared to each element of using until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. If is , the interface of the element being compared - or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface -- is used. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface, a exception is thrown. If is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. This example demonstrates the method. using System; class BinarySearchExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAry = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }; Console.WriteLine( "The indices and elements of the array are: "); for ( int i = 0; i < intAry.Length; i++ ) Console.Write("[{0}]: {1, -5}", i, intAry[i]); Console.WriteLine(); SearchFor( intAry, 3 ); SearchFor( intAry, 6 ); SearchFor( intAry, 9 ); } public static void SearchFor( Array ar, Object value ) { int i = Array.BinarySearch( ar, 0, ar.Length, value, null ); Console.WriteLine(); if ( i > 0 ) { Console.Write( "The object searched for, {0}, was found ", value ); Console.WriteLine( "at index {1}.", value, i ); } else if ( ~i == ar.Length ) { Console.Write( "The object searched for, {0}, was ", value ); Console.Write( "not found,\nand no object in the array had " ); Console.WriteLine( "greater value. " ); } else { Console.Write( "The object searched for, {0}, was ", value ); Console.Write( "not found.\nThe next larger object is at " ); Console.WriteLine( "index {0}.", ~i ); } } } The output is The indices and elements of the array are: [0]:0 [1]:2 [2]:4 [3]:6 [4]:8 The object searched for, 3, was not found. The next larger object is at index 2. The object searched for, 6, was found at index 3. The object searched for, 9, was not found, and no object in the array had greater value. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional for the specified value, using the specified implementation.

A to search. A for which to search, or a null reference. A null reference will be considered to compare less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. A with one of the following values based on the result of the search operation. Return Value Description The index of in the array. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is larger than . was not found, and at least one array element was greater than . The bitwise complement of (.GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). was not found, and was greater than all array elements. If is not found, the caller can take the bitwise complement of the return value to determine the index where value would be found in if it is already sorted. is , and both and at least one element of do not implement the interface. -or- is , and is not assignment-compatible with at least one element of . -or- .UpperBound == . is . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, , ). is compared to each element of using until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. If is , the interface of the element being compared - or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface - is used. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface, a exception is thrown. If is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified section of the specified one-dimensional for the specified value.

A to search. A that contains the index at which searching starts. A that contains the number of elements to search, beginning with . A for which to search, or a null reference. A null reference will be considered to compare less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference. A with one of the following values based on the result of the search operation. Return Value Description The index of in the array. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is larger than . was not found, and at least one array element in the range of to + - 1 was greater than . The bitwise complement of ( + ). was not found, and was greater than all array elements in the range of to + - 1. If is not found, the caller can take the bitwise complement of the return value to determine the index of the array where would be found in the range of to + - 1 if is already sorted. is . has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. + > .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). -or- Either or at least one element of does not implement the interface. -or- is not assignment-compatible with at least one element of . -or- .UpperBound == . This version of is equivalent to (, .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, , ). is compared to each element of using the interface of the element being compared - or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface - until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface, a exception is thrown. If is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional for the specified object.

A to search for an object. A for which to search, or a null reference. A null reference will be considered to compare less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference. A with one of the following values based on the result of the search operation. Return Value Description The index of in the array. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is larger than . was not found and the value of at least one element of was greater than . The bitwise complement of (.GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). was not found, and was greater than the value of all array elements. If is not found, the caller can take the bitwise complement of the return value to determine the index where value would be found in if it is sorted already. Both and at least one element of do not implement the interface. -or- is not assignment-compatible with at least one element of . -or- .UpperBound == . is . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, , ). is compared to each element of using the interface of the element being compared - or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface - until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface, a exception is thrown. If is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. 0 Method System.Void

Sets the specified range of elements in the specified to zero, false, or to a null reference, depending on the element type.

The to clear. A that contains the index at which clearing starts. A that contains the number of elements to clear, beginning with . is . < .GetLowerBound(0). < 0. and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. + > .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length ). Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . 0 Method System.Object

Returns a that is a copy of the current instance.

A that is a copy of the current instance. This method is implemented to support the interface. Each of the elements of the current instance is copied to the clone. If the elements are reference types, the references are copied. If the elements are value-types, the values are copied. The clone is of the same type as the current instance. As described above. Override this method to return a clone of an array. Use this method to obtain the clone of an array. This example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayCloneExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAryOrig = { 3, 4, 5 }; //must explicitly convert clones object into an array int[] intAryClone = (int[]) intAryOrig.Clone(); Console.Write( "The elements of the first array are: " ); foreach( int i in intAryOrig ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write( "The elements of the cloned array are: " ); foreach( int i in intAryClone ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); //Clear the values of the original array. Array.Clear( intAryOrig, 0, 3 ); Console.WriteLine( "After clearing the first array," ); Console.Write( "The elements of the first array are: " ); foreach( int i in intAryOrig ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write( "The elements of the cloned array are: " ); foreach( int i in intAryClone ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); } } The output is The elements of the first array are: 3 4 5 The elements of the cloned array are: 3 4 5 After clearing the first array, The elements of the first array are: 0 0 0 The elements of the cloned array are: 3 4 5 0 Method System.Void

Copies the specified number of elements from the specified source array to the specified destination array.

A that contains the data to copy. A that receives the data. A designating the number of elements to copy, starting with the first element and proceeding in order. or is . and have different ranks. The elements in both arrays are built-in types, and converting from the type of the elements of into the type of the elements in requires a narrowing conversion. -or- Both arrays are built-in types, and one array is a value-type array and the other an array of interface type not implemented by that value-type. -or- Both arrays are user-defined value types and are not of the same type. At least one of the elements in is not assignment-compatible with the type of . < 0. > .Length. -or- > .Length. This version of is equivalent to (, .GetLowerBound(0), , .GetLowerBound(0), ). If and are of different types, performs widening conversions on the elements of as necessary before storing the information in . Value types will be boxed when being converted to a . If the necessary conversion is a narrowing conversion, a exception is thrown. For information regarding valid conversions performed by this method, see . If an exception is thrown while copying, the state of is undefined. If and are the same array, copies the source elements safely to their destination, as if the copy were done through an intermediate array. This example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayCopyExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAryOrig = new int[3]; double[] dAryCopy = new double[3]; for ( int i = 0; i < intAryOrig.Length; i++ ) intAryOrig[i] = i+3; //copy the first 2 elements of the source into the destination Array.Copy( intAryOrig, dAryCopy, 2); Console.Write( "The elements of the first array are: " ); for ( int i = 0; i < intAryOrig.Length; i++ ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", intAryOrig[i] ); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write( "The elements of the copied array are: " ); for ( int i = 0; i < dAryCopy.Length; i++ ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", dAryCopy[i] ); } } The output is The elements of the first array are: 3 4 5 The elements of the copied array are: 3 4 0 0 Method System.Void

Copies the specified number of elements from a source array starting at the specified source index to a destination array starting at the specified destination index.

The that contains the data to copy. A that contains the index in from which copying begins. The that receives the data. A that contains the index in at which storing begins. A that contains the number of elements to copy. or is . and have different ranks. The elements in both arrays are built-in types, and converting from the type of the elements of into the type of the elements in requires a narrowing conversion. -or- Both arrays are built-in types, and one array is a value-type array and the other an array of interface type not implemented by that value-type. -or- Both arrays are user-defined value types and are not of the same type. At least one element in is assignment-incompatible with the type of . < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. ( + ) > (.GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). ( + ) > ( .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). If and are of different types, performs widening conversions on the elements of as necessary before storing the information in . Value types will be boxed when being converted to a . If the necessary conversion is a narrowing conversion, a exception is thrown. For information regarding valid conversions performed by this method, see . If an exception is thrown while copying, the state of is undefined. If and are the same array, copies the source elements safely to their destination as if the copy were done through an intermediate array. This example demonstrates the method. using System; class ArrayCopyExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAry = { 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 }; Console.Write( "The elements of the array are: " ); foreach ( int i in intAry ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); Array.Copy( intAry, 2, intAry, 0, 4 ); Console.WriteLine( "After copying elements 2 through 5 into elements 0 through 4" ); Console.Write( "The elements of the array are: " ); foreach ( int i in intAry ) Console.Write( "{0,3}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); } } The output is The elements of the array are: 0 10 20 30 40 50 After copying elements 2 through 5 into elements 0 through 4 The elements of the array are: 20 30 40 50 40 50 0 Method System.Void

Copies all the elements of the current instance to the specified one-dimensional array starting at the specified subscript in the destination array.

A one-dimensional that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance. A that contains the relative zero-based index in at which copying begins. is . The current instance has more than one dimension. < 0. has more than one dimension. -or- is greater than or equal to .Length. -or- The number of elements in the current instance is greater than the available space from to the end of . The type of the current instance cannot be cast automatically to the type of . is an array index at which copying begins. This method is implemented to support the interface. If implementing is not explicitly required, use to avoid an extra indirection. If the index of is zero-based, this value is the same as the actual index at which copying begins. If the lower bound of is not zero, the value of is added to the lower bound of to get the actual index at which copying begins. For example, if the lower bound of is 2 and the value of is 1, the copying actually starts at index 3. If this method throws an exception while copying, the state of is undefined. As described above. As described above. Override this method to copy elements of the current instance to a specified array. Use this method to copy elements of the current instance to a specified array. The following example shows how to copy the elements of one into another. using System; public class ArrayCopyToExample { public static void Main() { Array aryOne = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(Object), 3); aryOne.SetValue("one", 0); aryOne.SetValue("two", 1); aryOne.SetValue("three", 2); Array aryTwo = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(Object), 5); for (int i=0; i < aryTwo.Length; i++) aryTwo.SetValue(i, i); Console.WriteLine("The contents of the first array are:"); foreach (object o in aryOne) Console.Write("{0} ", o); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("The original contents of the second array are:"); foreach (object o in aryTwo) Console.Write("{0} ", o); Console.WriteLine(); aryOne.CopyTo(aryTwo, 1); Console.WriteLine("The new contents of the second array are:"); foreach( object o in aryTwo) Console.Write("{0} ", o); } } The output is The contents of the first array are: one two three The original contents of the second array are: 0 1 2 3 4 The new contents of the second array are: 0 one two three 4 0 Method System.Array

Creates a zero-based, multidimensional array of the specified and dimension lengths.

The of the elements contained in the new instance. A one-dimensional array of objects that contains the size of each dimension of the new instance. A new zero-based, multidimensional instance of the specified with the specified length for each dimension. The of the new instance is equal to .Length. or is . is not a valid . -or- .Length = 0. A value in is less than zero. The number of elements in is required to equal the number of dimensions in the new instance. Each element of specifies the length of the corresponding dimension in the new instance. Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . Unlike most classes, provides the method, instead of public constructors, to allow for late bound access. The following example shows how to create and initialize a multidimensional . using System; public class CreateMultiDimArrayExample { public static void Main() { int i, j, k; int[] indexAry = {2, 4, 5}; Array ary = Array.CreateInstance( typeof(int), indexAry ); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++ ) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++ ) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { ary.SetValue( (100*i + 10*j + k), i, j, k ); } } } Console.WriteLine("The elements of the array are:"); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { Console.Write("{0, 3} ", ary.GetValue(i, j, k)); } Console.WriteLine(); } Console.WriteLine(); } } } The output is The elements of the array are: 0 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 20 21 22 23 24 30 31 32 33 34 100 101 102 103 104 110 111 112 113 114 120 121 122 123 124 130 131 132 133 134 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Array

Creates a zero-based, three-dimensional array of the specified and dimension lengths.

The of the elements contained in the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the first dimension of the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the second dimension of the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the third dimension of the new instance. A new zero-based, three-dimensional instance of objects with the size for the first dimension, for the second, and for the third. is . is not a valid . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . Unlike most classes, provides the method, instead of public constructors, to allow for late bound access. The following example shows how to create and initialize a three-dimensional . using System; public class Create3DArrayExample { public static void Main() { int i, j, k; Array ary = Array.CreateInstance( typeof(int), 2, 4, 3 ); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++ ) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++ ) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { ary.SetValue( (100*i + 10*j + k), i, j, k ); } } } Console.WriteLine("The elements of the array are:"); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { Console.Write("{0, 3} ", ary.GetValue(i, j, k)); } Console.WriteLine(); } Console.WriteLine(); } } } The output is The elements of the array are: 0 1 2 10 11 12 20 21 22 30 31 32 100 101 102 110 111 112 120 121 122 130 131 132 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Array

Creates a zero-based, two-dimensional array of the specified and dimension lengths.

The of the elements contained in the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the first dimension of the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the second dimension of the new instance. A new zero-indexed, two-dimensional instance of objects with the size for the first dimension and for the second. is . is not a valid . < 0. -or- < 0. Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . Unlike most classes, provides the method, instead of public constructors, to allow for late bound access. The following example shows how to create and initialize a two-dimensional . using System; public class Create2DArrayExample { public static void Main() { int i, j; Array ary = Array.CreateInstance( typeof(int), 5, 3 ); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++ ) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++ ) { ary.SetValue( (10*i + j), i, j ); } } Console.WriteLine("The elements of the array are:"); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++) { Console.Write("{0, 2} ", ary.GetValue(i, j)); } Console.WriteLine(); } } } The output is The elements of the array are: 0 1 2 10 11 12 20 21 22 30 31 32 40 41 42 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Array

Constructs a zero-based, one-dimensional array with the specified number of elements of the specified type.

The of the elements contained in the new instance. A that contains the number of elements contained in the new instance. A zero-based, one-dimensional object containing elements of type . is . is not a valid . < 0. Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . Unlike most classes, provides the method, instead of public constructors, to allow for late bound access. The following example shows how to create and initialize a one-dimensional . using System; public class ArrayCreateInstanceExample { public static void Main() { Array intAry = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(int),5); for (int i=intAry.GetLowerBound(0);i<=intAry.GetUpperBound(0);i++) intAry.SetValue(i*3,i); Console.Write("The values of the array are:"); foreach (int i in intAry) Console.Write("{0} ",i); } } The output is The values of the array are: 0 3 6 9 12 0 Method System.Array

Creates a multidimensional array of the specified and dimension lengths, with the specified lower bounds.

The of the elements contained in the new instance. A one-dimensional array of objects that contains the size of each dimension of the new instance. A one-dimensional array of objects that contains the lower bound of each dimension of the new instance. A new multidimensional of the specified with the specified length and lower bound for each dimension. , , or is . is not a valid . -or- .Length = 0. -or- and do not contain the same number of elements. A value in is less than zero. The and are required to have the same number of elements. The number of elements in equals the number of dimensions in the new instance Each element of specifies the length of the corresponding dimension in the new instance. Each element of specifies the lower bound of the corresponding dimension in the new instance. Reference-type elements will be set to . Value-type elements will be set to zero, except for elements, which will be set to . Unlike most classes, provides the method, instead of public constructors, to allow for late bound access. The following example shows how to create and initialize a multidimensional with specified low bounds. using System; public class MultiDimNonZeroBoundExample { public static void Main() { int i, j, k; int[] indexAry = {4, 2, 3}; int[] lowboundAry = {3, 2, 1}; Array ary = Array.CreateInstance( typeof(int), indexAry, lowboundAry ); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++ ) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++ ) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { ary.SetValue( (100*i + 10*j + k), i, j, k ); } } } Console.WriteLine("The elements of the array are:"); for( i = ary.GetLowerBound(0); i <= ary.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { for( j = ary.GetLowerBound(1); j <= ary.GetUpperBound(1); j++) { for( k = ary.GetLowerBound(2); k <= ary.GetUpperBound(2); k++ ) { Console.Write("{0, 3} ", ary.GetValue(i, j, k)); } Console.WriteLine(); } Console.WriteLine(); } } } The output is The elements of the array are: 321 322 323 331 332 333 421 422 423 431 432 433 521 522 523 531 532 533 621 622 623 631 632 633 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Collections.IEnumerator

Returns a for the current instance.

A for the current instance. A grants read-access to the elements of a . This method is implemented to support the interface. For more information regarding the use of an enumerator, see . Initially, the enumerator is positioned before the first element of the current instance. returns the enumerator to this position. Therefore, after an enumerator is created or after a , is required to be called to advance the enumerator to the first element of the collection before reading the value of . The enumerator is in an invalid state if it is positioned before the first element or after the last element of the current instance. Whenever the enumerator is in an invalid state, a call to is required to throw a . returns the same object until either or is called. Once the enumerator of the current instance is moved immediately past the last element of the current instance, subsequent calls to return and the enumerator remains positioned immediately past the last element. Multidimensional arrays will be processed in Row-major form. For some multidimensional objects, it may be desirable for an enumerator to process them in Column-major form. Override this method to provide read-access to the current instance. Use this method to iterate over the elements of the current instance. This example demonstrates the method. using System; using System.Collections; public class ArrayGetEnumerator { public static void Main() { string[,] strAry = {{"1","one"}, {"2", "two"}, {"3", "three"}}; Console.Write( "The elements of the array are: " ); IEnumerator sEnum = strAry.GetEnumerator(); while ( sEnum.MoveNext() ) Console.Write( " {0}", sEnum.Current ); } } The output is The elements of the array are: 1 one 2 two 3 three 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the lower bound of the specified dimension in the current instance.

A that contains the zero-based dimension of the current instance whose lower bound is to be determined. A that contains the lower bound of the specified dimension in the current instance. < 0. -or- is equal to or greater than the property of the current instance. For example, (0) returns the lower bound of the first dimension of the current instance, and ( - 1) returns the lower bound of the last dimension of the current instance. 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Method System.Int32

Returns the upper bound of the specified dimension in the current instance.

A that contains the zero-based dimension of the current instance whose upper bound is to be determined. A that contains the upper bound of the specified dimension in the current instance. < 0. -or- is equal to or greater than the property of the current instance. For example, (0) returns the upper bound of the first dimension of the current instance, and ( - 1) returns the upper bound of the last dimension of the current instance. 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Method System.Object

Gets the value at the specified position in the current multidimensional instance.

A one-dimensional array of objects that contains the indices that specify the position of the element in the current instance whose value to get. A that contains the value at the specified position in the current instance. is . The number of dimensions in the current instance is not equal to the number of elements in . At least one element in is outside the range of valid indices for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. The number of elements in is required to be equal to the number of dimensions in the current instance. All elements in collectively specify the position of the desired element in the current instance. Use the and methods to determine whether any of the values in are out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Object

Gets the value at the specified position in the current one-dimensional instance.

A that contains the position of the value to get from the current instance. A that contains the value at the specified position in the current instance. The current instance has more than one dimension. is outside the range of valid indices for the current instance. Use the and methods to determine whether is out of bounds. This example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayGetValueExample { public static void Main() { String[] strAry = { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" }; Console.Write( "The elements of the array are: " ); for( int i = 0; i < strAry.Length; i++ ) Console.Write( " '{0}' ", strAry.GetValue( i ) ); } } The output is The elements of the array are: 'one' 'two' 'three' 'four' 'five' 0 Method System.Object

Gets the value at the specified position in the current two-dimensional instance.

A that contains the first-dimension index of the element in the current instance to get. A that contains the second-dimension index of the element in the current instance to get. A that contains the value at the specified position in the current instance. The current instance does not have exactly two dimensions. At least one of or is outside the range of valid indexes for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. Use the and methods to determine whether any of the indices are out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Object

Gets the value at the specified position in the current three-dimensional instance.

A that contains the first-dimension index of the element in the current instance to get. A that contains the second-dimension index of the element in the current instance to get. A that contains the third-dimension index of the element in the current instance to get. A that contains the value at the specified position in the current instance. The current instance does not have exactly three dimensions. At least one of or or is outside the range of valid indexes for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. Use the and methods to determine whether any of the indices are out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified in the specified range.

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A that contains the index at which searching starts. A that contains the number of elements to search, beginning with . A containing the index of the first occurrence of in , within the range through + - 1, if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for the failed search. is . is outside the range of valid indices for . -or- < 0. -or- The sum of and does not specify a valid range in (i.e. + > .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). has more than one dimension. The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified between the specified index and the last element.

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A that contains the index at which searching starts. A containing the index of the first occurrence of in , within the range through the last element of , if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for the failed search. is . is outside the range of valid indexes for . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, , , (.Length - +.GetLowerBound(0))). The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified .

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A containing the index of the first occurrence of in , if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. is . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, , .GetLowerBound(0),.Length). The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayIndexOfExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAry = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 1 }; Console.Write( "The values of the array are: " ); foreach( int i in intAry ) Console.Write( "{0,5}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); int j = Array.IndexOf( intAry, 1 ); Console.WriteLine( "The first occurrence of 1 is at index {0}", j ); } } The output is The values of the array are: 0 1 2 0 1 The first occurrence of 1 is at index 1 0 Method System.Void

Initializes every element of the current instance of value-type objects by calling the default constructor of that value type.

This method cannot be used on reference-type arrays. If the current instance is not a value-type or if the value type does not have a default constructor, the current instance is not modified. The current instance can have any lower bound and any number of dimensions. This method can be used only on value types that have constructors. 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified in the specified range.

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A that contains the index at which searching starts. A that contains the number of elements to search, beginning with . A containing the index of the last occurrence of in , within the range through -+ 1, if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for the failed search. is . is outside the range of valid indices for . -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in . has more than one dimension. The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified between the specified index and the first element.

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A that contains the index at which searching starts. A containing the index of the last occurrence of in the range through the lower bound of , if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for the failed search. is . is outside the range of valid indices for . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to ( , , ,+ 1 -.GetLowerBound(0)). The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified one-dimensional , returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified .

A one-dimensional to search. A to locate in . A containing the index of the last occurrence in of , if found; otherwise, .GetLowerBound(0) - 1. For a vector, if is not found, the return value will be -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for the failed search. is . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, , (.GetLowerBound(0) + .Length - 1), .Length). The elements will be compared using the semantics of the method. For user-defined types, is actually called. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayLastIndexOfExample { public static void Main() { int[] intAry = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 1 }; Console.Write( "The values of the array are: "); foreach( int i in intAry ) Console.Write( "{0,5}", i ); Console.WriteLine(); int j = Array.LastIndexOf( intAry, 1 ); Console.WriteLine( "The last occurrence of 1 is at index {0}", j ); } } The output is The values of the array are: 0 1 2 0 1 The last occurrence of 1 is at index 4 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the current instance.

A that contains the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Int64

Gets the total number of elements in all the dimensions of the current instance.

A value containing the length of the array. This property is read-only. For additional information, see . 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the rank (number of dimensions) of the current instance.

A that contains the rank (number of dimensions) of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.Void

Reverses the sequence of the elements in the specified range of the specified one-dimensional .

The one-dimensional to reverse. A that contains the index at which reversing starts. A that contains the number of elements to reverse. is . is multidimensional. < .GetLowerBound(0). < 0. and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. + > .GetLowerBound(0) + .Length). The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArrayReverseExample { public static void Main() { string[] strAry = { "one", "two", "three" }; Console.Write( "The elements of the array are:"); foreach( string str in strAry ) Console.Write( " {0}", str ); Array.Reverse( strAry ); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine( "After reversing the array," ); Console.Write( "the elements of the array are:"); foreach( string str in strAry ) Console.Write( " {0}", str ); } } The output is The elements of the array are: one two three After reversing the array, the elements of the array are: three two one 0 Method System.Void

Reverses the sequence of the elements in the specified one-dimensional .

The one-dimensional to reverse. is . has more than one dimension. This version of is equivalent to (, .GetLowerBound(0), .Length). 0 Method System.Void

Sets the value of the element at the specified position in the current one-dimensional instance.

A that contains the new value for the specified element. A that contains the index of the element whose value is to be set. The current instance has more than one dimension. -or- is not assignment-compatible with the element type of the current instance. is outside the range of valid indices for the current instance. Use the and methods to determine whether is out of bounds. For more information regarding valid conversions that will be performed by this method, see . 0 Method System.Void

Sets the value of the element at the specified position in the current two-dimensional instance.

A that contains the new value for the specified element. A that contains the first-dimension index of the element in the current instance to set. A that contains the second-dimension index of the element in the current instance to set. The current instance does not have exactly two dimensions. -or- is not assignment-compatible with the element type of the current instance. At least one of or is outside the range of valid indices for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. For more information regarding valid conversions that will be performed by this method, see . Use the and methods to determine whether any of the indices are out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Void

Sets the value of the element at the specified position in the current three-dimensional instance.

A that contains the new value for the specified element. A that contains the first-dimension index of the element in the current instance to set. A that contains the second-dimension index of the element in the current instance to set. A that contains the third-dimension index of the element in the current instance to set. The current instance does not have exactly three dimensions. -or- is not assignment-compatible with the element type of the current instance. At least one of , , or is outside the range of valid indices for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. For more information regarding valid conversions that will be performed by this method, see . Use the and methods to determine whether any of the indices are out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Void

Sets the value of the element at the specified position in the current multidimensional instance.

A that contains the new value for the specified element. A one-dimensional array of objects that contains the indices that specify the position of the element in the current instance to set. is . The number of dimensions in the current instance is not equal to the number of elements in . -or- is not assignment-compatible with the element type of the current instance. At least one element in is outside the range of valid indices for the corresponding dimension of the current instance. The number of elements in is required to be equal to the number of dimensions in the current instance. All elements in collectively specify the position of the desired element in the current instance. For more information regarding valid conversions that will be performed by this method, see . Use the and methods to determine whether any of the values in is out of bounds. 1 ExtendedArray Method System.Void

Sorts the specified range of the specified pair of one-dimensional objects (one containing a set of keys and the other containing corresponding items) based on the keys in the first specified using the specified implementation.

A one-dimensional that contains the keys to sort. A one-dimensional that contains the items that correspond to each element of . Specify a null reference to sort only . A that contains the index at which sorting starts. A that contains the number of elements to sort. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. is . has more than one dimension. -or- is not a null reference and has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. is not a null reference, and .GetLowerBound(0) does not equal .GetLowerBound(0). -or- and do not specify a valid range in . -or- is not a null reference, and and do not specify a valid range in . -or- is a null reference, and one or more elements in do not implement the interface. Each key in is required to have a corresponding item in . The sort is performed according to the order of . After a key is repositioned during the sort, the corresponding item in is similarly repositioned. Only .Length elements of will be sorted. Therefore, is sorted according to the arrangement of the corresponding keys in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are undefined. If is a null reference, each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements in the specified section of the specified one-dimensional using the specified implementation.

A one-dimensional to sort. A that contains the index at which sorting starts. A that contains the number of elements to sort. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. is . has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. and do not specify a valid range in . -or- is a null reference, and one or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , , , ). If is a null reference, each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the specified pair of one-dimensional objects (one containing a set of keys and the other containing corresponding items) based on the keys in the first specified using the specified implementation.

A one-dimensional that contains the keys to sort. A one-dimensional that contains the items that correspond to each element in . Specify a null reference to sort only . The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. is . has more than one dimension. -or- is not a null reference and has more than one dimension. is not a null reference, and .GetLowerBound(0) does not equal .GetLowerBound(0). -or- is not a null reference, and .Length > .Length. -or- is a null reference, and one or more elements in the do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, ). Each key in is required to have a corresponding item in . The sort is performed according to the order of . After a key is repositioned during the sort, the corresponding item in is similarly repositioned. Only .Length elements of are sorted. Therefore, is sorted according to the arrangement of the corresponding keys in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. If is a null reference, each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements in the specified one-dimensional using the specified implementation.

The one-dimensional to sort. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify a null reference to use the implementation of each element. is . has more than one dimension. is a null reference, and one or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, ). If is a null reference, each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the specified ranges of the specified pair of one-dimensional objects (one containing a set of keys and the other containing corresponding items) based on the keys in the first specified .

A one-dimensional that contains the keys to sort. A one-dimensional that contains the items that correspond to each element in . Specify a null reference to sort only . A that contains the index at which sort begins. A that contains the number of elements to sort. is . has more than one dimension. -or- is not a null reference and has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. is not a null reference, and .GetLowerBound(0) does not equal .GetLowerBound(0). -or- and do not specify a valid range in . -or- is not a null reference, and and do not specify a valid range in . -or- One or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , , , ). Each key in is required to have a corresponding item in . The sort is performed according to the order of . After a key is repositioned during the sort, the corresponding item in is similarly repositioned. Therefore, is sorted according to the arrangement of the corresponding keys in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are undefined. Each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements of the specified one-dimensional .

A one-dimensional to sort. is . has more than one dimension. One or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, ). Each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in array. This example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArraySortExample { public static void Main() { string[] strAry = { "All's", "well", "that", "ends", "well" }; Console.Write( "The original string array is: " ); foreach ( String str in strAry ) Console.Write( str + " " ); Console.WriteLine(); Array.Sort( strAry ); Console.Write( "The sorted string array is: " ); foreach ( string str in strAry ) Console.Write( str + " " ); } } The output is The original string array is: All's well that ends well The sorted string array is: All's ends that well well 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the specified pair of one-dimensional objects (one containing a set of keys and the other containing corresponding items) based on the keys in the first specified .

A one-dimensional that contains the keys to sort. A one-dimensional that contains the items that correspond to each of element of . Specify a null reference to sort only . is . has more than one dimension. -or- is not a null reference and has more than one dimension. is not a null reference, and .GetLowerBound(0) does not equal .GetLowerBound(0). -or- is not a null reference, and .Length > .Length. -or- One or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , .GetLowerBound(0), .Length, ). Each key in is required to have a corresponding item in . The sort is performed according to the order of . After a key is repositioned during the sort, the corresponding item in is similarly repositioned. Only .Length elements of are sorted. Therefore, is sorted according to the arrangement of the corresponding keys in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. Each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . This example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ArraySortExample { public static void Main() { string[] strAry = { "All's", "well", "that", "ends", "well" }; int[] intAry = { 3, 4, 0, 1, 2 }; Console.Write( "The original string array is: " ); foreach ( string str in strAry ) Console.Write( str + " " ); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write( "The key array is: " ); foreach ( int i in intAry ) Console.Write( i + " " ); Console.WriteLine(); Array.Sort( intAry, strAry ); Console.Write( "The sorted string array is: " ); foreach ( string str in strAry ) Console.Write( str + " " ); } } The output is The original string array is: All's well that ends well The key array is: 3 4 0 1 2 The sorted string array is: that ends well All's well 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements in the specified range of the specified one-dimensional .

A one-dimensional to sort. A that contains the index at which sorting starts. A that contains the number of elements to sort. is . has more than one dimension. < .GetLowerBound(0). -or- < 0. and do not specify a valid range in . -or- One or more elements in do not implement the interface. This version of is equivalent to (, , , , ). Each element of is required to implement the interface to be capable of comparisons with every other element in . If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. 0 Property System.Object

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Int32

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Int32

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Void

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Int32

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Void

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Object

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Void

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Void

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This class is safe for multiple readers and no concurrent writers.

Implements a variable-size that uses an array of objects to store its elements.

implements a variable-size that uses an array of objects to store the elements. A has a , which is the allocated length of the internal array. The total number of elements contained by a list is its . As elements are added to a list, its capacity is automatically increased as required by reallocating the internal array. The following example shows how to create, initialize, and display the values of a . using System; using System.Collections; public class SamplesArrayList { public static void Main() { // Create and initialize a new ArrayList. ArrayList myAL = new ArrayList(); myAL.Add("Hello"); myAL.Add("World"); myAL.Add("!"); // Display the properties and values of the ArrayList. Console.WriteLine( "myAL" ); Console.WriteLine( "Count: {0}", myAL.Count ); Console.WriteLine( "Capacity: {0}", myAL.Capacity ); Console.Write( "Values:" ); PrintValues( myAL ); } public static void PrintValues( IEnumerable myList ) { IEnumerator myEnumerator = myList.GetEnumerator(); while ( myEnumerator.MoveNext() ) Console.Write( " {0}", myEnumerator.Current ); Console.WriteLine(); } } The output is myAL Count: 3 Capacity: 16 Values: Hello World ! System.Object System.Collections.IList 0 System.Collections.ICollection 0 System.Collections.IEnumerable 0 System.ICloneable 0 DefaultMemberAttribute("Item") 1 System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute RuntimeInfrastructure Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class that is empty and has the default initial .

The default initial of a is 16. 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class that is empty and has the specified initial .

A that specifies the number of elements that the new instance is initially capable of storing. < 0. If is zero, the of the current instance is set to 16 when the first element is added. 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class with the elements from the specified . The initial and of the new list are both equal to the number of elements in the specified collection.

The whose elements are copied to the new list. is . The elements in the new instance are in the same order as contained in . 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Creates a that is a wrapper for the specified .

The to wrap. The wrapper for . is . This method returns a that contains a reference to the . Any modifications to the elements in either the returned list or are reflected in the other. The class provides generic , and methods. This wrapper provides a means to use those methods on without implementing the methods for the list. Performing these operations through the wrapper may be less efficient than operations applied directly to the list. 0 Method System.Int32

Adds the specified to the end of the current instance.

The to be added to the end of the current instance. A that specifies the index of the current instance at which has been added. The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. As described above. 0 Method System.Void

Adds the elements of the specified to the end of the current instance.

The whose elements are added to the end of the current instance. is . The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. As described above. If the of the current instance plus the size of the collection being added is greater than the of the current instance, the capacity of the current instance is either doubled or increased to the new , whichever is greater. The internal array is reallocated to accommodate the new elements and the existing elements are copied to the new array before the new elements are added. For the default implementation, if the current instance can accommodate the new elements without increasing the , this method is an O() operation, where is the number of elements to be added. If the capacity needs to be increased to accommodate the new elements, this method becomes an O(+) operation, where is the number of elements to be added and is . 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance for the specified using the specified implementation.

The for which to search. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify to use the implementation of each element. A that specifies the results of the search as follows: Return Value Description The index of in the current instance. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is greater than . was not found, and at least one element in the current instance is greater than . The bitwise complement of the of the current instance. was not found, and is greater than all elements in the current instance. If is not found and the current instance is already sorted, the bitwise complement of the return value indicates the index in the current instance where would be found. is , and both and at least one element in the current instance do not implement the interface. -or- is , and is not assignment-compatible with at least one element in the current instance. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. A null reference evaluates to less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference, when the two are compared. As described above. This method uses to search for . is compared to elements in a binary search of the current instance until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. If is , the implementation of the element being compared -- or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface -- is used to make the comparison. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface either, is thrown. If the current instance is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. For the default implementation, this method is an O(log ) operation where is equal to the of the current instance. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance for the specified .

The for which to search. A that specifies the results of the search as follows: Return Value Description The index of in the current instance. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is greater than . was not found, and at least one element in the current instance is greater than . The bitwise complement of the of the current instance. was not found, and is greater than all elements in the current instance. If is not found and the current instance is already sorted, the bitwise complement of the return value indicates the index in the current instance where would be found. Both and at least one element of the current instance do not implement the interface. -or- is not assignment-compatible with at least one element in the current instance. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. A null reference evaluates to less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference, when the two are compared. As described above. This method uses to search for . is compared to elements in a binary search of the current instance until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found. The implementation of the element being compared -- or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface -- is used to make the comparison. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface either, is thrown. If the current instance is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. For the default implementation, this method is an O(log ) operation where is equal to the of the current instance. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the specified range in the current instance for the specified using the specified implementation.

A that specifies the index at which searching starts. This value is greater than or equal to zero, and less than the of the current instance. A that specifies the number of elements to search, beginning with . This value is greater than or equal to zero, and less than or equal to the of the current instance minus . The for which to search. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify to use the implementation of each element. A that specifies the results of the search as follows: Return Value Description The index of in the current instance. was found. The bitwise complement of the index of the first element that is greater than . was not found, and at least one element in the range of to + - 1 in the current instance is greater than . The bitwise complement of ( + ) was not found, and is greater than all elements in the range of to + - 1 in the current instance. If is not found and the current instance is already sorted, the bitwise complement of the return value indicates the index in the current instance where would be found in the range of to + - 1. of the current instance - < . -or- is , and both and at least one element of the current instance do not implement the interface. -or- is , and is not assignment-compatible with at least one element in the current instance. < 0. -or- < 0. A null reference can be compared with any type; therefore, comparisons with a null reference do not generate exceptions. A null reference evaluates to less than any non-null object, or equal to another null reference, when the two are compared. As described above. This method uses to search for . is compared to elements in a binary search of the range of to + - 1 in the current instance until an element with a value greater than or equal to is found or the end of the range is reached. If is , the implementation of the element being compared -- or of if the element being compared does not implement the interface -- is used to make the comparison. If does not implement the interface and is compared to an element that does not implement the interface either, is thrown. If the current instance is not already sorted, correct results are not guaranteed. For the default implementation, this method is an O(log ) operation. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets or sets the number of elements that the current instance is capable of storing.

A that specifies the number of elements that the current instance is capable of storing. is set to a value that is less than the of the current instance. The of a is the size of the internal array used to hold the elements of that list. When it is set, the internal array is reallocated to the specified value. As described above. If an attempt is made to set to a value less or equal to 0, it is set to the default capacity of 16. If the of the current instance exceeds the of the current instance while adding elements to the current instance, the capacity of the list is doubled by automatically reallocating the internal array before copying the old elements and adding the new elements. 0 Method System.Void

Sets the elements in the current instance to zero, , or , depending upon the element type.

The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. This method is implemented to support the interface. Reference-type elements are set to . Value-type elements are set to zero, except for elements, which are set to . This method uses to reset the values of the current instance. is set to zero. is not changed. To reset the of the current instance, call or set the property directly. 0 Method System.Object

Returns a that is a copy of the current instance.

A that is a copy of the current instance. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. This method uses to clone the current instance. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified is contained in the current instance.

The to locate in the current instance. if is contained in the current instance; otherwise, . This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. This method determines equality by calling the implementation of the type of . For the default implementation, this method is an O() operation where is equal to the of the current instance. If the current instance is sorted, it is more efficient to call method. 0 Method System.Void

Copies the specified range of elements from the current instance to the specified , starting at the specified index of the array.

A that specifies the index in the current instance at which copying begins. This value is greater than or equal to 0, and less than the of the current instance. The one-dimensional that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance. A that specifies the first index of to which the elements of the current instance are copied. This value is greater than or equal to zero, and less than .Length minus . A that specifies the number of elements to copy. This value is greater than or equal to 0, and less than both the of the current instance minus and .Length minus . is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. has more than one dimension. -or- >= of the current instance . -or- >= of the current instance - . -or- >= .Length - . At least one element of the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of . As described above. This method uses to copy the current instance to . 0 Method System.Void

Copies the elements from the current instance to the specified .

The one-dimensional that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance. The of this array is greater than or equal to the of the current instance. is . has more than one dimension. -or- of the current instance > .Length. At least one element in the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of . As described above. This method uses to copy the current instance to . 0 Method System.Void

Copies the elements from the current instance to the specified , starting at the specified index of the array.

The one-dimensional that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance. The of this array is greater than or equal to the sum of and the of the current instance. A that specifies the first index of to which the elements of the current instance are copied. This value is greater than or equal to zero, and less than .Length. is . < 0. has more than one dimension. -or- >= .Length. -or- + of the current instance > .Length. At least one element in the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of . This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. This method uses to copy the current instance to . 0 Property System.Int32

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Int32

Gets the number of elements contained in the current instance.

A that specifies the number of elements contained in the current instance. This property is read-only. is the number of elements that are contained by the . The count of a list is always less than or equal to of that list. This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. If the exceeds the of the current instance while adding elements to the current instance, the capacity of the list is doubled by automatically reallocating the internal array before copying the old elements and adding the new elements. 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Returns a wrapper with a fixed size.

The to wrap. A wrapper with a fixed size. is . This method returns a fixed-size that contains a reference to . Operations that attempt add to or delete from this new list will throw . Any modifications of the elements in either the returned list or will be reflected in the other. The property of the new list is . Every other property value of the new list references the same property value of . By performing operations on the new list, this wrapper can be used to prevent additions to and deletions from the . The elements of the list can still be modified by operations on the returned list. 0 Method System.Collections.IEnumerator

Returns a for the current instance.

A for the current instance. If the the current instance is modified while an enumeration is in progress, a call to or throws . For detailed information regarding the use of an enumerator, see . This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. 0 Method System.Collections.IEnumerator

Returns a for the specified section of the current instance.

A that specifies the index of the current instance before which the enumerator is initially placed. This value is greater than or equal to 0, and less than the of the current instance. A that specifies the number of elements, beginning with , in the current instance over which the enumerator can iterate. This value is greater than or equal to 0, and less than or equal to the of the current instance minus . A that can iterate over the range of to + - 1 in the current instance. < 0. -or- < 0. + > of the current instance. The enumerator only enumerates over the range of the current instance from to + - 1. If the current instance is modified while an enumeration is in progress, a call to or will throw . For detailed information regarding the use of an enumerator, see . As described above. The enumerator is initially placed just before the element at position in the current instance. A call to returns the enumerator to this position. If the enumerator is positioned over an element in the range of -1 to + , and the elements of the current instance have not been modified while the enumeration was in progress, a call to either returns and advances the enumerator one element in the current instance, or returns and leaves the enumerator in its current position. 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Returns a that represents the specified range of the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index in the current instance at which the range starts. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that specifies the number of elements in the range. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that represents the range in the current instance from to + - 1. < 0. -or- < 0. of the current instance - < . As described above. This method does not create copies of the elements: the new instance is a view window into the source list. Therefore, all subsequent changes to the source list must be done through this view window . If changes are made directly to the source list, the view window list is invalidated and any operations on it throw . 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified .

The to locate in current instance. A that specifies the index of the first occurrence of in the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation, where is . The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified in the specified range.

The to locate in current instance. A that specifies the index at which to begin searching. This value is greater than or equal to zero, and less than the of the current instance. A that specifies the number of elements to search. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that specifies the index of the first occurrence of in the current instance, within the range to + - 1, if found; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. >= of the current instance. -or- < 0. -or- > of the current instance - . As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation, where is . The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the first occurrence of the specified in the specified range.

The to locate in current instance. A that specifies the index at which searching begins. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus 1, inclusive. A that specifies the index of the first occurrence of in the current instance, if found within the range to the end of the current instance; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. < 0. -or- >= of the current instance. As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation, where is . The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Void

Inserts the specified into the current instance at the specified index.

A that specifies the index in the current instance at which is inserted. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance, inclusive. The to insert. < 0. -or- > of the current instance. The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. If the of the current instance is equal to the of the current instance, the capacity of the list is doubled by automatically reallocating the internal array before the new element is inserted. If is equal to the of the current instance, is added to the end of the current instance. 0 Method System.Void

Inserts the elements of the specified at the specified index of the current instance.

A that specifies the index in the current instance at which the new elements are inserted. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance, inclusive. The whose elements are inserted into the current instance. is . < 0. > of the current instance. The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. As described above. If the of the current instance plus the size of is greater than the of the current instance, the capacity of the current instance is either doubled or increased to the new count, whichever yields a greater capacity. The internal array is reallocated to accommodate the new elements. If is equal to the of the current instance, the elements of are added to the end of the current instance. The order of the elements in the is preserved in the current instance. 0 Property System.Boolean

Gets a indicating whether the of the current instance cannot be changed.

if the of the current instance cannot be changed; otherwise, . This property is read-only. Elements cannot be added or removed from a with a fixed size, while existing elements can be modified. This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. The default value for this property is . 0 Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Boolean

Gets a value indicating whether the current instance is read-only.

if the current instance is read-only; otherwise, . This property is read-only. The elements of a that is read-only cannot be modified, nor can elements be added to or removed from that list. This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. The default value of this property is . 0 Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Boolean

Gets a value indicating whether access to the current instance is synchronized (thread-safe).

if access to the current instance is synchronized (thread-safe); otherwise, . This property is read-only. To guarantee the thread safety of the , all operations must be done through the wrapper returned by the method. This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. The default value of this property is . 0 Property System.Boolean

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Property System.Object

Gets or sets the element at the specified index of the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index of the element in the current instance to get or set. This value is greater than or equal to 0, and less than the of the current instance. The element at the specified index of the current instance. < 0. -or- >= of the current instance. This property provides the ability to access a specific element in the collection by using the following syntax: myCollection[index] . This property is implemented to support the interface. As described above. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified .

The to locate in the current instance. A that specifies the index of the last occurrence of in the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation, where is of the current instance. The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified in the specified range of the current instance.

The to locate in the current instance. A that specifies the index at which searching starts. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus 1, inclusive. A that specifies the index of the last occurrence of in the range of through the first element of the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. < 0. -or- >= of the current instance. As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation. The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Int32

Searches the current instance, returning the index of the last occurrence of the specified in the specified range.

The to locate in the current instance. A that specifies the index at which searching starts. A that specifies the number of elements to search, beginning with . A that specifies the index of the last occurrence of value in the current instance, within the range through - + 1, if found; otherwise, -1. This provides the caller with a standard code for a failed search. < 0. -or- < 0. -or- >= of the current instance. -or- >= of the current instance. -or- > + 1. As described above. This method uses to search the current instance for . For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation. The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Returns a read-only wrapper.

The to wrap. A read-only wrapper around . is . This method returns a read-only that contains a reference to . Operations that attempt add to, delete from, or modify the elements of this new list will throw . Any modifications of the elements will be reflected in the new list. The and properties of the new list are . Every other property value of the new list references the same property value of . By performing operations on the new list, this wrapper can be used to prevent additions to, deletions from, and modifications of the . 0 Method System.Void

Removes the first occurrence of the specified from the current instance.

The to remove from the current instance. The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. This method determines equality by calling . If and only if is found in the current instance, is removed from the current instance, the rest of the elements are shifted down to fill the position vacated by , the of the current instance is decreased by one, and the position that was previously the last element in the current instance is set to . If is not found in the current instance, the current instance remains unchanged. For the default implementation, this method performs a linear search. On average, this is an O(/2) operation, where is of the current instance. The longest search is an O() operation. 0 Method System.Void

Removes the element at the specified index from the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index of the element to remove from the current instance. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance, inclusive. < 0. -or- >= of the current instance. The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. The element at position is removed from the current instance, the rest of the elements are shifted down to fill the position vacated by that element, the of the current instance is decreased by one, and the position that was previously the last element in the current instance is set to . 0 Method System.Void

Removes the specified range of elements from the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index of the first element of the range of elements in the current instance to remove. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that specifies the number of elements to remove. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. < 0. -or- < 0. of the current instance - < . The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. As described above. The elements in the range of to + - 1 are removed from the current instance, the rest of the elements are shifted down to fill the position vacated by those elements, the of the current instance is decreased by , and the positions that were previously the last elements in the current instance are set to . 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Returns a new whose elements are copies of the specified .

The used to initialize the new instance. A that specifies the number of times is copied into the new instance. A new with number of elements, all of which are copies of . < 0. If is less than the default initial capacity, 16, the of the new instance is set to the default initial capacity. Else, the capacity is set to . The of the new instance is set to . 0 Method System.Void

Reverses the sequence of the elements in the current instance.

The current instance is read-only. As described above. This method uses to modify the ordering of the elements in the current instance. 0 Method System.Void

Reverses the sequence of the elements in the specified range of the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index in the current instance at which reversing starts. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that specifies the number of elements to reverse. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. < 0. -or- < 0. of the current instance - < . The current instance is read-only. As described above. This method uses to modify the ordering of the current instance. 0 Method System.Void

Copies the elements of the specified to a range in the current instance.

A that specifies the zero-based index in the current instance at which to start copying the elements of . This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus .Count, inclusive. The whose elements to copy to the current instance. < 0. -or- of the current instance - < .Count. is . The current instance is read-only. As described above. This method uses the implementation of . 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements in the specified range of the current instance using the specified implementation.

A that specifies the zero-based index at which sorting starts. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. A that specifies the number of elements to sort. This value is between 0 and the of the current instance minus , inclusive. The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify to use the implementation of each element in the current instance. < 0. -or- < 0. of the current instance - < . is , and one or more elements in the current instance do not implement the interface. The current instance is read-only. As described above. If is , the implementation of each element in the current instance is used to make the sorting comparisons. If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. For the default implementation, this method uses , which uses the Quicksort algorithm. This is an O( log ) operation, where is the number of elements to sort. 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements of current instance using the specified .

The implementation to use when comparing elements. Specify to use the implementation of each element in the current instance. is , and one or more elements in the current instance do not implement the interface. The current instance is read-only. As described above. If is , the implementation of each element in the current instance is used to make the sorting comparisons. If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. For the default implementation, this method uses , which uses the Quicksort algorithm. This is an O( log ) operation, where is the number of elements to sort. 0 Method System.Void

Sorts the elements of the current instance.

One or more elements in the current instance do not implement the interface. The current instance read-only. As described above. The implementation of each element in the current instance is used to make the sorting comparisons. If the sort is not successfully completed, the results are unspecified. For the default implementation, this method uses , which uses the Quicksort algorithm. This is an O( log ) operation, where is the number of elements to sort. 0 Method System.Collections.ArrayList

Returns a wrapper around the specified that is synchronized (thread-safe).

The to synchronize. A wrapper that is synchronized (thread-safe). is . This method returns a thread-safe that contains a reference to . Any modifications of the elements in either the returned list or will be reflected in the other. The property of the new list is . Every other property value of the new list references the same property value of . By performing operations on the new list, this wrapper can be used to guarantee thread-safe access to the . 0 Property System.Object

Gets an object that can be used to synchronize access to the current instance.

A that can be used to synchronize access to the current instance. This property is read-only. Program code must perform synchronized operations on the of the current instance, not directly on the current instance. This ensures proper operation of collections that are derived from other objects. Specifically, it maintains proper synchronization with other threads that might be simultaneously modifying the current instance. As described above. This method returns a reference to the current instance. This property is implemented to support the interface. 0 Property System.Object

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 Method System.Object[]

Copies the elements of the current instance to a new array.

A array containing copies of the elements of the current instance. As described above. The elements are copied using . For the default implementation, this method is an O() operation, where is the of the current instance. 0 Method System.Array

Copies the elements of the current instance to a new array of the specified .

The of the to create and copy the elements of the current instance. An array of containing copies of the elements of the current instance. is . At least one element of the current instance cannot be cast to the . As described above. The elements are copied using . For the default implementation, this method is an O() operation, where is the of the current instance. 0 Method System.Void

Sets the of the current instance to the of the current instance.

The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size. This method can be used to minimize the memory overhead of the current instance if no new elements will be added to it. To completely clear all elements from the current instance, call the method before calling . As described above. If the of the current instance is zero, the of the current instance is set to the default initial capacity of 16. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an attempt is made to store an element of the wrong type in an array.

is thrown when the system cannot convert the element to the type declared for the array. This exception will not be thrown if the element can be converted to the type declared for the array. For example, an element of type can be stored in an array declared to store values, but an element of type cannot be stored in a array because conversion between these types is not supported. This exception is thrown by the method if a widening conversion cannot be performed on the operand to convert it to the array type. It is generally unnecessary for applications to throw this exception. The following IL instructions throw : ldelem.<type> ldelema stelem.<type> The following example demonstrates an error that causes the system to throw a exception. using System; class ArrayTypeMisMatchExample { public static void Main() { string[] array1={"hello","world"}; int[] array2 = {1,2}; try { Array.Copy(array1,array2,2); } catch (ArrayTypeMismatchException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.ArrayTypeMismatchException: Source array type cannot be assigned to destination array type. at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Int32 sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, Int32 destinationIndex, Int32 length) at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, Int32 length) at ArrayTypeMisMatchExample.Main() System.SystemException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Source array type cannot be assigned to destination array type." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current exception. If is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents an ASCII character implementation of .

encodes characters as single 7-bit ASCII characters. This encoding supports Unicode code points between U+0000 and U+007F, inclusive. The limited range of code points supported by makes ASCII inadequate for many internationalized applications. and provide encodings that are more suitable for internationalized applications. System.Text.Encoding Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of bytes required to encode the specified range of the specified array of characters as ASCII-encoded characters.

A array containing the characters to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index of to encode. A that specifies the number of elements in to encode. A containing the number of bytes required to encode the range in from to + -1 as ASCII-encoded characters. is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. ( + - 1) > .Length). This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of bytes required to encode the specified string as ASCII-encoded characters.

A to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. A containing the number of bytes required to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. is . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Encodes the specified range of the specified string into the specified range of the specified array of bytes as ASCII-encoded characters.

A to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index of from which to encode. A that specifies the number of elements in to encode. A array to encode. A that specifies the first index of to encode into. A whose value equals the number of bytes encoded into as ASCII-encoded characters. (.Length - ) < . is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- < 0. -or- >= .Length. Every object in that is encoded into and that does not have an ASCII equivalent (i.e. has a code point greater than U+007f) will be encoded as a question mark ('?'). This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Encodes the specified range of the specified array of characters into the specified range of the specified array of bytes as ASCII-encoded characters.

A array containing the characters to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index of to encode. A that specifies the number of elements in to encode. A array to encode. A that specifies the first index of to encode into. A whose value equals the number of bytes encoded into as ASCII-encoded characters. (.Length - ) < . is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- < 0. -or- > .Length. Every object in that is encoded into and that does not have an ASCII equivalent (i.e. has a code point greater than U+007f) will be encoded as a question mark ('?'). This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of characters that will be produced by decoding the specified range of the specified array of bytes as ASCII-encoded characters.

A array to decode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index in to decode. A that specifies the number elements in to decode. A whose value equals the number of characters a call to will produce if presented with the specified range of . This value does not take into account the state in which the current instance was left following the last call to . This contrasts with , which maintains state information across calls. is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Decodes the specified range of the specified array of bytes into the specified range of the specified array of characters as ASCII-encoded characters.

A array to decode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index of from which to decode. A that specifies the number elements in to decode. A array of characters to decode into. A that specifies the first index of to store the decoded bytes. A whose value equals the number of characters decoded into as ASCII-encoded characters. (.Length - ) < . is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- < 0. -or- > .Length. This method overrides . can be used to determine the exact number of characters that will be produced for a specified range of bytes. Alternatively, the method can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that will be produced for a specified number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values. 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode the specified number of characters as ASCII-encoded characters, regardless of the actual character values.

A that specifies the number of characters to encode as ASCII-encoded characters. A containing the maximum number of bytes required to encode characters as ASCII-encoded characters. < 0. This method overrides . Use this method to determine a minimum buffer size for byte arrays passed to the or method for the current instance. Using this minimum buffer size can help ensure that buffer overflow exceptions do not occur. 0 Method System.Int32

Gets the maximum number of characters produced by decoding a specified number of bytes as ASCII-encoded characters, regardless of the actual byte values.

A that specifies the number of bytes to decode as ASCII-encoded characters. A containing the maximum number of characters that would be produced by decoding bytes as ASCII-encoded characters. < 0. This method overrides . Use this method to determine the minimum buffer size for character arrays passed to the or the methods. Using this minimum buffer size can help ensure that buffer overflow exceptions do not occur. 0 Method System.String

Decodes the specified range of the specified array of bytes as a string of ASCII-encoded characters.

A array to decode as ASCII-encoded characters. A that specifies the first index of from which to decode. A that specifies the number of elements in to decode. A object containing the decoded representation of the range in from to + -1 as ASCII-encoded characters. is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Decodes the specified array of bytes as a string of ASCII-encoded characters.

A array to decode as ASCII-encoded characters. A containing the decoded representation of as ASCII-encoded characters. is . This method overrides . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0

References one or more methods called when an asynchronous operation completes.

A object containing information about the asynchronous operation that has completed. System.Delegate System.ICloneable 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Serves as the base class for custom attributes.

All attributes, whether built-in or user-defined, derive directly or indirectly from . Attributes inherit certain default behaviors: the attribute may be associated with any target element (see ); may or may not be inherited by a derived element; and multiple instances may or may not be allowed on the same target element. These behaviors are specified using . An attribute is an annotation that may be placed on an element of source code and used to store application-specific information at compile time. This information is stored in the metadata and can be accessed either during application execution, through a process known as reflection, or when another tool reads the metadata. Attributes might change the behavior of the application during execution, provide transaction information about an object, or convey organizational information to a designer. The CLI predefines some attribute types and uses them to control runtime behavior. Some languages predefine attribute types to represent language features not directly represented in the Common Language Specification (CLS). User-defined attribute classes, inheriting from , may also be created. The definition of such a class includes the name of the attribute, its default behavior, and the information to be stored. The following example creates and assigns multiple custom attributes to a class. The attribute contains the name of the programmer and the version number of the class. using System; [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class| AttributeTargets.Struct, AllowMultiple=true)] public class Author : Attribute { string authorName; public double verSion; public Author(string name) { authorName = name; verSion = 1.0; } public string getName() { return authorName; } } [Author("Some Author")] class FirstClass { /*...*/ } class SecondClass // no Author attribute { /*...*/ } [Author("Some Author"), Author("Some Other Author", verSion=1.1)] class ThirdClass { /*...*/ } class AuthorInfo { public static void Main() { PrintAuthorInfo(typeof(FirstClass)); PrintAuthorInfo(typeof(SecondClass)); PrintAuthorInfo(typeof(ThirdClass)); } public static void PrintAuthorInfo(Type type) { Console.WriteLine("Author information for {0}", type); Attribute[] attributeArray = Attribute.GetCustomAttributes(type); foreach(Attribute attrib in attributeArray) { if (attrib is Author) { Author author = (Author)attrib; Console.WriteLine(" {0}, version {1:f}", author.getName(), author.verSion); } } Console.WriteLine(); } } The output is Author information for FirstClass Some Author, version 1.00 Author information for SecondClass Author information for ThirdClass Some Author, version 1.00 Some Other Author, version 1.10 System.Object AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple=false, Inherited=true) 0 Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

The to compare to the current instance. A where indicates represents the same type and value as the current instance. If is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Attribute

Returns an instance of a specified custom attribute if a single instance of the attribute is in the metadata for the specified assembly.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. The single instance of of type that is applied to Returns if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . More than one instance of the specified custom attribute was found. If multiple instances of can be applied to , use . 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Reflection Method System.Attribute

Returns an instance of a specified custom attribute if a single instance of the attribute is in the metadata for the specified module.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. The single instance of of type that is applied to Returns if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . More than one instance of the specified custom attribute was found. If multiple instances of can be applied to , use . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute

Returns an instance of a specified custom attribute if a single instance of the attribute is in the metadata for the specified parameter.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. The single instance of of type that is applied to Returns if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . More than one instance of the specified custom attribute was found. If multiple instances of can be applied to , use . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute

Returns an instance of a specified custom attribute if a single instance of the attribute is in the metadata for the specified member.

An instance of a type derived from that describes a type member. The of the custom attribute for which to check. The single instance of of type that is applied to Returns if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . does not represent a constructor, method, property, event, type, or field member. More than one instance of the specified custom attribute was found. If multiple instances of can be applied to , use . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of all custom attributes in the metadata for the specified assembly.

A instance. A array containing all custom attributes that are applied to The array includes any inherited custom attributes. Returns an empty array if no custom attributes were found in the metadata for . is . 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of all custom attributes in the metadata for the specified module.

A instance. A array containing all custom attributes that are applied to The array includes any inherited custom attributes. Returns an empty array if no custom attributes were found in the metadata for . is . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of all custom attributes in the metadata for the specified parameter.

A instance. A array containing all custom attributes that are applied to The array includes any inherited custom attributes. Returns an empty array if no custom attributes were found in the metadata for . is . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of the instances of a specified custom attribute if the attribute is in the metadata for the specified assembly.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. An array of type containing the instances that are applied to The array includes any inherited instances of . Returns an empty array if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of the instances of a specified custom attribute if the attribute is in the metadata for the specified module.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. An array of type containing the instances that are applied to The array includes any inherited instances of . Returns an empty array if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of the instances of a specified custom attribute if the attribute is in the metadata for the specified parameter.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. An array of type containing the instances that are applied to The array includes any inherited instances of . Returns an empty array if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . If represents a method parameter, the array returned by includes any instances for the parameter in the base methods. 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of all custom attributes in the metadata for the specified member.

An instance of a type derived from that describes a type member. A array containing all custom attributes that are applied to The array includes custom attributes that are inherited by , if any. Returns an empty array if no custom attributes were found in the metadata for . is . does not represent a constructor, method, property, event, type, or field member. 1 Reflection Method System.Attribute[]

Returns an array of the instances of a specified custom attribute if the attribute is in the metadata for the specified member.

An instance of a type derived from that describes a type member. The of the custom attribute for which to check. An array of type containing the instances that are applied to The array includes instances of that are inherited by , if any. Returns an empty array if the specified attribute was not found. or is . is not a type derived from . does not represent a constructor, method, property, event, type, or field member. 1 Reflection Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing the hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether a specified custom attribute is present in the metadata for the specified member.

An instance of a type derived from that describes a type member. The of the custom attribute for which to check. if a custom attribute of type is applied to either directly or through inheritance; otherwise, . or is . is not derived from . is not a constructor, method, property, event, type, or field. 1 Reflection Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether a specified custom attribute is present in the metadata for the specified parameter.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. if a custom attribute of type is applied to either directly or through inheritance; otherwise, . or is . is not derived from . 1 Reflection Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether a specified custom attribute is present in the metadata for the specified module.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. if a custom attribute of type is applied to ; otherwise, . or is . is not derived from . 1 Reflection Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether a specified custom attribute is present in the metadata for the specified assembly.

A instance. The of the custom attribute for which to check. if a custom attribute of type is applied to ; otherwise, . or is . is not derived from . 1 RuntimeInfrastructure Reflection 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0

Enumerates the application elements to which it is valid to attach an attribute.

is used as a parameter for to enable an attribute to be associated with one or more kinds of application elements. The following example demonstrates how can be used with so that a user-defined attribute class, , may be applied to structures and classes. The attribute is then applied to a class. There is no output. using System; [AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Class| AttributeTargets.Struct)] public class Author : Attribute { public Author(string Name) { this.name = Name; } string name; } [Author("John Q Public")] class JohnsClass { public static void Main() { } } System.Enum FlagsAttribute 0 Field System.AttributeTargets All

Attribute can be applied to any element.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Assembly

Attribute can be applied to an assembly.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Class

Attribute can be applied to a class.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Constructor

Attribute can be applied to a constructor.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Delegate

Attribute can be applied to a delegate.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Enum

Attribute can be applied to an enumeration.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Event

Attribute can be applied to an event.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Field

Attribute can be applied to a field.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Interface

Attribute can be applied to an interface.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Method

Attribute can be applied to a method.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Module

Attribute can be applied to a module.

1 RuntimeInfrastructure Field System.AttributeTargets Parameter

Attribute can be applied to a parameter.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Property

Attribute can be applied to a property.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets ReturnValue

Attribute can be applied to a return value.

0 Field System.AttributeTargets Struct

Attribute can be applied to a value type.

0 Field System.Int32 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Specifies the behavior of a custom attribute when that attribute is defined.

Custom attributes may be applied to various application ("target") elements, such as classes, parameters, and structures (see for the full list). The class contains three properties that govern custom attribute behavior: the kinds of application elements the attribute may be associated with; whether the attribute may or may not be inherited by derived elements; and whether multiple instances of the attribute may or may not be allowed on the same target element. System.Attribute AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple=false, Inherited=true) 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

The set of application elements to which the attribute will be applied. When indicating multiple application elements, is a bitwise OR combination of enumeration values. The new instance will be constructed with the specified value of and the properties and set to their default values ( and respectively). 0 Property System.Boolean

Gets or sets a value indicating whether more than one instance of a specified attribute is permitted to be applied to any given program element.

A where indicates more than one instance of the attribute is permitted to be applied; otherwise, . The default is . It is expected that compilers will validate this property; this property is not validated during execution. The following example demonstrates the use of . If for an attribute is set to , more than one of those attributes may be assigned to any given program element. using System; [AttributeUsageAttribute( AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct, AllowMultiple = true )] public class Author : Attribute { public Author(string name) { this.name = name; } public string name; } [Author( "John Doe" )] [Author( "John Q Public" )] class JohnsClass { public static void Main() {} } The following example demonstrates an error that is expected to be caught by compilers: the sample attempts to assign multiple instances of an attribute for which was set to . using System; [AttributeUsageAttribute( AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct, AllowMultiple = false )] public class Author : Attribute { public Author(string name) { this.name = name; } public string name; } [Author( "John Doe" )] [Author( "John Q Public" )] class JohnsClass { public static void Main() {} } This should throw an error similar to: error CS0579: Duplicate 'Author' attribute 0 Property System.Boolean

Gets or sets a value indicating whether the attribute can be inherited by subclasses of the class to which the attribute is applied.

indicates the attribute is inherited by subclasses; otherwise, . The default is . Information on an inherited attribute will be included in the metadata for the class on which it is applied, but will not be included in the metadata for classes that derive from it. A metadata consumer (such as reflection) is required therefore to traverse up the inheritance chain of a class if that consumer is interested in data that is marked inherited, but applied to an ancestor class. There is nothing for the compiler to validate at compile time. 0 Property System.AttributeTargets

Gets the set of values sent to the constructor that indicate to which targets the custom attribute may be applied.

One or more of the values sent to the constructor, combined by a bitwise OR operation. This property is read-only. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Represents a Boolean value.

The value type represents the logical values and . System.ValueType System.IComparable 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified .

A to compare to the current instance. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Return Value Condition Any negative number Current instance is and is . Zero Current instance == . Any positive number Current instance is and is , or is a null reference. is not a and is not a null reference. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

The to compare to the current instance. if is a with the same value as the current instance. If is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . This method overrides . 0 Field System.String False

Contains a representation of the logical value .

This field is read-only. The value of this is "False". 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A value containing a hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is equivalent to either or , can contain leading and/or trailing whitespace, and is parsed in a case-insensitive manner. if is equivalent to ; otherwise, . is a null reference. is not equivalent to either or . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class BoolParse { public static void Main() { Boolean b = Boolean.Parse(" true "); Console.WriteLine("\" true \" parses to \"{0}\".", b); } } The output is " true " parses to "True". 0 Method System.String

Converts the value of this instance to its equivalent representation.

(Reserved) A object. if the value of this instance is , or if the value of this instance is . The parameter is reserved. It does not participate in the execution of this method. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

if the value of the current instance is ; otherwise, . This method overrides . 0 Field System.String True

Contains a representation of the logical value .

This field is read-only. The value of this is "True". 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Represents an 8-bit unsigned integer.

The data type represents integer values ranging from 0 to positive 255 (hexadecimal 0xFF). System.ValueType System.IComparable 0 System.IFormattable 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified object.

The to compare to the current instance. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Return Value Description Any negative number Current instance < . Zero Current instance == . Any positive number Current instance > , or is a null reference. is not a and is not a null reference. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

The to compare to the current instance. if represents the same type and value as the current instance. If is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing the hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Field System.Byte 255

Contains the maximum value for the type.

The value of this constant is 255 (hexadecimal 0XFF). 0 Field System.Byte 0

Contains the minimum value for the type.

The value of this constant is 0. 0 Method System.Byte

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style. The value obtained from . is a null reference. is not in the correct style. represents a number greater than or less than . This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The string is parsed using the formatting information in a initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ByteParseClass { public static void Main() { string str = " 100 "; Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <Byte> {1}",str,Byte.Parse(str)); } } The output is String: " 100 " <Byte> 100 0 Method System.Byte

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by . Zero or more values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for using the bitwise OR operator. If is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the style. The value obtained from . is a null reference. is not in the correct style. represents a number greater than or less than . This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The string is parsed using the formatting information in a initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see . 0 Method System.Byte

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information about . The value obtained from . is a null reference. represents a number greater than or less than . is not in the correct style. This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. 0 Method System.Byte

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by . Zero or more values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for using the bitwise OR operator. If is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information about . The value obtained from . is a null reference. is not in the correct style. represents a number greater than or less than . The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. A representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the information in the instance supplied by . This version of is equivalent to ("G", ). If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string. A that supplies a instance containing culture-specific formatting information. A representation of the current instance formatted as specified by . The string takes into account the information in the instance supplied by . is invalid. If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. If is a reference, the general format specifier "G" is used. The following table lists the characters that are valid for the type: Format Characters Description "C", "c" Currency format. "D", "d" Decimal format. "E", "e" Exponential notation format. "F", "f" Fixed-point format. "G", "g" General format. "N", "n" Number format. "P", "p" Percent format. "X", "x" Hexadecimal format. For a detailed description of formatting, see the interface. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current system culture. This version of is equivalent to (, ). This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see (, ). A representation of the current instance formatted as specified by . The string takes into account the current system culture. is invalid. This version of is equivalent to ( , ). If is , the general format specifier "G" is used. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class ByteToStringExample { public static void Main() { Byte b = 8; Console.WriteLine(b); String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" }; foreach(String str in formats) Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, b.ToString(str)); } } The output is 8 c: $8.00 d: 8 e: 8.000000e+000 f: 8.00 g: 8 n: 8.00 p: 800.00 % x: 8 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Represents a Unicode character.

The value type represents Unicode characters, with code points ranging from 0 to 65,535. The of a Unicode character is that character's 2-byte, encoded value. The enumeration describes the categories that a Unicode character can be mapped to. For information on mapping specific Unicode characters to Unicode categories, see the UnicodeData.txt file in the Unicode Character Database at http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeCharacterDatabase.html. The UnicodeData.txt file format is described at http://www.unicode.org/Public/3.1-Update/UnicodeData-3.1.0.html. System.ValueType System.IComparable 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified .

The to compare to the current instance. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Return Value Description Any negative number Current instance < . Zero Current instance == . Any positive number Current instance > , or is a null reference. is not a and is not a null reference. The comparison performed by this method is based on the code points of the current instance and , not necessarily their lexicographical characteristics. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

The to compare to the current instance. if represents the same type and value as the current instance. If is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . The comparison performed by this method is based on the code points of the current instance and , not necessarily their lexicographical characteristics. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A value containing a hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Double

Returns the numeric value associated with the Unicode character at the specified position in the specified .

A . A that specifies the position of a character in . A representing the numeric value associated with the at position in if and only if that has an associated numeric value; otherwise, -1.0. is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . A character has an associated numeric value if and only if it is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Returns the numeric value associated with the specified Unicode character.

A Unicode character. A representing the numeric value associated with if and only if has an associated numeric value; otherwise, -1.0. A character has an associated numeric value if and only if it is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class GetNumericValueExample { public static void Main() { Char[] cAry = {'8', 'V', Convert.ToChar(0X00BC)}; //Unicode U+00BC is the code point for the character //representation of 1/4 foreach(Char c in cAry) { Console.Write("Numeric value of Unicode " + "character {0} ", c); Console.WriteLine(" is {0}", Char.GetNumericValue(c)); } } } The output is Numeric value of Unicode character 8 is 8 Numeric value of Unicode character V is -1 Numeric value of Unicode character is 0.25 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory

Determines the of the character at the specified position in the specified .

A . A that specifies the position of a character in . The of the at position index in . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . For more information regarding Unicode categories, see . 0 Method System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory

Determines the of the specified Unicode character.

A Unicode character. The of . For more information regarding Unicode categories, see . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a control character.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a control character.

A Unicode character. true if is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a decimal digit.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . determines if a is a radix-10 digit. This contrasts with , which determines if a is of any numeric Unicode category. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether a Unicode character is a decimal digit.

A Unicode character. if is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . determines if a Char is a radix-10 digit. This contrasts with , which determines if a is of any numeric Unicode category. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a letter.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , or ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a letter.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is either a letter or a decimal digit.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , , or ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is either a letter or a decimal digit.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a lowercase letter.

A Unicode character. if is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a lowercase letter.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of the following category in :; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a number.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or ; otherwise, . determines if a is of any numeric Unicode category. This contrasts with , which determines if a is a radix-10 digit. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a number.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . determines if a is of any numeric Unicode category. This contrasts with , which determines if a is a radix-10 digit. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a punctuation mark.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , , , or ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a punctuation mark.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , , , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a separator character.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a separator character.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , or ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a surrogate character.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a surrogate character.

A Unicode character. if is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a symbol character.

A Unicode character. if is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , or ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a symbol character.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in is a member of one of the following categories in : , , , or ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is an uppercase letter.

A . A that specifies a character position in s. if the character at position in is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is an uppercase letter.

A Unicode character. if is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the character at the specified position in the specified is a whitespace character.

A . A that specifies a character position in . if the character at position in either has a code point of 0x0009, 0x000a, 0x000b, 0x000c, 0x000d, 0x0085, 0x2028, or 0x2029; or is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . is a null reference. The value of is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Unicode character is a whitespace character.

A Unicode character. if either has a code point of 0x0009, 0x000a, 0x000b, 0x000c, 0x000d, 0x0085, 0x2028, or 0x2029; or is a member of the following category in : ; otherwise, . 0 Field System.Char

Contains the maximum code point for the type.

The numeric value of this constant is 65,535. 0 Field System.Char

Contains the minimum code point for the type.

The numeric value of this constant is 0. 0 Method System.Char

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing a single Unicode character. The value obtained from . is a null reference. does not contain exactly one character. 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to its lowercase equivalent.

A Unicode character. The lowercase equivalent of , or the value of if and only if is already lowercase or does not have a lowercase equivalent. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class CharToLower { public static void Main() { Char[] cAry = {'A', 'c', '*'}; foreach (Char c in cAry) { Console.Write("Char '{0}' ToLower is ", c); Console.WriteLine("{0}", Char.ToLower(c)); } } } The output is Char 'A' ToLower is a Char 'c' ToLower is c Char '*' ToLower is * 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A representation of the current instance. This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Converts the value of this instance to its equivalent representation using the specified culture-specific format information.

(Reserved) An interface implementation that supplies culture-specific formatting information. The representation of the value of this instance as specified by . is ignored; it does not participate in this operation. 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to its uppercase equivalent.

A Unicode character. The uppercase equivalent of , or the value of if and only if is already uppercase or does not have an uppercase equivalent. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public class CharToUpper { public static void Main() { Char[] cAry = {'A', 'c', '*'}; foreach (Char c in cAry) { Console.Write("Char '{0}' ToUpper is {1}", c, Char.ToUpper(c)); Console.WriteLine(); } } } The output is Char 'A' ToUpper is A Char 'c' ToUpper is C Char '*' ToUpper is * 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Supports iteration over and provides read-only access to the individual characters in a .

is used to support the statement of the C# programming language. Several independent instances of across one or more threads can have access to a single instance of . For more information regarding the use of an enumerator, see . System.Object System.Collections.IEnumerator 0 System.ICloneable 0 Method System.Object

Creates a copy of the current instance.

A with the same state as the current instance. The return value is a containing a copy of the state of the current instance when this method is invoked. This must be cast explicitly to a to be made usable as one. This method is useful for saving the state of a object while iterating through the characters of a . This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Property System.Char

Gets the element in the over which the current instance is positioned.

The in the over which the current instance is positioned. The current instance is positioned before the first element or after the last element of the . 0 Method System.Boolean

Advances the current instance to the next element of the if and only if the current instance is not already placed beyond the final element of the .

if the enumerator was successfully advanced to the next element; otherwise, . If the enumerator is positioned after the final element of the when this method is called, the current instance remains in its current position and is returned. 0 Method System.Void

Repositions the current instance to its initial position, immediately before the first character in the .

0 Property System.Object

Implemented to support the interface. [Note: For more information, see .]

0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Indicates whether the target of the current attribute complies with the Common Language Specification (CLS).

If no is associated with a given assembly, that assembly is assumed not to be CLS-compliant. A type is assumed to be CLS-compliant if and only if its enclosing type (for nested types) or assembly (for top-level types) is CLS-compliant. Other members (methods, fields, properties and events) are CLS-compliant if and only if the type in which they are defined is CLS-compliant. The CLS is a subset of CLI features that is supported by a broad set of compliant languages and tools. CLS-compliant languages and tools are guaranteed to interoperate with other CLS-compliant languages and tools. Because the CLS defines the rules for language interoperability, its rules apply only to "externally visible" items. The CLS assumes that language interoperability is important only across the assembly boundary - that is, within a single assembly there are no restrictions as to the programming techniques that are used. Thus, the CLS rules apply only to items that are visible outside of their defining assembly and have public, family, or family-or-assembly accessibility. For more information on CLS compliance, see Partition I of the CLI Specification. This attribute can be applied to any valid attribute target. For a complete list of valid targets, see . System.Attribute AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple=false, Inherited=true) 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

if the target of the new instance complies with the CLS; otherwise, . 0 Property System.Boolean

Gets a indicating whether the target of the current instance is CLS-compliant.

if the target of the current instance complies with the CLS; otherwise, . This property is read-only. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Serves as the base class for all code access permissions.

Classes derived from are required to override the following methods of the class: - Creates a object of the same type and containing the same values as the current instance. - Reconstructs the state of a object using an XML encoding. - Returns a object that is the intersection of the current instance and the specified object. - Determines if the current instance is a subset of the specified object. - Creates an XML encoding of the current instance. - Returns a object that is the union of the current instance and the specified object. In addition, classes derived from are required to implement a constructor that takes a as its only parameter. The XML encoding of a instance is defined below in EBNF format. The following conventions are used: All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal type. All literals are in bold font. The following meta-language symbols are used: '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an expression that can appear zero or more times. '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an expression that can appear zero or one time. '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an expression that can appear one or more times. '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals, or a mixture of literals and non-literals. '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two expressions. '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals, non-literals, or both. ClassName is the name of the class implementing the permission, such as . AssemblyName is the name of the assembly that contains the class implementing the permission, such as mscorlib. Version is the three part version number indicating the version of the assembly implementing the permission, such as 1.0.1. StrongNamePublicKeyToken is the strong name public key token constituting the strong name of the assembly that implements the permission. PermissionAttributes is any attribute and attribute value on the element used by the permission to represent a particular permission state, for example, unrestricted="true". PermissionXML is any valid XML used by the permission to represent permission state. The XML encoding of a instance is as follows: CodeAccessPermissionXML::= ClassName AssemblyName Version StrongNamePublicKeyToken (PermissionAttributes)* > (PermissionXML)? System.Object System.Security.IPermission 0 Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

0 Method System.Void

Asserts that calling code can access the resource identified by the current instance through the code that calls this method, even if callers have not been granted permission to access the resource.

The calling code does not have . Calling stops the permission check on callers that are after the code performing the assert. An assertion is effective only if the code that calls passes the security check for the permission that it is asserting. Even if the callers that are after the code performing the assert do not have the requisite permissions, they can still access resources through the code that calls this method. Because the assertion only applies to the callers of the code performing the assert, a security check for the asserted permission may still fail if the code calling has not itself been granted that permission. A call to is effective until the code containing the call returns to its caller. Caution: Because calling removes the requirement that all code be granted permission to access the specified resource, it can open up security vulnerabilities if used incorrectly or inappropriately. Requires permission to call . See . 0 Method System.Security.IPermission

Returns a containing the same values as the current instance.

A new instance that is value equal to the current instance. This method is implemented to support the interface. The object returned by this method is required be the same type as the current instance and to represent the same access to resources as the current instance. Override this method to create a copy an instance in a type derived from . Use this method to obtain a copy of the current instance that has values identical to those of the current instance. 0 Method System.Void

Forces a if all callers do not have the permission specified by the current instance.

A caller does not have the permission specified by the current instance. A caller has called for the resource protected by the current instance. The permissions of the code that calls this method are not examined; the check begins from the immediate caller of that code and continues until all callers have been checked, one of the callers invokes , or a caller has been found that is not granted the demanded permission, in which case a is thrown. is typically used by shared libraries to ensure that callers have permission to access a resource. For example, a method in a shared library calls for the necessary before performing a file operation requested by the caller. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.Void

Denies access to the resources specified by the current instance through the code that calls this method.

This method prevents callers from accessing the protected resource through the code that calls this method, even if those callers have been granted permission to access it. The call to is effective until the calling code returns. is ignored for a permission not granted because a demand for that permission will not succeed. can limit the liability of the programmer or prevent accidental security vulnerabilities because it prevents the method that calls from being used to access the resource protected by the denied permission. 0 Method System.Void

Reconstructs the state of a object using the specified XML encoding.

A instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a object. does not contain the XML encoding for a instance of the same type as the current instance. The version number of is not valid. The values of the current instance are set to the values of the permission object encoded in . Override this method to reconstruct subclasses of . This method is called by the system. For the XML encoding for this class, see the class page. 0 Method System.Security.IPermission

Returns a object that is the intersection of the current instance and the specified object.

A instance to intersect with the current instance. A new instance that represents the intersection of the current instance and . If the intersection is empty or is , returns . If the current instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If is unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance. is not and is not a object. This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. Override this method to provide a mechanism for creating an intersection of two objects that are of the same type and are derived from . The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it represents the minimum permission such that any demand that passes both permissions will also pass their intersection. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance is a subset of the specified object.

A instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship. if the current instance is a subset of ; otherwise, . If the current instance is unrestricted, and is not, returns . If is unrestricted, returns . is not and is not of type . This method is implemented to support the interface. As described above. Override this method to implement the test for the subset relationship in types derived from . The current instance is a subset of if the current instance specifies a set of accesses to resources that is wholly contained by . For example, a permission that represents read access to a file is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the file. If this method returns , the current instance does not describe a level of access to a set of resources that is not already described by . 0 Method System.String

Returns the XML representation of the state of the current instance.

A containing the XML representation of the state of the current instance. The XML representation of the current instance is obtained by first calling , then calling on the object returned by that method. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Security.SecurityElement

Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.

A containing an XML encoding of the state of the current instance. The object returned by this method is required to use the XML encoding for the class as defined on the class page. The state of the current instance is required to be reproducible by invoking on an instance of using the object returned by this method. Override this method to return an object containing the XML encoding for types derived from . This method is called by the system. 0 Method System.Security.IPermission

Returns a object that is the union of the current instance and the specified object.

A object of the same type as the current instance to be combined with the current instance. If is , returns a copy of the current instance using the method. is not of type . is not . This method is implemented to support the interface. This method returns a new instance that represents the union of the current instance and . If the current instance or is unrestricted, returns a instance that is unrestricted. If is , returns a copy of the current instance using the method. If is not , this method throws a exception; otherwise, returns a copy of the current instance. Override this method to provide a mechanism for creating the union of two objects that are of the same type and are derived from . The result of a call to is a permission that represents all of the access to resources represented by both the current instance and . Any demand that passes either permission passes their union. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

This is the base class for code access security attributes.

The types that derive from are used to secure access to resources or securable operations. The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. Security attributes are used for declarative security only. Use the corresponding permission class derived from for imperative security. System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAttribute AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false) 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of with the specified value.

A value. is not a valid value. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Provides the default implementation of the interface.

System.Object System.Collections.IComparer 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of two instances.

The first to compare. The second to compare. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Value Condition Any negative number < Zero == Any positive number > A null reference is considered to compare less than any other non-null object, and equal to any other null reference, independent of the underlying of either object. Both and are not and do not implement the interface. -or- Both and are not and are not assignment-compatible types. The behavior of this method is as follows: If implements the interface, returns .CompareTo(). If does not implement the interface but does, returns the negated result of .CompareTo(). If and both are not and do not implement the interface, is thrown. 0 Field System.Collections.Comparer

Returns a new instance containing the default implementation of the interface.

This field is read-only. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Indicates to compilers that a method is callable if and only if a specified pre-processing identifier has been defined on the method.

A , which has an associated condition , can be attached to the definition of a method, creating a . Thereafter, when a compiler encounters a call to that method, it may choose to ignore the call unless a compilation variable is defined at the site of the call, with a value that matches in a case-sensitive manner the supplied to the . Note that compilers may provide several techniques to define such compilation variables, such as: compiler command-line switches (for example, /define:DEBUG ) environment variables in the operating system shell (for example, SET DEBUG=1) as pragmas in the source code (for example, #define DEBUG, to define the compilation variable, or #undef DEBUG to undefine it) CLS-Compliant compilers are permitted to ignore uses of the . The following example demonstrates the use of with a particular compiler that supports the use of this attribute. The property of the current attribute is initialized as "DEBUG". using System; using System.Diagnostics; public class MyClass { [ConditionalAttribute("DEBUG")] public static void Display() { Console.WriteLine("Compiled with DEBUG"); } } public class TestCondition { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("How was this compiled?"); MyClass.Display(); Console.WriteLine("<eop>"); } } When this code is compiled with the compilation-variable DEBUG defined at the callsite, the output when run is How was this compiled? Compiled with DEBUG <eop> When this code is compiled without the compilation-variable DEBUG defined at the callsite, the output when run is How was this compiled? <eop> System.Attribute AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=true) 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the pre-processing identifier that makes callable the target method of the current instance. This constructor initializes the property of the current instance using . 0 Property System.String

Gets the that contains the pre-processing identifier that makes callable the target method of the current instance.

A that contains the pre-processing identifier that makes callable the target method of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Represents the standard input, output, and error streams for console applications.

The class provides basic input and output support for applications that read from and write characters to the console. If the console does not exist, as in a GUI application, writing to the console produces no result, and no exception is raised. The standard input, output, and error streams are represented by properties, and are automatically associated with the console when the application starts. Applications can redirect these properties to other streams; for example, streams associated with files instead of the console. For additional information see the , , and methods. By default, the read methods in this class use the standard input stream and the write methods use the standard output stream. The write methods support writing data with or without automatically appending carriage return and linefeed characters. This enables the writing of strings, formatted strings, arrays of characters, instances of primitive types, and arbitrary objects without first having to convert them to strings. This class uses synchronized and instances. Multiple threads can concurrently read from and/or write to an instance of this type. The following example demonstrates the use of basic input and output functions. The program waits for the user to enter a name. using System; public class ConsoleTest { public static void Main() { Console.Write("Hello "); Console.WriteLine("World!"); Console.Write("What is your name: "); string name = Console.ReadLine(); Console.Write("Hello, "); Console.Write(name); Console.WriteLine("!"); } } The output for a user who entered the name "Fred" is Hello World! What is your name: Fred Hello, Fred! System.Object Property System.IO.TextWriter

Gets the system's standard error output stream.

A synchronized object where error output is sent. This property is read-only. This property can be redirected using the method. If the application does not have a , behaves like . 0 Property System.IO.TextReader

Gets the system's standard input stream.

A synchronized object from which user input is received. This property is read-only. This property can be redirected using the method. If the application does not have a , behaves like . 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard error stream.

A new synchronized object that writes to the console. 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard error stream.

A that specifies the desired internal stream buffer size. A new synchronized object that writes to the console. Buffering console streams is not required to be supported. If it is not supported, the parameter is ignored, and this method behaves identically to (). If buffering is supported, the buffering behavior of the class is implementation-defined. 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard input stream.

A new synchronized object that reads from the console. 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard input stream.

A that specifies the desired internal stream buffer size. A new synchronized object that reads from the console. Buffering console streams is not required to be supported. If it is not supported, the parameter is ignored, and this method behaves identically to (). If buffering is supported, the buffering behavior of the class is implementation-defined. 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard output stream.

A new synchronized object that writes to the console. 0 Method System.IO.Stream

Returns the standard output stream. The desired size of the internal buffer for the stream is specified.

A that specifies the desired internal stream buffer size. A new synchronized object that writes to the console. Buffering console streams is not required to be supported. If it is not supported, the parameter is ignored, and this method behaves identically to (). If buffering is supported, the buffering behavior of the class is implementation-defined. 0 Property System.IO.TextWriter

Gets the system's standard output stream.

A synchronized object where normal output is sent. This property is read-only. This property can be redirected using the method. If the application does not have a , behaves like . 0 Method System.Int32

Reads the next character from the standard input stream.

The next character from the character source represented as a , or -1 if at the end of the stream. An I/O error occurred. This method will not return until the read operation is terminated; for example, by the user pressing the enter key. If data is available, the input stream contains what the user entered, suffixed with the environment dependent newline character. 0 Method System.String

Reads the next line of characters from the .

A containing the next line from the input stream, or if the end of the input stream has already been reached. An I/O error occurred. There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string. A line is defined as a sequence of characters followed by a carriage return (Unicode 0x000d), a line feed (Unicode 0x000a), or a . The returned string does not contain the terminating character(s). 0 Method System.Void

Sets the property to the specified .

A that becomes the new standard error output stream. The caller does not have the required permission. is . This method replaces the property with a synchronized returned by ( ). By default, the property is set to the system's standard error stream. Requires permission. 0 Method System.Void

Sets the property to the specified .

A that becomes the new standard input stream. is . This method replaces the property with a synchronized returned by ( ). By default, the property is set to the system's standard input stream. Requires permission to execute unmanaged code. See . 0 Method System.Void

Sets the property to the specified .

A that becomes the new standard output stream. is . This method replaces the property with a synchronized returned by ( ). By default, the property is set to the system's standard output stream. Requires permission to execute unmanaged code. See . 0 Method System.Void ParamArrayAttribute 1 System.ParamArrayAttribute RuntimeInfrastructure

Writes a formatted string to the .

A that specifies the format string. An array of objects referenced in the format string. or is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to .Length. If a specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string to the .

A that specifies the format string. The first object referenced in the format string. The second object referenced in the format string. The third object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (3). If a specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is ignored. For more information on format strings see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string to the .

A that specifies the format string. The first object referenced in the format string. The second object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (2). If a specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string to the .

A that specifies the format string. An object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (1). If the specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString () ). 0 Method System.Void

Writes a character to the .

The Unicode character to write to the text stream. An I/O error occurred. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a character array to the .

The Unicode character array to write to the text stream. If is , nothing is written. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( ). 0 Method System.Void

Writes a subarray of characters to the .

The Unicode character array from which characters are read. A that specifies the starting offset in at which to begin reading. A that specifies the number of characters to write. ( + ) is greater than the length of . An I/O error occurred. or is negative. is . This version of is equivalent to .( , , ). 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .(.ToString()). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .(.ToString()). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString()). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString()). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). This version of is equivalent to .( . ()). 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString() ). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString()). 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified object to the .

The object to write. If is , is written. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString () ). If is , no exception is thrown and nothing is written. Otherwise, the object's method is called to produce the string representation, and the resulting string is written to the output stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a specified string to the .

The to write. If is , the string is written. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( ). If specified value is , nothing is written to the output stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString() ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a line terminator to the .

An I/O error occurred. The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void ParamArrayAttribute 1 System.ParamArrayAttribute RuntimeInfrastructure

Writes a formatted string and a new line to the .

A that specifies the format string. An array of objects referenced in the format string. or is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to .Length . The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. If a specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string and a new line to the .

A that specifies the format string. The first object referenced in the format string. The second object referenced in the format string. The third object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (3). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. If a specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string and a new line to the .

A that specifies the format string. The first object referenced in the format string. The second object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (2). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. If a specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a formatted string and a line terminator to the .

A that specifies the format string. An object referenced in the format string. is . An I/O error occurred. The format specification in is invalid. -or- The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (1). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. If the specified object is not referenced in , it is ignored. For more information on format strings, see the class overview. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. If is , only the line terminator is written. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified object followed by a line terminator to the .

The object to write. If is , only the line terminator is written. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString() ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString()). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString() ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString() ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( .ToString ()). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .(.ToString ()). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .(.ToString ()). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes the text representation of a specified followed by a line terminator to the .

The to write. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .(.ToString ()). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Void

Writes a subarray of characters followed by a line terminator to the .

The Unicode character array from which data is read. A that specifies the index into at which to begin reading. A that specifies the number of characters to write. ( + ) is greater than the length of . An I/O error occurred. or is negative. is . This version of is equivalent to .( , , ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes an array of characters followed by a line terminator to the .

The Unicode character array to write. An I/O error occurred. is . This version of is equivalent to .( ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 Method System.Void

Writes a character followed by a line terminator to the .

The Unicode character to write to the text stream. An I/O error occurred. This version of is equivalent to .( ). The default line terminator is the value of the property. The line terminator can be set using the property of the stream. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Performs conversions between base data types.

The following table shows conversions from source types to destination types. The first column contains the source types. The remaining columns indicate the destination types the source may be converted to. An 'x' indicates the class implements the conversion. the column headers correspond precisely, in order, to the source types in the first column, but have been abbreviated to fit. Type Bool Byte Char DT Dec Dou I16 I32 I64 SBy Sin Str UI16 UI32 UI64 Boolean x x x x x x x x x x x x x Byte x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Char x x x x x x x x x x DateTime x x Decimal x x x x x x x x x x x x x Double x x x x x x x x x x x x x Int16 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Int32 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Int64 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x SByte x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Single x x x x x x x x x x x x x String x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x UInt16 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x UInt32 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x UInt64 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x If the conversion of a numeric type results in a loss of precision, no exception is thrown. However, an exception is thrown if the conversion result is a value that is larger than that which can be represented by the destination type. For example, when a is converted to a , a loss of precision may occur but no exception is thrown. However, if the magnitude of the is too large to be represented by a , a is thrown. System.Object Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { decimal decimal0 = 0m; decimal decimal1 = 1m; decimal decimal2 = -2m; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(decimal0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(decimal1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(decimal2); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as bool = {1}",decimal0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as bool = {1}",decimal1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as bool = {1}",decimal2,bool2); } } The output is (decimal) 0 as bool = False (decimal) 1 as bool = True (decimal) -2 as bool = True 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { double double0 = 0.0; double double1 = 1.0; double double2 = -2.0; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(double0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(double1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(double2); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as bool = {1}",double0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as bool = {1}",double1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as bool = {1}",double2,bool2); } } The output is (double) 0 as bool = False (double) 1 as bool = True (double) -2 as bool = True 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { float float0 = 0.0f; float float1 = 1.0f; float float2 = -2.0f; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(float0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(float1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(float2); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as bool = {1}",float0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as bool = {1}",float1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as bool = {1}",float2,bool2); } } The output is (float) 0 as bool = False (float) 1 as bool = True (float) -2 as bool = True 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. if equals ; if equals . is a null reference. is not equal to or . The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { string string0 = Boolean.TrueString; string string1 = Boolean.FalseString; string string2 = "foo"; //This is an invalid Boolean. bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(string0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(string1); Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as bool = {1}",string0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as bool = {1}",string1,bool1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(string2); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as bool = {1}",string2,bool2); } } The output is (string) True as bool = True (string) False as bool = False Unhandled Exception: System.FormatException: String was not recognized as a valid Boolean. at System.Boolean.Parse(String value) at Convert.ToBoolean(String value) at ConvertBoolTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertString.cs:line 12 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { ulong ulong0 = 0; ulong ulong1 = 1; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(ulong0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(ulong1); Console.WriteLine("(ulong) {0} as bool = {1}",ulong0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(ulong) {0} as bool = {1}",ulong1,bool1); } } The output is (ulong) 0 as bool = False (ulong) 1 as bool = True 0 Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { long long0 = 0; long long1 = 1; long long2 = -2; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(long0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(long1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(long2); Console.WriteLine("(long) {0} as bool = {1}",long0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(long) {0} as bool = {1}",long1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(long) {0} as bool = {1}",long2,bool2); } } The output is (long) 0 as bool = False (long) 1 as bool = True (long) -2 as bool = True 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { uint uint0 = 0; uint uint1 = 1; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(uint0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(uint1); Console.WriteLine("(uint) {0} as bool = {1}",uint0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(uint) {0} as bool = {1}",uint1,bool1); } } The output is (uint) 0 as bool = False (uint) 1 as bool = True 0 Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { int int0 = 0; int int1 = 1; int int2 = -2; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(int0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(int1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(int2); Console.WriteLine("(int) {0} as bool = {1}",int0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(int) {0} as bool = {1}",int1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(int) {0} as bool = {1}",int2,bool2); } } The output is (int) 0 as bool = False (int) 1 as bool = True (int) -2 as bool = True 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { ushort ushort0 = 0; ushort ushort1 = 1; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(ushort0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(ushort1); Console.WriteLine("(ushort) {0} as bool = {1}",ushort0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(ushort) {0} as bool = {1}",ushort1,bool1); } } The output is (ushort) 0 as bool = False (ushort) 1 as bool = True 0 Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { short short0 = 0; short short1 = 1; short short2 = -2; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(short0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(short1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(short2); Console.WriteLine("(short) {0} as bool = {1}",short0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(short) {0} as bool = {1}",short1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(short) {0} as bool = {1}",short2,bool2); } } The output is (short) 0 as bool = False (short) 1 as bool = True (short) -2 as bool = True 0 Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { byte byte0 = (byte) 0; byte byte1 = (Byte) 1; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(byte0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(byte1); Console.WriteLine("(byte) {0} as bool = {1}",byte0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(byte) {0} as bool = {1}",byte1,bool1); } } The output is (byte) 0 as bool = False (byte) 1 as bool = True 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The 8-bit signed integer value to be converted. if is non-zero; if is zero. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertBoolTest { static public void Main() { sbyte sbyte0 = (sbyte) 0; sbyte sbyte1 = (sbyte) 1; sbyte sbyte2 = (sbyte) -2; bool bool0 = Convert.ToBoolean(sbyte0); bool bool1 = Convert.ToBoolean(sbyte1); bool bool2 = Convert.ToBoolean(sbyte2); Console.WriteLine("(sbyte) {0} as bool = {1}",sbyte0,bool0); Console.WriteLine("(sbyte) {0} as bool = {1}",sbyte1,bool1); Console.WriteLine("(sbyte) {0} as bool = {1}",sbyte2,bool2); } } The output is (sbyte) 0 as bool = False (sbyte) 1 as bool = True (sbyte) -2 as bool = True 0 Method System.Boolean

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a representation of a number to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a . is a null reference. does not consist of an optional sign followed by one or more digits (zero through nine). The numeric value of is greater than or less than . The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { string string0 = "+22"; string string1 = "0"; string string2 = "-1"; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(string0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(string1); Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as byte = {1}",string0,byte0); Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as byte = {1}",string1,byte1); byte byte2 = Convert.ToByte(string2); Console.WriteLine("(string) {0} as byte = {1}",string2,byte2); } } The output is (string) +22 as byte = 22 (string) 0 as byte = 0 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at System.Byte.Parse(String s, NumberStyles style, IFormatProvider provider) at System.Byte.Parse(String s) at Convert.ToByte(String value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertString.cs:line 11 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This process is known as banker's rounding. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { decimal decimal0 = 0.0m; decimal decimal1 = 1.5m; decimal decimal2 = 2.5m; decimal decimal3 = -1.0m; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(decimal0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(decimal1); byte byte2 = Convert.ToByte(decimal2); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as byte = {1}",decimal0,byte0); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as byte = {1}",decimal1,byte1); Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as byte = {1}",decimal2,byte2); byte byte3 = Convert.ToByte(decimal3); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(decimal) {0} as byte = {1}",decimal3,byte3); } } The output is (decimal) 0 as byte = 0 (decimal) 1.5 as byte = 2 (decimal) 2.5 as byte = 2 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at System.Decimal.ToByte(Decimal value) at Convert.ToByte(Decimal value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertDecimal.cs:line 15 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than , or is equal to one of , , or . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two numbers, it is rounded to the number that has an even digit in the rightmost decimal position. For example, when rounded to two decimals, the value 2.345 becomes 2.34 and the value 2.355 becomes 2.36 The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { double double0 = 0.0; double double1 = 1.5; double double2 = 2.5; double double3 = -1.0; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(double0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(double1); byte byte2 = Convert.ToByte(double2); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as byte = {1}",double0,byte0); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as byte = {1}",double1,byte1); Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as byte = {1}",double2,byte2); byte byte3 = Convert.ToByte(double3); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(double) {0} as byte = {1}",double3,byte3); } } The output is (double) 0 as byte = 0 (double) 1.5 as byte = 2 (double) 2.5 as byte = 2 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at Convert.ToByte(Int32 value) at Convert.ToByte(Double value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertDouble.cs:line 15 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than , or is equal to one of , , or . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { float float0 = 0.0f; float float1 = 1.5f; float float2 = 2.5f; float float3 = -1.0f; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(float0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(float1); byte byte2 = Convert.ToByte(float2); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as byte = {1}",float0,byte0); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as byte = {1}",float1,byte1); Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as byte = {1}",float2,byte2); byte byte3 = Convert.ToByte(float3); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(float) {0} as byte = {1}",float3,byte3); } } The output is (float) 0 as byte = 0 (float) 1.5 as byte = 2 (float) 2.5 as byte = 2 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at Convert.ToByte(Int32 value) at Convert.ToByte(Single value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertFloat.cs:line 15 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { ulong ulong0 = 0; ulong ulong1 = 32000; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(ulong0); Console.WriteLine("(ulong) {0} as byte = {1}",ulong0,byte0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(ulong1); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(ulong) {0} as byte = {1}",ulong1,byte1); } } The output is (ulong) 0 as byte = 0 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at Convert.ToByte(UInt64 value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertUInt64.cs:line 8 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { ushort ushort0 = 0; ushort ushort1 = 32000; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(ushort0); Console.WriteLine("(ushort) {0} as byte = {1}",ushort0,byte0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(ushort1); //Throws an exception. Console.WriteLine("(ushort) {0} as byte = {1}",ushort1,byte1); } } The output is (ushort) 0 as byte = 0 Exception occurred: System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an unsigned byte. at Convert.ToByte(UInt16 value) at ConvertByteTest.Main() in C:\ECMAExamples\ConvertToByte\ConvertUInt16.cs:line 8 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The 8-bit signed integer to be converted. as a . is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If equals , returns 1; if equals , returns 0. 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The Unicode character to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a . The numeric value of is greater than . The following example demonstrates converting values to values. using System; class ConvertByteTest { static public void Main() { char char0 = '0'; char char1 = '1'; char char2 = 'a'; byte byte0 = Convert.ToByte(char0); byte byte1 = Convert.ToByte(char1); byte byte2 = Convert.ToByte(char2); Console.WriteLine("(char) {0} as byte = {1}",char0,byte0); Console.WriteLine("(char) {0} as byte = {1}",char1,byte1); Console.WriteLine("(char) {0} as byte = {1}",char2,byte2); } } The output is (char) 0 as byte = 48 (char) 1 as byte = 49 (char) a as byte = 97 0 Method System.Byte

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . is a null reference. does not consist of an optional sign followed by one or more digits (zero through nine). The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The is required to contain a single character. as a . does not contain exactly one character. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is less than . 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Char

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . value is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Char

Converts a to a .

The Unicode character to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts a to a structure.

The to be converted. The string is in a form allowed by the () method. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts a to a structure.

The to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 0 Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . The contains 15 significant digits and is rounded using banker's rounding. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . The contains 7 significant digits and is rounded using banker's rounding. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Decimal

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . is rounded using banker's rounding. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the | style. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Double

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the | style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 16-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a 16-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. value is greater than or less than . 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is greater than or less than . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 16-bit signed integer. The numeric value of is greater than . 0 Method System.Int16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a 32-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 32-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is greater than or less than . 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 32-bit signed integer. 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 64-bit signed integer. 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit signed integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 64-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 0 Method System.Int64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a 64-bit signed integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is true 1; if is returns 0. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a . The numeric value of is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a , rounded to the nearest integer. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a representation of a number to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value in the specified format. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.SByte

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the | style. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the | style. as a . is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . is rounded using banker's rounding. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . is greater than or less than . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . This method is provided for completeness. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.Single

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.String

Converts a value to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a value to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). This method converts using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is formatted in accordance with the current system culture. See . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). See . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. as a . 0 Method System.String

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. Returns the value returned by .ToString(). See . 0 Method System.String

Returns the specified string.

A . is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. An object that implements the interface and supplies a instance containing culture-specific formatting information. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. value as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 16-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt16

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is greater than or less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is greater than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 32-bit unsigned integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt32

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. An object that implements the interface and supplies a instance containing culture-specific formatting information. as an 32-bit unsigned integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. A that implements the interface and supplies a instance containing culture-specific formatting information. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is a null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in the instance supplied by . If is or if a cannot be obtained from , the string is parsed using the formatting information of the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted. The string is in the style. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is null reference. cannot be converted to a numeric value. The numeric value of is greater than or less than . This method parses using the information in a instance initialized for the current system culture. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is rounded prior to conversion. is greater than or less than . Prior to the conversion, if is halfway between two whole numbers, it is rounded to the nearest even integer. For example, 4.5 is rounded to 4, and 5.5 is rounded to 6. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 1 ExtendedNumerics Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. is returned unchanged. This method is provided for completeness. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 64-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 32-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit unsigned integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The 16-bit signed integer value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. value is less than . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The to be converted interpreted as an unsigned value. as a 64-bit unsigned integer. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.UInt64

Converts a to a .

The value to be converted. If is returns 1; if is returns 0. This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (). 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents an instant in time, expressed as a date and time of day.

The value type represents dates and times with values ranging from 00:00:00, 1/1/0001 (Common Era) to 23:59:59 PM, 12/31/9999. Time values are measured in 100-nanosecond units, , and a particular date is the number of ticks since 12:00 Midnight, January 1, 1 in the Gregorian calendar. For example, a ticks value of 31241376000000000L represents the date, Friday, January 01, 0100 12:00:00 AM. Time values can be added to, or subtracted from, an instance of . Time values can be negative or positive, and expressed in units such as ticks, seconds, or instances of . Methods and properties in this value type take into account details such as leap years and the number of days in a month. 12:00:00 AM is Midnight. System.ValueType System.IComparable 0 System.IFormattable 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the structure with a specified year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond.

A containing the year (1 through 9999). A containing the month (1 through 12). A containing the day (1 through the number of days in ). A containing the hours (0 through 23). A containing the minutes (0 through 59). A containing the seconds (0 through 59). A containing the milliseconds. is less than 1 or greater than 9999 -or- is less than 1 or greater than 12 -or- is less than 1 or greater than the number of days in -or- is less than 0 or greater than 23 -or- is less than 0 or greater than 59 -or- is less than 0 or greater than 59 -or- is less than 0 or greater than 999 The specified parameters evaluate to a date less than or greater than . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the structure with a specified year, month, day, hour, minute, and second.

A containing the year (1 through 9999). A containing the month (1 through 12). A containing the day (1 through the number of days in ). A containing the hours (0 through 23). A containing the minutes (0 through 59). A containing the seconds (0 through 59). is less than 1 or greater than 9999 -or- is less than 1 or greater than 12 -or- is less than 1 or greater than the number of days in -or- is less than 0 or greater than 23 -or- is less than 0 or greater than 59 -or- is less than 0 or greater than 59 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the structure with the date and time expressed in 100-nanosecond units.

A containing the date and time expressed in 100-nanosecond units. The date and time represented by is less than or greater than . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the structure with a specified year, month, and day.

A containing the year (1 through 9999). A containing the month (1 through 12). A containing the day (1 through the number of days in ). is less than 1 or greater than 9999 -or- is less than 1 or greater than 12 -or- is less than 1 or greater than the number of days in The time of day for the resulting is midnight (00:00:00). 0 Method System.DateTime

Adds the value of a specified instance to the current instance.

A instance. A instance set to the sum of the date and time of the current instance and the time interval represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . A specified is added to the current instance of , and the result is returned as a new . 0 Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of days to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of whole and fractional days. For example, 4.5 is equivalent to 4 days, 12 hours, 0 minutes, 0 seconds, 0 milliseconds, and 0 ticks. can be negative or positive. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of days represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . is rounded to the nearest tick. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of hours to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of whole and fractional hours. For example, 4.5 is equivalent to 4 hours, 30 minutes, 0 seconds, 0 milliseconds, and 0 ticks. can be negative or positive. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of hours represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . is rounded to the nearest tick. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of milliseconds to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of whole and fractional milliseconds. For example, 4.5 is equivalent to 4 milliseconds and 5,000 ticks. can be negative or positive. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of milliseconds represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . is rounded to the nearest tick. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of minutes to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of whole and fractional minutes. For example, 4.5 is equivalent to 4 minutes, 30 seconds, 0 milliseconds, and 0 ticks. can be negative or positive. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of minutes represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . is rounded to the nearest tick. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of months to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of months. can be positive or negative, and may be greater than the number of months in a year. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and . The resulting is less than or greater than . -or- The parameter is less than -120,000 or greater than 120,000 This method does not change the value of the current instance. Instead, a new instance is returned whose value is the result of this operation. 0 Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of seconds to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of whole and fractional seconds. For example, 4.5 is equivalent to 4 seconds, 500 milliseconds, and 0 ticks. can be positive or negative. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of seconds represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . is rounded to the nearest tick. 1 ExtendedNumerics Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of ticks to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of 100-nanosecond ticks. can be positive or negative. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the time represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . 0 Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified number of years to the value of the current instance.

A containing the number of years. can be positive or negative. A instance set to the sum of the date and time represented by the current instance and the number of years represented by . The resulting is less than or greater than . 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the two specified instances of .

The first . The second . A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the two specified instances of . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Value Type Condition Any negative number < . Zero == . Any positive number > . 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified .

The to compare to the current instance. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Value Description Any negative number Current instance < . Zero Current instance == . Any positive number Current instance > , or value is a null reference. is not a and is not a null reference. Any instance of , regardless of its value, is considered greater than a null reference. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Property System.DateTime

Gets the date component of the current instance.

A new instance with the same date as the current instance, and the time value set to midnight (00:00:00). This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the day of the month represented by the current instance.

A between 1 and 31 set to the day of the month component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the day of the year represented by the current instance.

A between 1 and 366 set to the day of the year component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the number of days in a specified month of a specified year.

A containing the year. The month (a between 1 and 12). A set to the number of days in the specified month for the specified year. If the specified month is February, the return value is 28 or 29 depending upon whether the specified year is a leap year. is less than 1 or greater than 12. 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a indicating whether the current instance is equal to a specified object.

A to compare with the current instance. if is a specified instance is equal to the current instance; otherwise, . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a indicating whether two specified instances of are equal.

The first . The second . if the two values are equal; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing the hash code for this instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the hour represented by the current instance.

A between 0 and 23 set to the hour component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether a specified year is a leap year.

A representing the year. can be positive or negative. if the specified year is a leap year; otherwise, . 0 Field System.DateTime

A constant representing the largest possible value of .

This field is read-only. The value of this field is equivalent to 23:59:59.9999999, 12/31/9999, exactly one 100-nanosecond tick before 00:00:00, 01/01/10000. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the milliseconds component of the date represented by the current instance.

A between 0 and 999 set to the milliseconds component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the minute component of the date represented by the current instance.

A between 0 and 59 set to the minute component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Field System.DateTime

A constant representing the smallest possible value of .

This field is read-only. The value of this field is equivalent to 00:00:00.0000000, 1/1/0001. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the month component of the date represented by the current instance.

A between 1 and 12 set to the month component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.DateTime

Gets a representing the current local date and time.

The resolution of this property depends on the system timer. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.DateTime

Adds a specified value to a specified value.

A value. A value. A instance that is the sum of the values of and . The resulting date and time is less than or greater than . The returned value is equivalent to ( .Ticks + .Ticks ). 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether the two specified instances of are equal.

The first to compare. The second to compare. if .Ticks value is equal to the .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether one specified is greater than another specified .

A . A . if .Ticks value is greater than the .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether one specified is greater than or equal to another specified .

A . A . if .Ticks value is greater than or equal to .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether two specified instances of are not equal.

A . A . if .Ticks value is not equal to .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether one specified is less than another specified .

A . A . if .Ticks value is less than .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a value indicating whether one specified is less than or equal to another specified .

A . A . if .Ticks value is less than or equal to .Ticks value; otherwise, . 0 Method System.DateTime

Subtracts a specified from a specified .

A . A . A whose value is the value of minus the value of . The resulting date and time is less than or greater than . The returned value is equivalent to ( .Ticks - .Ticks ). 0 Method System.TimeSpan

Subtracts a specified from another specified value, producing a time interval.

A (the minuend). A (the subtrahend). A that is the time interval between and . The resulting date and time is less than or greater than . The returned value is equivalent to ( .Ticks - .Ticks). 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing a value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style. The value obtained from . is a null reference. does not contain a valid string representation of a time or date and time. This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The string is parsed using the formatting information in a initialized for the current system culture. In order for the string to be successfully parsed, it is required to represent a date and time value in one of the standard patterns described in . If the string contains only a time, and no date, then the current date ( ) is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. Any leading, trailing, and inner white space characters are ignored. 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style. A that supplies a object containing culture-specific format information about . The value obtained from . is a null reference. does not contain a valid string representation of a time or date and time. This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. In order for the string to be successfully parsed, it is required to represent a date and time value in one of the standard patterns described in . If the string contains only a time, and no date, then the current date ( ) is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. Any leading, trailing, and inner white space characters are ignored. 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the specified converted to a value.

A containing the value to convert. A that supplies a object containing culture-specific format information about . One or more values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for using the bitwise OR operator. The value obtained from . is a null reference. does not contain a valid string representation of a time or date and time. The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. In order for the string to be successfully parsed, it is required to represent a date and time value in one of the standard patterns described in . If the string contains only a time, and no date, and if the parameter is set to the Gregorian year 1, month 1, day 1 are used. In all other cases where a date is not specified, the current date ( ) is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. For all settings of the parameter, any leading, trailing, and inner white space characters are ignored. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts the representation of a date and time to its equivalent using a specified style, the expected format, and culture-specific format information.

A containing a date and time to convert. The format of the string is required to match the specified format exactly. A containing the expected format of . For a list of valid values, see . A that supplies a object containing culture-specific format information about . One or more values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for using the bitwise OR operator. A equivalent to the date and time contained in . or is a null reference. or format is an empty string. -or- does not contain a date and time that were recognized as the pattern specified in constructs a from the string . The string is required to specify a date and, optionally, a time in the provided format. The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. If the string contains only a time, and no date, and if the parameter is set to the Gregorian year 1, month 1, day 1 are used, and no leading, trailing, or inner white space characters are allowed. In all other cases where a date is not specified, the current date () is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. This example demonstrates the method. using System; using System.Globalization; public class DateTimeTest { public static void Main() { DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi = new DateTimeFormatInfo(); DateTime dt = DateTime.ParseExact(" January 22 ", dtfi.MonthDayPattern, null, DateTimeStyles.AllowWhiteSpaces); Console.WriteLine(dt); } } The output is 1/22/2001 12:00:00 AM 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts the representation of a date and time to its equivalent using a specified style, an array of expected formats, and culture-specific format information.

A containing one or more dates and times to convert. The format of the string is required to match the specified format exactly. A array containing the expected formats of For a list of valid values, see . A that supplies a object containing culture-specific format information about . One or more values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for using the bitwise OR operator. A equivalent to the date and time contained in . or is a null reference. or is an empty string. -or- does not contain a date and time that were recognized as the pattern specified in constructs a from the . The string is required to specify a date and, optionally, a time in the provided format. The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. If the string contains only a time, and no date, and if the parameter is set to the Gregorian year 1, month 1, day 1 are used, and no leading, trailing, or inner white space characters are allowed. In all other cases where a date is not specified, the current date () is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. This example demonstrates the method. using System; using System.Globalization; public class DateTimeTest { public static void Main() { DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi = new DateTimeFormatInfo(); string [] patterns = {dtfi.LongTimePattern, dtfi.ShortTimePattern}; DateTime dt = DateTime.ParseExact("10:11:12", patterns, null, DateTimeStyles.NoCurrentDateDefault); Console.WriteLine(dt); } } The output is 1/1/0001 10:11:12 AM 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts the specified representation of a date and time to its equivalent using a specified format and .

A containing a date and time to convert. The format of the string is required to match the specified format exactly. A containing the expected format of . For a list of valid values, see . A that supplies a object containing culture-specific format information about . A equivalent to the date and time contained in . or is a null reference. or is an empty string. -or- does not contain a date and time that were recognized as the pattern specified in . constructs a from the string . The string is required to specify a date and, optionally, a time in the specified format. The string is parsed using the culture-specific formatting information from the instance supplied by . If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. If the string contains only a time, and no date, then the current date ( ) is used. If the string contains only a date and no time, this method assumes 12 a.m. Leading, trailing, and inner white space characters are not allowed. For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. This example demonstrates the method. using System; using System.Globalization; public class DateTimeTest { public static void Main() { DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi = new DateTimeFormatInfo(); DateTime dt = DateTime.ParseExact("January 22", dtfi.MonthDayPattern, null); Console.WriteLine(dt); } } The output is 1/22/2001 12:00:00 AM 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the seconds component of the date represented by the current instance.

A between 0 and 59 set to the seconds component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.DateTime

Subtracts a specified from the current instance.

An instance of . A new instance equal to the date and time represented by the current instance minus the time interval of the specified . The resulting date and time is less than or greater than . 0 Method System.TimeSpan

Subtracts a specified date and time from the current instance.

An instance of . A interval equal to the date and time represented by the current instance minus the date and time represented by the specified . 0 Property System.Int64

Gets the number of 100-nanosecond ticks that represent the date and time of the current instance.

A set to the number of ticks that represent the date and time of the current instance. The value of this property is the number of 100-nanosecond intervals that have elapsed since 00:00:00, 1/1/0001. The value of the property is between and . This property is read-only. 0 Property System.TimeSpan

Gets the time of day of the current instance.

A instance set to the time component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.DateTime

Gets the current date.

A instance set to the date of the current instance, with the time set to 00:00:00. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts the universal time coordinate (UTC) time value in the current instance to local time.

An instance of equivalent of the time value in the current instance, adjusted to the local time zone and daylight saving time. If the result is too large or too small to be represented as a , this method returns a set to or . This method assumes that the current instance of holds the UTC time value, and not a local time. Each time it is invoked, this method performs the necessary modifications on the to derive the local time, whether the current holds the UTC time or not. The local time zone information is obtained from the operating system. 0 Method System.String

Converts the date denoted by the current instance to its equivalent long date representation.

A containing the same value as a returned by ("D", ). The value of the current instance is formatted using the long date format specifier, 'D'. This format uses the culture of the current thread. To specify formatting using a different culture, use . For more information regarding the long date specifier, see . 0 Method System.String

Converts the time denoted by the current instance to its equivalent long time representation.

A containing the same value as a returned by ("T", ). The value of the current instance is formatted using the long time format specifier, 'T'. This format uses the culture of the current thread. To specify formatting using a different culture, use . For more information regarding the long time specifier, see . 0 Method System.String

Converts the date denoted by the current instance to its equivalent short date representation.

A containing the same value as a returned by ("d", ). The value of the current instance is formatted using the short date format specifier, 'd'. This format uses the culture of the current thread. To specify formatting using a different culture, use . For more information regarding the short date specifier, see . 0 Method System.String

Converts the time denoted by this instance to its equivalent short time representation.

A containing the same value as a returned by ("t", ). The value of the current instance is formatted using the short time format specifier, 't'. This format uses the culture of the current thread. To specify formatting using a different culture, use . For more information regarding the short time specifier, see . 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see . A representation of the current instance formatted as specified by . The string takes into account the current system culture. The length of the string is 1, and it is not one of the format specifier characters defined for . -or- The string does not contain a valid custom format pattern. This version of is equivalent to ( , ). If is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used. This method uses the culture information of the current thread. For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the current system culture. This version of is equivalent to ("G", ). For more information about the general format specifier ("G") see . This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see . A that supplies a instance containing culture-specific formatting information. A representation of the current instance formatted as specified by . The string takes into account the information in the supplied by . The length of the string is 1, and it is not one of the format specifier characters defined for . -or- The string does not contain a valid custom format pattern. If is or a cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. If is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used. For more information regarding the standard format specifier, see . For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.String

Returns a representation of the value of the current instance.

A that supplies a containing culture-specific formatting information. A representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the formatting information in the instance supplied by . This version of is equivalent to ("", ). If is or the cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system culture is used. The general format specifier ("G") provides the general date pattern including the long time form, equivalent to combined with . For more information on format specifiers, see . For information on formatting system-supplied data types, see the interface. 0 Method System.DateTime

Converts the current value to coordinated universal time (UTC).

The UTC equivalent of the current value. If the result is too large or too small to be represented as a , the current function returns a set to or . This method assumes that the current instance of holds the local time value, and not a UTC time. Therefore each time it is run, this method performs the necessary modifications on the to derive the UTC time, whether the current holds the local time or not. The local time zone information is obtained from the operating system. 0 Property System.DateTime

Gets the current time converted to coordinated universal time (UTC).

A instance set to the current date and time in coordinated universal time (UTC). This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Int32

Gets the year component of the date represented by the current instance.

A between 1 and 9999 set to the year component of the current instance. This property is read-only. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Defines culture-specific formats and patterns for values.

values are formatted by the and methods according to standard or custom patterns stored in the properties of a instance. The standard patterns can be accessed and modified through the associated properties. The format patterns and properties of a read-only instance cannot be changed. To determine whether a instance is read-only, use the property. Date and time format patterns are specified using strings called . A string is interpreted as standard format specifier if it contains exactly one standard format specifier character. If the string contains a single character and that character is not one of the standard format specifiers, an exception is thrown. If the string contains two or more characters, even if the extra characters are white spaces, the string is interpreted as a custom format specifier. Format specifiers and format patterns are case-sensitive; for example, 'g' and 'G' represent different patterns. The following table shows the standard format specifiers and the associated format pattern defined for the invariant culture. The exact pattern produced by a format specifier is influenced by culture-specific date and/or time settings on the current system; computers with different date and time settings might display different patterns. The asterisk at the end of a format pattern indicates that the preceding character may be repeated without changing the meaning of the pattern. For example, the pattern "HH*" indicates that the strings "HH", "HHH", "HHHH", and "HHHHH" produce the same result when used with and methods. Format Specifier Format Pattern Description d MM/dd/yyyy The full date in numeric format ( ). D dddd*, dd MMMM* yyyy The full date including the day of the week and the name of the month ( ). f dddd*, dd MMMM* yyyy HH*:mm* The full date and time, including the day of the week and the name of the month ( combined with ). F dddd*, dd MMMM* yyyy HH*:mm*:ss* The full date and time, including the seconds ( equivalent to combined with ). g MM/dd/yyyy HH*:mm* A general date pattern including the short time form ( combined with ). G MM/dd/yyyy HH*:mm*:ss* A general date pattern including the long time form ( combined with ). m, M MMMM* dd The full name of the month and the date ( ). t HH*:mm* The time in short format ( ). T HH*:mm*:ss* The time in long format ( ). U dddd*, dd MMMM* yyyy HH*:mm*:ss* The full date and time, including the seconds, in the Gregorian calendar ( ). y, Y yyyy MMMM* The full name of the month and the year in four-digit format ( ). The following table lists custom format specifiers that can be combined to construct custom patterns. If the custom pattern contains white space characters, characters enclosed in single or double quotation marks, or characters not defined in the following table, these characters are considered literals and are included in the output string unchanged. See the class for the list of white space characters. Format Pattern Description Examples d The day of the month as a value in the range 1-31, inclusive. Single-digit days do not have a leading zero. 1 22 dd The day of the month as a value in the range 1-31, inclusive. Single-digit days have a leading zero. 01 22 ddd The abbreviated name of the day of the week, as defined in . Mon dddd* The full name of the day of the week, as defined in . Monday M The numeric month as a value in the range 1-12, inclusive. Single-digit months do not have a leading zero. 2 11 MM The numeric month as a value in the range 1-12, inclusive. Single-digit months have a leading zero. 02 11 MMM The abbreviated name of the month, as defined in . Feb MMMM* The full name of the month, as defined in . February y The year without the century (two-digit). If the value is less than 10, the year is displayed with no leading zero. 0 3 yy The year without the century (two-digit). If the year without the century is less than 10, the year is displayed with a leading zero. 00 03 yyyy The year including the century in four digits. 2000 2003 g* The name of a period or era (such as "A.D." or "B.C."). This pattern is ignored if the date to be formatted does not have an associated period or era string. A.D. h The hour within a 12-hour range as a value in the range 1-12, inclusive. Single-digit hours do not have a leading zero. The value represents whole hours passed since either midnight (12) or noon (12). To distinguish between values occurring before and after noon, include the "t" or "tt*" custom format specifier. 3 11 hh* The hour within a 12-hour range as a value in the range 1-12, inclusive. Single-digit hours have a leading zero. The value represents whole hours passed since either midnight (12) or noon (12). To distinguish between values occurring before and after noon, include the "t" or "tt*" custom format specifier. 03 11 H The hour as a value in the range 0-23, inclusive. Single-digit hours do not have a leading zero. The value represents whole hours passed since midnight. 3 13 HH* The hour as a value in the range 0 and 23, inclusive. Single-digit hours have a leading zero. The value represents whole hours passed since midnight. 03 13 m The minute as a value in the range 0-59, inclusive. Single-digit minutes do not have a leading zero. The value represents whole minutes passed since the last hour. 5 15 mm* The minute as a value in the range 0-59, inclusive. Single-digit minutes have a leading zero. The value represents whole minutes passed since the last hour. 05 15 s The second as a value in the range 0-59, inclusive. Single-digit seconds do not have a leading zero. The value represents whole seconds passed since the last minute. 1 30 ss* The second as a value in the range 0-59, inclusive. Single-digit seconds have a leading zero. The value represents whole seconds passed since the last minute. 01 30 f Displays fractional seconds represented in one digit. 1 ff Displays fractional seconds represented in two digits. 01 fff Displays fractional seconds represented in three digits. 001 ffff Displays fractional seconds represented in four digits. 0001 fffff Displays fractional seconds represented in five digits. 00001 ffffff Displays fractional seconds represented in six digits. 000001 fffffff Displays fractional seconds represented in seven digits. 0000001 t The first character of the AM/PM designator defined in the property or . If the total number of hours passed since midnight is less than 12, the A.M. designator is used; otherwise the P.M. designator is used. A P tt* The AM/PM designator defined in the property or . If the total number of hours passed since midnight is less than 12, the A.M. designator is used; otherwise the P.M. designator is used. AM PM z The time zone offset (hour only) from the universal time coordinate (UTC) time (Greenwich Mean Time) as a value in the range -12 to +13, inclusive. Single-digit hours do not have a leading zero. The value always includes a leading sign (zero is '+0'), indicating hours ahead of UTC time (+) or hours behind UTC time (-). The offset takes Daylight Savings Time into account. -8 zz The time zone offset (hour only) from the UTC time (Greenwich Mean Time) as a value in the range -12 to +13, inclusive. Single-digit hours have a leading zero. The value always includes a leading sign (zero is '+0'), indicating hours ahead of UTC time (+) or hours behind UTC time (-). The offset takes Daylight Savings Time into account. -08 zzz* The full time zone offset (hour and minutes) from the UTC time (Greenwich Mean Time) as a value in the range -12:00 to +13:00, inclusive. Single-digit hours and minutes have leading zeros. The value always includes a leading sign (zero is '+0'), indicating hours ahead of UTC time (+) or hours behind UTC time (-). The offset takes Daylight Savings Time into account. -08:00 : The invariant culture time separator defined in . : / The invariant culture date separator defined in the . / represents a single custom format character. Produces the custom format pattern associated with the format character . The % specifier provides a mechanism for specifying a single custom format character and having it recognized as a custom specifier. This format is intended for characters that define both a custom and a standard format. Note that a format string containing exactly one such character will be interpreted as a standard format specifier unless prefaced with the %. For example, for the invariant culture, "%d" produces the single or double digit date, while "d" produces the date in "MM/dd/yyyy" format. Without the %, a format string containing one character would have to include leading or trailing white space to be interpreted as a custom specifier because custom formats are required to have two or more characters. "%y" produces a two digit year without a leading zero, and not the "MMMM, yyyy" pattern. represents any character predefined as part of a format specifier. Prevents the character from being interpreted as a format specifier (the character is treated as a literal). In programming languages where the backslash ('\') character is used to specify control sequences such as newline (\n), the backslash character is required to be specified twice. For example, in C#, "\d" is coded as "\\d". "\d" produces the character 'd', and not the day of the month. '' or "" represents a string of characters of any length. The characters are treated as literals. "'d'" produces the character 'd', and not the day of the month. System.Object System.ICloneable 0 System.IFormatProvider 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class that is culture-independent (invariant).

The new instance of is not read-only, and its properties can be modified with user-defined patterns. 0 Property System.String[]

Gets or sets a one-dimensional array of type containing the culture-specific abbreviated names of the days of the week.

A one-dimensional array of type containing the culture-specific abbreviated names of the days of the week. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The value specified for a set operation is not an array with exactly 7 elements. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The array specified in a set operation is required to be one-dimensional and have exactly seven elements. The first element of the array is the abbreviated day name for Sunday, and the last element is the name for Saturday. The property value of the culture invariant is a array that contains "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri" and "Sat". 0 Property System.String[]

Gets or sets a one-dimensional array of type containing the culture-specific abbreviated names of the months.

A one-dimensional array of type containing the abbreviated names of the months. For cultures with 12-month calendars the 13th element of the array is an empty string. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The value specified for a set operation is not an array with exactly 13 elements. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The specified in a set operation is required to be one-dimensional and have exactly 13 elements. The property value of the culture invariant is a array that contains "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" and "". The array returned by this property has 13 elements to support calendars with 13 months. 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the culture-specific designator for hours that are "ante meridiem" (before noon).

The designator for hours that are before noon. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The property value of the culture invariant returns the "AM". 0 Method System.Object

Creates a copy of the current instance.

A new instance with property values equal to the property values of the original instance. The method creates a new instance of the same type as the current instance, and then copies the contents of each of the current instance's non-static fields. The new instance is not read-only, and its properties can be modified with user-defined patterns. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Property System.Globalization.DateTimeFormatInfo

Gets a read-only instance that formats values based on the current culture.

A instance based on the culture of the current thread. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the culture-specific to use to separate the year, month, and day components of a date.

The to use to separate the year, month and day components of a date. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The property value of the culture invariant is "/". 0 Property System.String[]

Gets or sets a one-dimensional array of type containing the culture-specific full names of the days of the week.

A one-dimensional array of type containing the full names of the days of the week. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The value specified for a set operation is not an array with exactly 7 elements. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The array specified in a set operation is required to be one-dimensional and have exactly seven elements. The first element of the array is the abbreviated day name for Sunday, and the last element is the name for Saturday. The property value of the culture invariant is a array that contains "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday" and "Saturday". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a long date and long time value.

A containing the format pattern for a long date and long time value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'F' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss". 0 Method System.String

Gets the abbreviated name of the specified month based on the culture of the current thread.

A from 1 through 13 representing the month name to retrieve. A containing the abbreviated name of the month represented by . For cultures with 12-month calendars, the empty string is returned as the name of the 13th month. is less than 1 or greater than 13. For the default (culture-invariant) instance, this method returns one of the following strings: Return Value 1 "Jan" 2 "Feb" 3 "Mar" 4 "Apr" 5 "May" 6 "Jun" 7 "Jul" 8 "Aug" 9 "Sep" 10 "Oct" 11 "Nov" 12 "Dec" 13 "" This method supports calendars with 13 months. 0 Method System.Int32

Gets a representing the specified era.

A containing the name of the era. A representing the era. If is invalid, returns -1. is a null reference. The value specified for is case-insensitive. An era name is a culturally specific name for a period of time marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event. For example "A.D." and "B.C." are two eras of the Gregorian calendar. 0 Method System.String

Gets the containing the name of the specified era.

A representing the era. A containing the name of the era. does not represent a valid era in calendar for the current thread. An era name is a culturally specific name for a period of time marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event. For example "A.D." and "B.C." are two eras of the Gregorian calendar. 0 Method System.Object

Returns an object of the specified type that provides formatting services.

The of the formatting object to be returned. A formatting object of the specified . If no formatting object of the specified type is available, or is a null reference, returns the formatting object for the current culture. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.String

Gets the full name of the specified month based on the culture of the current thread.

A from 1 through 13 representing the month name to retrieve. A containing the full name of the month represented by . For cultures with 12-month calendars the empty string is returned as the name of the 13th month. is less than 1 or greater than 13. For the default (culture invariant) instance, this method returns one of the following strings: Return Value 1 "January" 2 "February" 3 "March" 4 "April" 5 "May" 6 "June" 7 "July" 8 "August" 9 "September" 10 "October" 11 "November" 12 "December" 13 "" This method supports calendars with 13 months. 0 Property System.Globalization.DateTimeFormatInfo

Gets a culture invariant instance of that is read-only.

A read-only instance. This property is read-only. 0 Property System.Boolean

Gets a value indicating whether the current instance is read-only.

if the is read-only; otherwise, . This property is read-only. 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a long date value.

A containing the format pattern for a long date value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'D' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a long time value.

A containing the format pattern for a long time value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'T' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "HH:mm:ss". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a month and day value.

A containing the format pattern for a month and day value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'm' and 'M' format characters. The property value of the culture invariant is "MMMM dd". 0 Property System.String[]

Gets or sets a one-dimensional array of type containing the culture-specific full names of the months.

A one-dimensional array of type containing the full names of the months. For cultures with 12-month calendars the 13th element of the array is an empty string. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The value specified for a set operation is not an array with exactly 13 elements. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The array specified in a set operation is required be one-dimensional and have exactly 13 elements. The property value of the culture invariant is a array that contains "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" and "". The array returned by this property has 13 elements to support calendars with 13 months. 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the culture-specific designator for hours that are "post meridiem" (after noon).

The designator for hours that are after noon. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The property value of the culture invariant is "PM". 0 Method System.Globalization.DateTimeFormatInfo

Returns a read-only copy of the specified instance of .

The to copy. A read-only instance of that is a copy of . is a null reference. Use a read-only copy to prevent modifications to the specified instance. 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a short date value.

A containing the format pattern for a short date value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'd' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "MM/dd/yyyy". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a short time value.

A containing the format pattern for a short time value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 't' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "HH:mm". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the culture-specific to use to separate the components of time values (hour, minutes, seconds).

The to use to separate the components of time; that is, the hour, the minutes and the seconds. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The property value of the culture invariant is ":". 0 Property System.String

Gets or sets the format pattern for a year and month value.

The format pattern for a year and month value. The value specified for a set operation is a null reference. The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted. The and methods associate the format pattern returned by this property with the 'y' and 'Y' format character. The property value of the culture invariant is "yyyy MMMM". 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0

Defines the formatting options that customize how the and methods parse a string.

See the class for the list of white space characters. Only the option affects the method. always ignores leading, inner, and trailing white spaces. System.Enum FlagsAttribute 0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles AdjustToUniversal

Specifies that the date and time must be converted to universal time coordinate time or Greenwich mean time (GMT)

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles AllowInnerWhite

Specifies that extra white space characters not specified in the format patterns are allowed.

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles AllowLeadingWhite

Specifies that leading white space characters are allowed.

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles AllowTrailingWhite

Specifies that trailing white space characters are allowed.

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles AllowWhiteSpaces

Specifies that white space characters anywhere in the string are allowed.

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles NoCurrentDateDefault

Specifies that there is no current date default. If a string contains only the time and not the date, and this option is used with the or methods, a Gregorian year 1, month 1, day 1 date is assumed. In all other cases the methods assume the current local system date.

0 Field System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles None

Specifies that the default formatting options are to be used.

0 Field System.Int32 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Converts blocks of bytes into blocks of characters, maintaining state across successive calls for reading from a .

Following instantiation of a decoder, sequential blocks of bytes are converted into blocks of characters through calls to the method. The decoder maintains state between the conversions, allowing it to correctly decode a character whose bytes span multiple blocks. This greatly assists decoding streams of bytes into characters. An instance of a specific implementation of the class is typically obtained through a call to the method of a object. The following example demonstrates using the implementation of the class to convert two byte arrays to a character array, where one character's bytes span multiple byte arrays. This demonstrates how to use a in streaming-like situations. using System; using System.Text; public class DecoderExample { public static void Main() { // These bytes in UTF-8 correspond to 3 different // Unicode characters - A (U+0041), # (U+0023), // and the biohazard symbol (U+2623). Note the // biohazard symbol requires 3 bytes in UTF-8 // (in hex, e2, 98, a3). Decoders store state across // multiple calls to GetChars, handling the case // when one char spans multiple byte arrays. byte[] bytes1 = { 0x41, 0x23, 0xe2 }; byte[] bytes2 = { 0x98, 0xa3 }; char[] chars = new char[3]; Decoder d = Encoding.UTF8.GetDecoder(); int charLen = d.GetChars(bytes1, 0, bytes1.Length, chars, 0); // charLen is 2. charLen += d.GetChars(bytes2, 0, bytes2.Length, chars, charLen); // charLen is now 3. foreach(char c in chars) Console.Write("U+{0:x} ", (ushort)c); } } The output is U+41 U+23 U+2623 System.Object Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

This constructor is called only by classes that inherit from the class. 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of characters that will be produced by decoding the specified range of the specified array of bytes.

A array to decode. A that specifies the first index in to decode. A that specifies the number elements in to decode. A containing the number of characters the next call to will produce if presented with the specified range of . This value takes into account the state in which the current instance was left following the last call to . This contrasts with , which does not maintain state information across subsequent calls. is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. ( + ) > .Length). As described above. Override this method to return the appropriate value for a particular encoding. Use this method to determine the appropriate size of a buffer to contain the decoded values. 0 Method System.Int32

Decodes the specified range of the specified array of bytes into the specified range of the specified array of characters for a particular encoding.

A array to decode. A that specifies the first index of from which to decode. A that specifies the number elements in to decode. A array of characters to decode into. A that specifies the first index of to store the decoded bytes. A containing the number of characters decoded into for a particular encoding. does not contain sufficient space to store the decoded characters. is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. (+ ) > .Length). -or- > .Length. can be used to determine the exact number of characters that will be produced for a specified range of bytes. Alternatively, of the object that produced the current instance can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that may be produced for a specified number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values. As described above. Override this method to decode the values of a array for a particular encoding. Use this method to decode the elements of a byte array for a particular encoding. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0

A class used to create types that invoke methods.

Delegate types derive from the class. The declaration of a delegate type establishes a contract that specifies the signature of one or more methods. For an example of a delegate type declaration, see the examples at the end of this topic. Delegate types are implicitly sealed: it is not permissible to derive a new type from a delegate type. The class is not considered a delegate type; it is a class used to derive delegate types. For information on subclassing the Delegate class, see Partition II of the CLI Specification. A delegate is an instance of a delegate type. A non-null delegate references an , which is made up of one or more entries. Each entry consists of a pair of values: a non-null method, and a corresponding object, called the . If the method is static, the corresponding target is , otherwise the target is the instance on which the method is to be called. The signature of each method in the invocation list is required to exactly match the signature specified by the delegate's type. When a delegate is invoked, the methods in the corresponding invocation list are invoked in the order in which they appear in that list. A delegate attempts to invoke every method in its invocation list, with duplicate methods being invoked once for each occurrence in that list. Delegates are immutable; once created, the invocation list of a delegate does not change. Combining operations, such as and , cannot alter existing delegates. Instead, such operations result in the return of either a new delegate that contains the results of the operation, an existing delegate, or the null value. A combining operation returns the null value when the result of the operation is an empty invocation list. A combining operation returns an existing delegate when the requested operation has no effect (for example, if an attempt is made to remove a nonexistent entry). If an invoked method throws an exception, the method stops executing and the exception is passed back to the caller of the delegate. The delegate does not continue invoking methods from its invocation list. Catching the exception in the caller does not alter this behavior. It is possible that non-standard methods that implement combining operations allow the creation of delegates with different behavior. When this is the case, the non-standard methods are required to specify the behavior. When the signature of the methods invoked by a delegate includes a return value, the delegate returns the return value of the last element in the invocation list. When the signature includes a parameter that is passed by reference, the final value of the parameter is the result of every method in the invocation list executing sequentially and updating the parameter's value. For an example that demonstrates this behavior, see Example 2. The following example creates two delegates. The first delegate invokes a static method, and the second invokes an instance method on a target object. using System; public delegate string DelegatedMethod(string s); class MyClass { public static string StaticMethod(string s) { return ("Static method Arg=" + s); } public string InstanceMethod(string s) { return ("Instance method Arg=" + s); } } class TestClass { public static void Main() { MyClass myInstance = new MyClass(); //Create delegates from delegate type DelegatedMethod. DelegatedMethod delStatic = new DelegatedMethod(MyClass.StaticMethod); DelegatedMethod delInstance = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.InstanceMethod); //Invoke the methods referenced by the delegates. Console.WriteLine (delStatic("Call 1")); Console.WriteLine (delInstance ("Call 2")); } } The output is Static method Arg=Call 1 Instance method Arg=Call 2 The following example shows the return value and the final value of a parameter that is passed by reference to a delegate that invokes multiple methods. using System; class MyClass { public int Increment(ref int i) { Console.WriteLine("Incrementing {0}",i); return (i++); } public int Negate(ref int i) { Console.WriteLine("Negating {0}",i); i = i * -1; return i; } } public delegate int DelegatedMethod(ref int i); class TestClass { public static void Main() { MyClass myInstance = new MyClass(); DelegatedMethod delIncrementer = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.Increment); DelegatedMethod delNegater = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.Negate); DelegatedMethod d = (DelegatedMethod) Delegate.Combine(delIncrementer, delNegater); int i = 1; Console.WriteLine("Invoking delegate using ref value {0}",i); int retvalue = d(ref i); Console.WriteLine("After Invoking delegate i = {0} return value is {1}",i, retvalue); } } The output is Invoking delegate using ref value 1 Incrementing 1 Negating 2 After Invoking delegate i = -2 return value is -2 System.Object System.ICloneable 0 Method System.Object

Creates a copy of the current instance.

A that is a copy of the current instance. The method creates a new instance of the same type as the current instance and then copies the contents of each of the current instance's non-static fields. This method is implemented to support the interface. The returned object must have the exact same type and invocation list as the current instance. The default implementation of the method creates a new instance, which is the exact same type as the current instance, and then copies the contents of each of the current instance's non-static fields. If the field is a value type, a bit-by-bit copy of the field is performed. If the field is a reference type, the object referenced by the field is not copied; instead, the returned object contains a copy of the reference. This behavior is identical to . Subclasses of should override to customize the way in which copies of the subclass are constructed. 0 Method System.Delegate

Concatenates the invocation lists of the specified delegates.

The delegate whose invocation list will be first in the invocation list of the new delegate. The delegate whose invocation list will be last in the invocation list of the new delegate. A delegate, or . The following table describes the value returned when or is . a b Return Value null null null null non-null non-null null When and are non-null, this method returns a new delegate with the concatenated invocation lists of and . and are not of the same type. Unless or is , and are required to be the exact same type. Consider the following situation, in which D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are delegate instances of the same type, D1's invocation list has one entry, E1, and D2's invocation list has one entry, E2. Then, D3 = Combine(D1, D2) results in D3's having an invocation list of E1 + E2. Then, D4 = Combine(D2, D1) results in D4's having an invocation list of E2 + E1. Then, D5 = Combine(D3, D4) results in D5's having an invocation list of E1 + E2 + E2 + E1. The invocation list of the returned delegate may contain duplicate methods. is useful for creating event handlers that call multiple methods each time an event occurs. 0 Method System.Delegate

Concatenates the invocation lists of the specified delegates.

An array of delegates of the exact same type. A new delegate, or if is or has only elements. The delegates in are not of the same type. The invocation list of the returned delegate is constructed by concatenating the invocation lists of the delegates in , in increasing subscript order. For example, consider the following situation, in which the elements of delegates have the following invocation lists (where En represents an entry in an invocation list, and null represents an empty invocation list): [0] = E1, [1] = null, [2] = E2 + E3, and [3] = E4 + E5 + E6. When these elements are combined, the resulting delegate contains the invocation list E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6. Null elements in are not included in the returned delegate. The invocation list of the returned delegate may contain duplicate methods. 0 Method System.Delegate

Returns a new delegate with the specified target and instance method as its invocation list.

The of the delegate to return. This is required to derive from . An instance of an object that implements . A containing the name of the instance method to be invoke on . A of type that invokes on . is . does not derive from . -or- is not an instance method. -or- does not implement . The caller does not have the required permission. This method is used to dynamically create delegates that invoke instance methods. To create a delegate that invokes static methods, see (, , ). Requires permission to access type information. See 1 Reflection Method System.Delegate

Returns a new delegate with the specified static method as its invocation list.

The of delegate to return. This is required to derive from . A representing the class that implements . A containing the name of the static method implemented by . A of type that invokes is . does not derive from . -or- is not a static method. -or- does not implement . The caller does not have the required permission. This method is used to dynamically create delegates that invoke static methods. To create a delegate that invokes instance methods, see (, , ). Requires permission to access type information. See 1 Reflection Method System.Delegate

Returns a new delegate with the specified static method as its invocation list.

The of to return. This is required to derive from . A that reflects a static method. A of type that invokes or is . does not derive from . -or- does not reflect a static method. The method of the delegate was not found. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is used to dynamically create delegates that invoke static methods. To create a delegate that invokes instance methods, see (, , ). Requires permission to access type information. See 1 Reflection Method System.Object

Causes a delegate to invoke the methods in its invocation list using the specified arguments.

An array of instances that are to be passed to the methods in the invocation list of the current instance. Specify if the methods invoked by the current instance do not take arguments. The returned by the last method in the invocation list of the current instance. The type of one or more elements in is invalid as a parameter to the methods implemented by the current instance. The caller does not have the required permissions. -or- The number, order or type of parameters listed in is invalid. A method in the invocation list of the current instance is an instance method and its target object is . -or- A method in the invocation list of the current instance was invoked on a target object or a class that does not implement it. The number of elements in is not equal to the number of parameters required by the methods invoked by the current instance. A method in the invocation list of the current instance threw an exception. 1 Reflection Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current instance.

The to compare with the current instance. if is equal to the current instance, otherwise . Two delegates are equal if they are not null and are of the exact same type, their invocation lists contain the same number of elements, and every element in the invocation list of the first delegate is equal to the element in the corresponding position in the invocation list of the second delegate. Two invocation list elements are equal if they invoke the same instance method on the same target instance, or they invoke the same static method. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing the hash code for this instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Delegate[]

Returns the invocation list of the current delegate.

An ordered set of instances whose invocation lists collectively match those of the current delegate. The array contains a set of delegates, each having an invocation list of one entry. Invoking these delegates sequentially, in the order in which they appear in the array, produces the same results as invoking the current delegate. Override when subclassing Delegate. 0 Property System.Reflection.MethodInfo

Gets the last method in a delegate's invocation list.

A . The caller does not have the required permissions. This property is read-only. Requires permission to access type information. See . 1 Reflection Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified delegates are equal.

The first delegate to compare. The second delegate to compare. if .Equals() returns ; otherwise, . See . 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the specified Delegates are not equal.

The first delegate to compare. The second delegate to compare. if .Equals() returns ; otherwise, . See . 0 Method System.Delegate

Removes the invocation list of a from the invocation list of another delegate.

The delegate from which to remove the invocation list of . The delegate that supplies the invocation list to remove from . Returns a new delegate, , or . If and are not , are not equal, and the invocation list of is contained in the invocation list of source, returns a new delegate with the invocation list of removed from the invocation list of . If the invocation lists of and are equal, returns . If the invocation list of is not found in the invocation list of , returns . The following table describes the value returned when or is . Return value null null null null non-null null non-null null The invocation list of is required to be an exact match of a contiguous set of elements in the invocation list of . If the invocation list of occurs more than once in the invocation list of , the last occurrence is removed. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; class MyClass { public string InstanceMethod(string s) { return ("Instance String " + s); } } class MyClass2 { public string InstanceMethod2(string s) { return ("Instance String2 " + s); } } public delegate string DelegatedMethod(string s); class TestClass { public static void WriteDelegate (string label, Delegate d) { Console.WriteLine("Invocation list targets for {0}:",label); foreach(Delegate x in d.GetInvocationList()) Console.WriteLine("{0}",x.Target); } public static void Main() { MyClass myInstance = new MyClass(); DelegatedMethod delInstance = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.InstanceMethod); MyClass2 myInstance2 = new MyClass2(); DelegatedMethod delInstance2 = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance2.InstanceMethod2); DelegatedMethod [] sourceArray = {delInstance, delInstance2, delInstance2, delInstance}; DelegatedMethod [] remove1 = {delInstance}; DelegatedMethod [] remove2 = {delInstance2, delInstance2}; DelegatedMethod [] remove3 = {delInstance2, delInstance}; DelegatedMethod [] remove4 = {delInstance, delInstance2}; DelegatedMethod [] remove5 = {delInstance, delInstance}; Delegate source = Delegate.Combine(sourceArray); // Display invocation list of source TestClass.WriteDelegate("source", source); //Test 1: value occurs in source twice. Delegate value1 = Delegate.Combine(remove1); Delegate result1 = Delegate.Remove(source, value1); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value1", value1); if (result1==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 1 result is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result1", result1); } //Test 2: value matches the middle two elements of source. Delegate value2 = Delegate.Combine(remove2); Delegate result2 = Delegate.Remove(source, value2); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value2", value2); if (result2==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 2 result2 is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result2", result2); } //Test 3: value matches the last two elements of source. Delegate value3 = Delegate.Combine(remove3); Delegate result3 = Delegate.Remove(source, value3); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value3", value3); if (result3==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 3 result3 is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result3", result3); } //Test 4: value matches the first two elements of source. Delegate value4 = Delegate.Combine(remove4); Delegate result4 = Delegate.Remove(source, value4); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value4", value4); if (result4==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 4 result4 is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result4", result4); } //Test 5: value does not occur in source. Delegate value5 = Delegate.Combine(remove5); Delegate result5 = Delegate.Remove(source, value5); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value5", value5); if (result5==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 5 result5 is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result5", result5); } //Test 6: value exactly matches source. Delegate result6 = Delegate.Remove(source, source); TestClass.WriteDelegate("value=source", source); if (result6==null) { Console.WriteLine("removal test 6 result6 is null"); } else { TestClass.WriteDelegate("result6", result6); } } } The output is Invocation list targets for source: MyClass MyClass2 MyClass2 MyClass Invocation list targets for value1: MyClass Invocation list targets for result1: MyClass MyClass2 MyClass2 Invocation list targets for value2: MyClass2 MyClass2 Invocation list targets for result2: MyClass MyClass Invocation list targets for value3: MyClass2 MyClass Invocation list targets for result3: MyClass MyClass2 Invocation list targets for value4: MyClass MyClass2 Invocation list targets for result4: MyClass2 MyClass Invocation list targets for value5: MyClass MyClass Invocation list targets for result5: MyClass MyClass2 MyClass2 MyClass Invocation list targets for value=source: MyClass MyClass2 MyClass2 MyClass removal test 6 result6 is null 0 Method System.Delegate

Removes all matching occurrences of the invocation list of a from the invocation list of another delegate.

The delegate from which to remove all matching occurrences of the invocation list of . The delegate that supplies the invocation list to remove from . Returns a new delegate, , or . If and are not , are not equal, and the invocation list of is contained in the invocation list of source, returns a new delegate with all matching occurrences of the invocation list of removed from the invocation list of . If the invocation lists of and are equal, or if contains only a succession of invocation lists equal to , returns . If the invocation list of is not found in the invocation list of , returns . The following table describes the value returned when or is . Return value null null null null non-null null non-null null The invocation list of is required to be an exact match of a contiguous set of elements in the invocation list of. If the invocation list of occurs more than once in the invocation list of , all occurrences are removed. 0 Property System.Object

Gets the last object upon which a delegate invokes an instance method.

A instance, or if the delegate invokes only static methods. This property is read-only. If the delegate invokes only static methods, this property returns . If the delegate invokes one or more instance methods, this property returns the target of the last instance method/target pair in the invocation list. Example 1: The following example gets the property values for two delegates. The first delegate invokes a static method, and the second invokes an instance method. using System; public delegate string DelegatedMethod(string s); class MyClass { public static string StaticMethod(string s) { return ("Static method Arg=" + s); } public string InstanceMethod(string s) { return ("Instance method Arg=" + s); } } class TestClass { public static void Main() { MyClass myInstance = new MyClass(); //Create delegates from delegate type DelegatedMethod. DelegatedMethod delStatic = new DelegatedMethod(MyClass.StaticMethod); DelegatedMethod delInstance = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.InstanceMethod); object t = delStatic.Target; Console.WriteLine ("Static target is {0}", t==null ? "null":t); t = delInstance.Target; Console.WriteLine ("Instance target is {0}", t==null ? "null":t); } } The output is Static target is null Instance target is MyClass Example 2: The following example gets the property value for three delegates created using instance methods, static methods, and a combination of the two. using System; class MyClass { public static string StaticMethod(string s) { return ("Static String " + s); } public string InstanceMethod(string s) { return ("Instance String " + s); } } class MyClass2 { public static string StaticMethod2(string s) { return ("Static String2 " + s); } public string InstanceMethod2(string s) { return ("Instance String2 " + s); } } public delegate string DelegatedMethod(string s); class TestClass { public static void Main() { DelegatedMethod delStatic = new DelegatedMethod(MyClass.StaticMethod); DelegatedMethod delStatic2 = new DelegatedMethod(MyClass2.StaticMethod2); MyClass myInstance = new MyClass(); DelegatedMethod delInstance = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance.InstanceMethod); MyClass2 myInstance2 = new MyClass2(); DelegatedMethod delInstance2 = new DelegatedMethod(myInstance2.InstanceMethod2); Delegate d = Delegate.Combine(delStatic, delInstance ); Delegate e = Delegate.Combine(delInstance,delInstance2); Delegate f = Delegate.Combine(delStatic, delStatic2 ); if (d!=null) { Console.WriteLine("Combined 1 static, 1 instance, same class:"); Console.WriteLine("target...{0}", d.Target == null ? "null" : d.Target); foreach(Delegate x in d.GetInvocationList()) Console.WriteLine("invoke element target: {0}",x.Target); } Console.WriteLine(""); if (e!=null) { Console.WriteLine("Combined 2 instance methods, different classes:"); Console.WriteLine("target...{0}", e.Target == null ? "null" : e.Target); foreach(Delegate x in e.GetInvocationList()) Console.WriteLine("invoke element target: {0}",x.Target); } Console.WriteLine(""); if (f!=null) { Console.WriteLine("Combined 2 static methods, different classes:"); Console.WriteLine("target...{0}", f.Target == null ? "null" : f.Target); foreach(Delegate x in f.GetInvocationList()) Console.WriteLine("invoke element target: {0}",x.Target); } } } The output is Combined 1 static, 1 instance, same class: target...MyClass invoke element target: invoke element target: MyClass Combined 2 instance methods, different classes: target...MyClass2 invoke element target: MyClass invoke element target: MyClass2 Combined 2 static methods, different classes: target...null invoke element target: invoke element target: 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents a dictionary entry consisting of a and an associated .

Some types that manage or access collections of objects, such as and , rely on the use of one or more pairs of a key object and an associated value object. provides this functionality. This structure supports the C# semantics for . System.ValueType Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class with the specified key and value objects.

The defined to reference a dictionary entry. The that contains the content associated with . is . 0 Property System.Object

Gets or sets an object representing the key of the current .

A representing the key of the current . Set is . 0 Property System.Object

Gets or sets an object representing the content of the current .

A representing the content of the current . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Provides information and performs operations on directories.

Implementations are required to preserve the case of file and directory path strings, and to be case sensitive if and only if the current platform is case-sensitive. In most methods that accept arguments, the path can refer to a file or a directory. System.Object Method System.Void

Deletes the specified directory and, if indicated, any subdirectories in the directory.

A containing the name of the directory to delete. This directory must be writable and cannot contain files unless is true. Specify to delete subdirectories and files in ; otherwise, specify . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The specified was not found. The directory specified by is read-only, or is and is not an empty directory. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to write to the specified directory. See . 0 Method System.Void

Deletes the empty directory specified in .

A containing the name of the directory to delete. This directory must be writable and empty. is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The specified was not found. The directory specified by is read-only or is not empty. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method behaves identically to (, ). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to write to the specified directory. See . 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a indicating whether the specified directory exists.

A containing the name of the directory to check. if the caller has the required permissions and contains the name of an existing directory; otherwise, . If is , a zero-length string, or contains the name of a file, returns . If the caller does not have sufficient permissions to read the files in the directory specified by , no exception is thrown and the method returns regardless of the existence of . The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to read the specified directory. See . 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the creation date and time of the specified file or directory.

A containing the name of the file or directory for which to obtain creation date and time information. A structure set to the creation date and time for the specified directory. This value is expressed in local time. Platforms that do not support this feature return . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The directory specified by was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is equivalent to (). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See . 0 Method System.String

Returns the application's current working directory.

A containing the path of the current working directory. Platforms that do not support this feature return . The caller does not have the required permission. Requires permission to access path information for the current directory. See 0 Method System.String[]

Returns the names of subdirectories in the specified directory.

A containing the name of the directory for which an array of subdirectory names is returned. A array containing the names of subdirectories in . is . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains implementation-defined invalid characters. was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. is a file name. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is identical to ( , "*"). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . The names returned by this method are prefixed with the directory information provided in . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory and its subdirectories. See . 0 Method System.String[]

Returns the names of subdirectories in the specified directory that match the specified search pattern.

A containing the starting location for the search. A containing the text pattern to match against the names of subdirectories of . cannot contain or . A array containing the names of subdirectories of that match . oris . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains implementation-defined invalid characters. does not contain a valid pattern. was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. is a file name. The caller does not have permission to access the requested information. The following wild card specifiers are permitted in : Wild card Description * Zero or more characters. ? Exactly one character. The period (".") character, if immediately followed by a wild card specifier, indicates that the period or the empty string matches the pattern. For example, "foo.*" and "foo.?" match "foo". Note that "foo.*" and "foo*" behave identically. If the period is not immediately followed by a wildcard, it has no special meaning (it represents a period). Characters other than the wild card specifiers represent themselves, for example, the string "*t" searches for all names in ending with the letter "t". The string "s*" searches for all names in beginning with the letter "s". The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory and its subdirectories. See . 0 Method System.String

Returns the path root component of the specified path.

A containing the name of a file or directory. A containing the root information for the specified path. Platforms that do not support this feature return . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method obtains the full path information for , as returned by () and returns the path root component. The specified path is not required to exist. The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified file or directory. See The following example demonstrates the method. using System; using System.IO; class GetDirectoryTest { public static void Main() { string [] paths = { @"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt", "pathtests.xyzzy", @"\", @"C:\", @"\\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt" }; foreach (string pathString in paths) { string s = Directory.GetDirectoryRoot(pathString); Console.WriteLine("Path: {0} Directory Root is {1}",pathString, s== null? "null":s); } } } The output is Path: \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt Directory Root is C:\ Path: pathtests.xyzzy Directory Root is C:\ Path: \ Directory Root is C:\ Path: C:\ Directory Root is C:\ Path: \\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt Directory Root is \\myserver\myshare 0 Method System.String[]

Returns the names of files in the specified directory that match the specified search pattern.

A containing the name of the directory to search. A containing the text pattern to match against the names of files in . cannot contain or . A array containing the names of files in the specified directory that match the specified search pattern. or is . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is a file name. was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. The following wild card specifiers are permitted in : Wild card Description * Zero or more characters. ? Exactly one character. The period (".") character, if immediately followed by a wild card specifier, indicates that the period or the empty string matches the pattern. For example, "foo.*" and "foo.?" match "foo". Note that "foo.*" and "foo*" behave identically. If the period is not immediately followed by a wildcard, it has no special meaning (it represents a period). Characters other than the wild card specifiers and the period always represent themselves, for example, the string "*t" searches for all names in ending with the letter "t". The string "s*" searches for all names in beginning with the letter "s". The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory and the files in that directory. See 0 Method System.String[]

Returns the names of all files in the specified directory.

A containing the name of the directory for which file names are returned. A array containing the names of the files in the specified directory. Platforms that do not support this feature return . is null. path is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. was not found. is a file name. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is identical to (, "*"). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory and the files in that directory. See . 0 Method System.String[]

Returns the names of all files and subdirectories in the specified directory.

A containing the name of the directory for which file and subdirectory names are returned. A array containing the names of file system entries in the specified directory. is . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. is a file name. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is identical to (, "*"). The names returned by this method are prefixed with the directory information provided in . The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory. See 0 Method System.String[]

Returns an array of file and directory names matching the specified search criteria.

A containing the name of the directory to search. A containing the text pattern for which to search. cannot contain or . A array containing file and directory names matching the specified search criteria. or is . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. is a file name. The caller does not have the required permission. The following wild card specifiers are permitted in : Wild card Description * Zero or more characters. ? Exactly one character. The period (".") character, if immediately followed by a wild card specifier, indicates that the period or the empty string matches the pattern. For example, "foo.*" and "foo.?" match "foo". Note that "foo.*" and "foo*" behave identically. If the period is not immediately followed by a wildcard, it has no special meaning (it represents a period). Characters other than the wild card specifiers represent themselves, for example, the string "*t" searches for all names in ending with the letter "t". The string "s*" searches for all names in beginning with the letter "s". The names returned by this method are prefixed with the directory information provided in . The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to access path information for the specified directory. See 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed.

A containing the name of the file or directory for which to obtain access date and time information. A structure set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed. This value is expressed in local time. Platforms that do not support this feature return . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The specified path was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is equivalent to (). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See . 0 Method System.DateTime

Returns the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to.

A containing the name of the file or directory for which to obtain modification date and time information. A structure set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to. This value is expressed in local time. Platforms that do not support this feature return . is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . The specified path was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. This method is equivalent to ( ). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See . 0 Method System.Void

Moves a file or a directory and its contents to a new location.

A containing the name of the file or directory to move. A containing the new location for . This string cannot identify an existing file or directory. or is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains implementation-defined invalid characters. or is . The caller does not have the required permission. An attempt was made to move a directory to a different volume, or already exists. was not found. The length or absolute path information for or exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The argument cannot specify a location on a different disk or volume than . The and arguments cannot identify the same file or directory. This method throws a if, for example, you try to move "\mydir" to "\public", and "\public" already exists. You must specify "\public\mydir" as the . The and arguments are permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . Requires permission to read from and write to and . See , . 0 Method System.Void

Sets the creation date and time for the specified file or directory.

A containing the name of the file or directory for which to set the creation date and time information. A containing the value to set for the creation date and time of . This value is expressed in local time. is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. specifies a value outside the range of date/times permitted for this operation. is . was not found. An I/O error occurred while performing the operation. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . On platforms that do not support this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is supported, the range of dates that is valid for this operation is implementation-specific. Requires permission to write to the specified file or directory. See . 0 Method System.Void

Sets the application's current working directory to the specified directory.

A containing the path to which the current working directory is set. is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . was not found. An I/O error occurred while performing the operation. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. When the application terminates, the working directory is restored to its original location (the directory where the process was started). The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . On platforms that do not support this feature, this method has no effect. 0 Method System.Void

Sets the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed.

A containing the name of the file or directory for which to set the access date and time information. A containing the value to set for the access date and time of . This value is expressed in local time. is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. The argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . On platforms that do not support this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is supported, the range of dates that is valid for this operation is implementation-specific. Requires permission to write to the specified file or directory. See . 0 Method System.Void

Sets the date and time a directory was last written to.

A containing the name of the directory for which to set the date and time information. A containing the value to set for the last write date and time of . This value is expressed in local time. is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. is . was not found. The length of or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. The caller does not have the required permission. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see . On platforms that do not support this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is supported, the range of dates that is valid for this operation is implementation-specific. Requires permission to write to the specified file. See . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when part of a file or directory argument cannot be found.

The following example demonstrates an error that causes the exception to be thrown. In this case, the /Mistake/examples/ directory does not exist and therefore cannot be located. using System; using System.IO; class DirectoryNotFoundExample { public static void Main () { string badPath = "/Mistake/examples/"; try { Directory.GetFiles(badPath); } catch (DirectoryNotFoundException e) { Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}",e.Message); } } } The output is Caught: Could not find a part of the path "C:\Mistake\examples". System.IO.IOException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Could not find the specified directory." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property of the new instance is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current exception. If is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For more information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that is caused by an attempt to divide a number by zero.

The following IL instructions throw : div div.un rem rem.un The following example demonstrates an error that causes a exception. using System; public class DivideZeroTest { public static void Main() { int x = 0; try { int y = 100/x; } catch (DivideByZeroException e) { Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e); } } } The output is Error: System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at DivideZeroTest.Main() System.ArithmeticException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Attempted to divide by zero." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current exception. If is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an object appears more than once in an array of instances.

It is generally unnecessary for applications to throw . This exception is thrown by thread synchronization methods, such as and . System.ArgumentException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Duplicate objects in argument." This message takes into account the current system culture. The and properties are initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error. This message takes into account the current system culture. The property is initialized to . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that contains the name of the parameter that caused the exception. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using , and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property is initialized to . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Converts blocks of characters into blocks of bytes.

Following instantiation of a , sequential blocks of characters are converted into blocks of bytes through calls to the method. The encoder maintains state between the conversions, allowing it to correctly encode character sequences that span adjacent blocks. An instance of a specific implementation of the class is typically obtained through a call to the . The following example demonstrates using the implementation of the class to convert one character array to two byte arrays. using System; using System.Text; public class EncoderExample { public static void Main() { string str = "Encoder"; char[] cAry = str.ToCharArray(); UTF8Encoding utf = new UTF8Encoding(); Encoder e = utf.GetEncoder(); int count1 = e.GetByteCount(cAry,0,cAry.Length-4,false); int count2 = e.GetByteCount(cAry,cAry.Length-4,4,true); byte[] bytes1 = new byte[count1]; byte[] bytes2 = new byte[count2]; e.GetBytes(cAry,0,cAry.Length-4,bytes1,0,false); e.GetBytes(cAry,cAry.Length-4,4,bytes2,0,true); Console.Write("Bytes1: "); foreach (byte b in bytes1) Console.Write(" '{0}' ", b); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write("Bytes2: "); foreach (byte b in bytes2) Console.Write(" '{0}' ", b); Console.WriteLine(); } } The output is Bytes1: '69' '110' '99' Bytes2: '111' '100' '101' '114' System.Object Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

This constructor is called only by classes that inherit from the class. 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of bytes required to encode the specified range in the specified array of characters.

A array of characters to encode. A that specifies the first index of to encode. A that specifies the number of elements in to encode. A value that determines whether the current instance flushes its internal state following a conversion. Specify to flush the internal state of the current instance following a conversion; otherwise, specify . A containing the number of bytes required to encode the range in from to + -1 for a particular encoding. This value takes into account the state in which the current instance was left following the last call to . is . Return value is greater than . -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. ( + ) > .Length). The state of the current instance is not affected by a call to this method. As described above. Override this method to retrieve the exact number of bytes required to encode a specified range of an array of objects for a particular encoding. Use this method to determine the exact number of bytes required to encode the specified range of an array of objects for a particular encoding. 0 Method System.Int32

Encodes the specified range of the specified array of characters into the specified range of the specified array of bytes.

A array of characters to encode. A that specifies the first index of to encode. A that specifies the number of elements in to encode. A array to encode into. A that specifies the first index of to encode into. A value. Specify to flush the internal state of the current instance following a conversion; otherwise, specify . To ensure correct termination of a sequence of blocks of encoded bytes, it is recommended that the last call to specify . A containing the number of bytes encoded into for a particular encoding. does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters. is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- > .Length. The encoding takes into account the state in which the current instance was left following the last call to this method if was specified as for that call. As described above. Override this method to encode the values of an array of objects as an array of objects for a particular encoding. Use this method to encode the values of an array of objects as an array of objects for a particular encoding. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 This type is safe for multithreaded operations.

Represents a character encoding.

Characters are abstract entities that can be represented using many different character schemes or codepages. For example, Unicode UTF-16 encoding represents, or encodes, characters as sequences of 16-bit integers while Unicode UTF-8 represents the same characters as sequences of 8-bit bytes. The BCL includes the following types derived from : - encodes Unicode characters as 7-bit ASCII characters. This encoding only supports code points between U+0000 and U+007F inclusive. - encodes each Unicode character as two consecutive bytes. Both little-endian and big-endian byte orders are supported. - encodes Unicode characters using the UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format, 8-bit form) encoding. This encoding supports all Unicode character values. An application can use the properties of this class such as , , , and to obtain encodings. Applications can initialize new instances of objects through the , , and classes. Through an encoding, the method is used to convert arrays of Unicode characters to arrays of bytes, and the method is used to convert arrays of bytes to arrays of Unicode characters. The and methods maintain no state between conversions. When the data to be converted is only available in sequential blocks (such as data read from a stream) or when the amount of data is so large that it needs to be divided into smaller blocks, an application can choose to use a or a to perform the conversion. Decoders and encoders allow sequential blocks of data to be converted and they maintain the state required to support conversions of data that spans adjacent blocks. Decoders and encoders are obtained using the and methods. The core and methods require the caller to provide the destination buffer and ensure that the buffer is large enough to hold the entire result of the conversion. When using these methods, either directly on a object or on an associated or , an application can use one of two methods to allocate destination buffers. The and methods can be used to compute the exact size of the result of a particular conversion, and an appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. The and methods can be used to compute the maximum possible size of a conversion of a given number of characters or bytes, regardless of the actual character or byte values, and a buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. The first method generally uses less memory, whereas the second method generally executes faster. System.Object Constructor

Constructs a new instance of the class.

0 Property System.Text.Encoding

Gets an encoding for the ASCII (7-bit) character set.

This property is read-only. ASCII characters can represent Unicode characters from U+0000 to U+007f, inclusive. 0 Property System.Text.Encoding

Gets an encoding for the Unicode format in big-endian byte order.

A for the Unicode format in big-endian byte order. This property is read-only. Unicode characters can be stored in two different byte orders, big-endian and little-endian. On little-endian platforms such as those implemented on Intel processors, it is generally more efficient to store Unicode characters in little-endian byte order. However, many other platforms can store Unicode characters in big-endian byte order. Unicode files can be distinguished by the presence of the byte order mark (U+FEFF), which will be written as either 0xfe 0xff or 0xff 0xfe. This encoding automatically detects a byte order mark and, if necessary, switches byte orders. 0 Method System.Byte[]

Converts the specified range of the specified array from one specified encoding to another specified encoding.

The that is in. The desired for the returned array. The array containing the values to convert. A containing the first index of from which to convert. A containing the number of bytes to convert. A array containing the result of the conversion. , , or is . and do not denote a valid range in . 0 Method System.Byte[]

Converts the specified array from one specified encoding to another specified encoding.

The that is in. The desired for the returned array. The array containing the values to convert. A array containing the result of the conversion. , or is . 0 Property System.Text.Encoding

Gets an encoding for the ANSI code page of the current system.

A for the ANSI code page of the current system. This property is read-only. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

The to compare to the current instance. if represents the same type and value as the current instance. If is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the number of bytes required to encode the specified array.

The array to encode. A containing the number of bytes needed to encode . is . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. can be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be produced from encoding the given array of characters. An appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. Alternatively, can be used to determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced from converting a given number of characters, regardless of the actual character values. A buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. generally uses less memory and generally executes faster. 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the number of bytes required to encode the specified .

The to decode. A containing the number of bytes needed to encode . is . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. can be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be produced from encoding the given . An appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. Alternatively, can be used to determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced from converting a given number of characters, regardless of the actual character values. A buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. generally uses less memory and generally executes faster. 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the number of bytes required to encode the specified range of characters in the specified Unicode character array.

The array to encode. A containing the first index of to encode. A containing the number of characters to encode. A containing the number of bytes required to encode the range in from to + - 1. is . The number of bytes required to encode the specified elements in is greater than . -or- or is less than zero. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. ( + ) > .Length). As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. can be used to determine the exact the number of bytes that will be produced from encoding a given range of characters. An appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. Alternatively, can be used to determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced from converting a given number of characters, regardless of the actual character values. A buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. generally uses less memory and generally executes faster. 0 Method System.Byte[]

Encodes the specified array.

The array to encode. A array containing the encoded representation of . is . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the encoding. 0 Method System.Byte[]

Encodes the specified range of the specified array.

The array to encode. A containing the first index of to encode. A containing the number of characters to encode. A array containing the encoded representation of the range in from to + - 1. is . and do not denote a valid range in . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the encoding. 0 Method System.Int32

Encodes the specified range of the specified array into the specified range of the specified array.

A array to encode. A containing the first index of to encode. A containing the number of characters to encode. A array to encode into. A containing the first index of to encode into. The number of bytes encoded into . does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters. is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- > .Length. As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the encoding. can be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be produced for a given range of characters. Alternatively, can be used to determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for a given number of characters, regardless of the actual character values. 0 Method System.Byte[]

Encodes the specified .

The to encode. A array containing the encoded representation of . is . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the encoding. 0 Method System.Int32

Encodes the specified range of the specified into the specified range of the specified array.

A to encode. A containing the first index of from which to encode. A containing the number of characters of to encode. The array to encode into. A containing the first index of to encode into. A containing the number of bytes encoded into . does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters. is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- (.Length - ) < . -or- >= .Length. As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the encoding. 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of characters that will be produced by decoding the specified array.

The array to decode. A containing the number of characters produced by decoding . is . As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. Use to determine the exact number of characters that will be produced from converting a given byte array. An appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. Alternatively, use to determine the maximum number of characters that will be produced for a given number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values. A buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. generally uses less memory and generally executes faster. 0 Method System.Int32

Determines the exact number of characters that will be produced by decoding the specified range of the specified array.

The array to decode. The first index in to decode. The number of bytes to decode. A containing the number of characters the next call to will produce if presented with the specified range of . is . and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. ( + ) > .Length). As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. Use to determine the exact number of characters that will be produced from converting a given range of bytes. An appropriately sized buffer for that conversion can then be allocated. Alternatively, use to determine the maximum number of characters that will be produced for a given number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values. A buffer of that size can then be reused for multiple conversions. generally uses less memory and generally executes faster. 0 Method System.Char[]

Decodes a array.

The array to decode. A array produced by decoding . is . 0 Method System.Char[]

Decodes the specified range of the specified array.

The array to decode. A containing the first index of to decode. A containing the number of bytes to decode. A array containing the decoded representation of the range in between to + . is . and do not denote a valid range in the byte array. 0 Method System.Int32

Decodes the specified range of the specified array into the specified range of the specified array.

The array to decode. A containing the first index of to decode. A containing the number of bytes to decode. The array to decode into. A containing the first index of to decode into. The number of characters stored in . does not contain sufficient space to store the decoded characters. is . -or- is . < 0. -or- < 0. -or- < 0. -or- and do not specify a valid range in (i.e. (+ ) > .Length). -or- > .Length. This method requires the caller to provide the destination buffer and ensure that the buffer is large enough to hold the entire result of the conversion. This method is overridden by types derived from to perform the particular decoding. When using this method directly on a object or on an associated or , use or to allocate destination buffers. 0 Method System.Text.Decoder

Returns a for the current instance.

A for the current instance. As described above. The default implementation returns a that forwards calls made to the and methods to the corresponding methods of the current instance. Encoding that requires state to be maintained between successive conversions should override this method and return an instance of an appropriate implementation. Unlike the methods, a can convert partial sequences of bytes into partial sequences of characters by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions. 0 Method System.Text.Encoder

Returns a for the current instance.

A for the current encoding. As described above. The default implementation returns a that forwards calls made to the and methods to the corresponding methods of the current instance. Types derived from override this method to return an instance of an appropriate . Unlike the method, a can convert partial sequences of characters into partial sequences of bytes by maintaining the appropriate state between the conversions. 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing the hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode the specified number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.

A containing the number of characters to encode. A containing the maximum number of bytes required to encode characters. As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. can be used to determine the minimum buffer size for byte arrays passed to the of the current encoding. Using this minimum buffer size ensures that no buffer overflow exceptions occur. 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the maximum number of characters produced by decoding the specified number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values.

A containing the number of bytes to decode. A containing the maximum number of characters that would be produced by decoding bytes. As described above. This method is overridden by types derived from to return the appropriate number of bytes for the particular encoding. can be used to determine the minimum buffer size for byte arrays passed to the of the current encoding. Using this minimum buffer size ensures that no buffer overflow exceptions will occur. 0 Method System.Byte[]

Returns the bytes used at the beginning of a to determine which the stream was created with.

A array that identifies the encoding used on a stream. The preamble can be the Unicode byte order mark (U+FEFF written in the appropriate encoding) or any other type of identifying marks. This method can return an empty array. As described above. The default implementation returns an empty array. Override this method to return a array containing the preamble appropriate for the type derived from . 0 Method System.String

Decodes the specified array.

The array to decode. A containing the decoded representation of . is . As described above. This method is overridden by particular character encodings. 0 Method System.String

Decodes the specified range of the specified array.

The array to decode. A containing the starting index of to decode. A containing the number of bytes to decode. A containing the decoded representation of the range of from to + . is . and do not denote a valid range in . As described above. This method is overridden by particular character encodings. 0 Property System.Text.Encoding

Gets an encoding for the Unicode format in little-endian byte order.

A for the Unicode format in little-endian byte order. This property is read-only. Unicode characters can be stored in two different byte orders, big-endian and little-endian. On little-endian platforms such as those implemented on Intel processors, it is generally more efficient to store Unicode characters in little-endian byte order. However, many other platforms can store Unicode characters in big-endian byte order. Unicode files can be distinguished by the presence of the byte order mark (U+FEFF), which will be written as either 0xfe 0xff or 0xff 0xfe. This encoding automatically detects a byte order mark and, if necessary, switches byte orders. 0 Property System.Text.Encoding

Gets an encoding for the UTF-8 format.

A for the UTF-8 format. This property is read-only. For detailed information regarding UTF-8 encoding, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Represents the error that occurs when an attempt is made to read past the end of a stream.

System.IO.IOException Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

This constructor initializes the property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "Attempted to read past the end of the stream." This message takes into account the current system culture. The property of the new instance is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The property of the new instance is initialized to . 0 Constructor

Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.

A that describes the error. The content of is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. An instance of that is the cause of the current exception. If is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling . This constructor initializes the property of the new instance using and the property using . If is , the property is initialized to the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. For more information on inner exceptions, see . 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0

Provides support for all enumeration types. Serves as the base class for all enumeration types.

A is a distinct type with named constant members. Each enumeration type has a corresponding integral type called the of the enumeration type. This underlying type is required to be a system-supplied integer type that is large enough to represent all values defined in the enumeration; the field that holds the underlying type must be called . A declaration is allowed to explicitly declare any integral type other than as an underlying type. This includes , , , , , , , and . A declaration that does not explicitly declare an underlying type has an underlying type of . derives from but is not a value type. Programming languages typically provide syntax to declare sets of a specified enumeration type consisting of named constants and their values. It is possible to treat instances of a as bit fields containing multiple values. For more information, see . provides methods to compare instances of enumeration types, convert the value of an instance to its representation, convert the representation of a number to an instance of the enumeration type, and create an instance of a specified enumeration and value. System.ValueType System.IComparable 0 System.IFormattable 0 Method System.Int32

Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified .

An object to compare the current instance to. A containing a value that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number. Return Value Description Any negative integer The value of the current instance is less than the value of . Zero The value of the current instance is equal to the value of . Any positive integer The value of the current instance is greater than the value of , or is . and the current instance are not of the same enumeration type. This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.Boolean

Determines whether the current instance and the specified represent the same type and value.

An object to compare the current instance to. if is of the same enumeration type and represents the same value as the current instance; otherwise, . This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Converts the specified element of the specified enumeration type to its representation using the specified format.

A that specifies the type of the enumeration of which is a member. The enumeration element to be converted. A that specifies the output format to use. The representation of the value of the enumeration element. , or is a null reference. is not a . -or- is neither of type nor does it have the same underlying type as . contains an invalid value. For cross-platform portability, the only valid values for are: Format Description "G" or "g" If value is equal to a defined value of , returns the element name defined for value. If the attribute is set on the declaration and is a built-in integer type and is equal to a summation of enumeration elements, the return value contains the element names in an unspecified order, separated by commas (e.g. "Red, Yellow"). Otherwise, is returned in decimal format. "X" or "x" Returns in hexadecimal format, without a leading 0x. The value is padded with leading zeroes to ensure the returned value is at least eight digits in length. "F" or "f" Behaves identically to "G", except the is not required to be present on the declaration. "D" or "d" Returns in decimal format with no leading zeroes. The following example demonstrates formatting enumeration values. using System; public enum Signs { Stop = 1, Yield = 2, Merge = 4 }; [Flags] public enum Lights { Red = 1, Yellow = 2, Green = 4 }; public class EnumCompTo { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(Signs.Format(typeof(Signs), Signs.Merge, "d")); Console.WriteLine(Signs.Format(typeof(Signs), 7, "g")); Console.WriteLine(Lights.Format(typeof(Lights), Lights.Yellow, "x")); Console.WriteLine(Lights.Format(typeof(Lights), 7, "g")); } } The output is 4 7 00000002 Red, Yellow, Green 0 Method System.Int32

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

A containing a hash code for the current instance. The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified. This method overrides . 0 Method System.String

Retrieves the name of the constant of the specified enumeration type that has the specified value.

A that specifies the type of the enumeration. A that contains the integral value or the name of an enumeration constant. A containing the name of the enumerated constant in whose value is , or a null reference if no such constant is found. or is a null reference. is not a that describes a . -or- is neither of type nor does it have the same underlying type as . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Signs { Stop = 1, Yield = 2, Merge = 4 }; public class EnumCompTo { public static void Main() { Console.Write( "The name of the constant with the value 4 is: " ); Console.WriteLine( "{0}.", Signs.GetName(typeof(Signs), 4)); Console.Write( "The name of the constant with the value Stop is: " ); Console.WriteLine( "{0}.", Signs.GetName(typeof(Signs), Signs.Stop )); } } The output is The name of the constant with the value 4 is: Merge. The name of the constant with the value Stop is: Stop. 0 Method System.String[]

Returns a zero-based, one-dimensional array that contains the names of the constants of the specified enumeration type.

A that specifies the type of an enumeration. A vector of the names of the constants in . The elements of the vector are sorted by the values of the enumerated constants. is a null reference. is not a that describes a . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Colors { Red, White, Blue }; public class enumGetNames { public static void Main() { int i = 0; String[] strAry = Colors.GetNames( typeof(Colors) ); foreach (String str in strAry) { Console.Write("The value indexed '{0}' ", i++ ); Console.WriteLine("is {0}.", str); } } } The output is The value indexed '0' is Red. The value indexed '1' is White. The value indexed '2' is Blue. 0 Method System.Type

Returns the underlying type of the specified enumeration type.

The of an enumeration. A instance that describes the underlying type of . is a null reference. is not an enumeration type. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Colors { Red, White, Blue } public class EnumUnderlyingTypeTest { public static void Main() { Type t = Colors.GetUnderlyingType( typeof(Colors) ); Console.WriteLine("The underlying type of Colors is {0}.", t.ToString()); } } The output is The underlying type of Colors is System.Int32. 0 Method System.Array

Returns a zero-based, one-dimensional array of the values of the constants of the specified enumeration type.

The of an enumeration. A vector of the enumeration type specified by containing the values of the constants in . The elements of the array are sorted by the values of the enumeration constants. is a null reference. is not an enumeration type. The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Colors { Red = 1, White = 2, Blue = 4 } public class enumGetValues { public static void Main() { Array valueAry = Enum.GetValues(typeof(Colors)); foreach (int i in valueAry) { Console.WriteLine("The value of element {0} is {1}", Enum.Format(typeof(Colors), i, "g"),i); } } } The output is The value of element Red is 1. The value of element White is 2. The value of element Blue is 4. 0 Method System.Boolean

Returns a indicating whether a constant with the specified value exists in the specified enumeration type.

A that describes an enumeration. The constant or value being searched for in . if a constant in the enumeration described by has a value equal to ; otherwise, . or is a null reference. is not an enumeration type. -or- The type of is not an or an underlying type of . The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Colors { Red = 1, White = 2, Blue = 4 } public class enumIsDefined { public static void Main() { Console.Write("It is {0} ", Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Colors), 1)); Console.WriteLine("that '1' is defined in 'Colors'."); Console.Write("It is {0} ", Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Colors), 3)); Console.WriteLine("that '3' is defined in 'Colors'."); } } The output is It is True that '1' is defined in 'Colors'. It is False that '3' is defined in 'Colors'. 0 Method System.Object

Converts the specified representation of one or more enumerated constants of a specified enumeration type to an equivalent enumerated object.

The of an enumeration. A containing one or more names or a single numeric value to convert. If the string contains more than one name, each name is required to be separated by a comma (','). The names are parsed in a case-sensitive manner. The names or number can be surrounded by any amount of white space. A of type whose values are represented by . or is a null reference. is not a that describes a . -or- is either equal to or contains only white space. -or- represents one or more names, and at least one name represented by is not of type . This version of is equivalent to (, , ). The following example demonstrates the method. using System; public enum Colors { Red = 1, Blue = 2 } public class enumTest { public static void Main() { object o = Enum.Parse( typeof (Colors), "Red, Blue"); Type oType = o.GetType(); Console.WriteLine("The type of the object returned is {0}",oType.ToString()); Array values = Enum.GetValues(oType); foreach (Colors c in values) { Console.WriteLine(Enum.Format(oType,c,"D")); } } } The output is The type of the object returned is Colors 1 2 0 Method System.Object

Converts the specified representation of one or more enumerated constants of a specified enumeration type to an equivalent enumerated object. This method behaves in a case-sensitive or insensitive manner according to the specified .

The of an enumeration. A containing one or more names or a single numeric value to convert. If the string contains more than one name, each name is required to be separated by a comma (','). The names or number can be surrounded by any amount of white space. A value. Specify to have names in parsed in a case-insensitive manner. Specify to have names parsed in a case-sensitive manner. A of type whose values are represented by . or is a null reference. is not a that describes a . -or- is either equal to or contains only white space. -or- represents one or more names, and at least one name represented by is not of type . For an example that demonstrates parsing strings containing enumeration values, see (, ). 0 Method System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of the enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method CLSCompliantAttribute(false) 0 System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use (, ). 0 Method System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . 0 Method System.Object

Returns an instance of the specified enumeration type set to the specified value.

The of an enumeration. The value to set. An enumeration object of type whose value is . is a null reference. is not a that describes a . 0 Method System.String

Converts the value of the current instance to its equivalent representation using the specified format.

A that specifies the format to use when converting the current instance to a . Specify one of the following values in upper or lower case: "G", "D", "X", or "F" . The representation of the value of the current instance as specified by . contains an invalid value. If is a null reference or an empty string, the return value is formatted using the general format specifier ("G"). For details on the format specifiers used with an enumeration object, see . 0 Method System.String

Converts the name of the value of the current instance to its equivalent representation.

The representation of the named constant specified by the current instance. This version of is equivalent to ("G", ). This method returns the same value as with the "g" or "G" format option. An instance of an enumeration is set to a named constant value. This method returns the name of the constant an instance is set to, not the value itself. 0 Method System.String

Converts the numeric value of the current instance to its equivalent representation using the specified format.

A that specifies the format to use when converting the current instance to a . Specify one of the following values in upper or lower case: "G", "D", "X", or "F" . An object that implements the interface or a null reference. The is not used in the implementation of this method. There is no that corresponds to a object; therefore, is not utilized by this method, and any may be passed as a parameter. The representation of the value of the current instance as specified by . does not contain a valid format specifier. If is a null reference or an empty string, the return value is formatted using the general format specifier ("G"). For details on the format specifiers used with an enumeration object, see . This method is implemented to support the interface. 0 Method System.String

Converts the name of the value of the current instance to its equivalent representation.

An object that implements the interface or a null reference. The is not used in the implementation of this method. There is no that corresponds to a object; therefore, is not utilized by this method, and any may be passed as a parameter. The representation of the name of the value of the current instance. This method is equivalent to the version of that takes no arguments. 0 0 BCL mscorlib [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ] 1.0.x.x none CLSCompliantAttribute(true) 0 All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.

Provides the current settings for, and information about, the execution environment.

Use this class to retrieve the following information: Command line arguments Exit codes Environment variable settings Contents of the call stack Time since last system boot Version of the execution engine System.Object Property System.String

Gets the information entered on the command line when the current process was started.

A containing the command line arguments. This property is read-only. This property provides access to the program name and any arguments specified on the command line when the current process was started. If the environment does not support a program name, as may be the case with compact devices, then the program name is equal to . The format of the information returned by this property is implementation-defined.

							
								The program name may, but is not required to, include
      path information.
								Use the  method to retrieve the command line information parsed
   and stored in an array of strings.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Terminates the current process and sets the process exit code to the specified value.
						
						A  value that is provided to the operating system.
						The immediate caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method causes an executing program to halt.
						
						Requires permission to read environment variables. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					0
					
						

							Gets or sets the exit code of a process.
						
						
							A 
value returned by a process. The default value is zero.
						
						
							When a process exits, if the process does not return a
      value, the value of 
      is returned. If the value of this property is not set by
      an application, zero is returned.
							On operating systems that do
      not support process exit codes, CLI implementations are required to fully support getting and
      setting values for this property.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String[]
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the arguments specified on the command
      line.
						
						
							 Returns a  array. Each  in the array
   contains a single command line argument.
						
						
							The first element in the array contains the filename of
      the executing program. If the filename is not available, the first element is
      equal to . The remaining elements contain any additional tokens
      entered on the command line.
							
								The program filename may, but is not required to,
         include path information.
								To obtain the command line as a single , use the 
   property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the value of
      the specified environment variable.
						
						A  containing the name of an environment variable.
						
							A  containing the current setting of  , or 
.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							If  contains a valid name for an environment variable, and
   if the caller has sufficient permissions, this method returns the current
   setting for . Environment variable names are
   case-insensitive.
							If  specifies an
invalid name or the system does not support environment variables, this method
returns 
.
							
								To obtain names and settings for all
   environment variables, use the  method.
							
						
						Requires permission to read environment variables. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IDictionary
					
					
					
						

							 Returns all
      environment variables and their current settings.
						
						
							A  object containing environment variable names
   and settings, or 
   if
   the system does not
   support environment variables.
						
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The names and settings for the environment variables are
      stored in the returned  object as keys and values, respectively.
							
								To obtain the
      setting of a single environment variable, use the  method. 
							
						
						Requires permission to read environment variables. See .
						
							The following example prints the names and values of all
      environment variables defined in the environment.
							using System;
using System.Collections;

class EnvTest:Object {
  public static void Main() {
    Console.WriteLine("Environment Variables");
    IDictionary envars =
        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariables();
    IDictionaryEnumerator varEnumerator =
        envars.GetEnumerator();
    while(varEnumerator.MoveNext() != false) {
      Console.WriteLine("{0}={1}", 
                        varEnumerator.Key,
                        varEnumerator.Value);
    }
  }
}
   
							The output will vary depending on your system.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a value indicating whether an application has started to shut down.
						
						
							A  where  indicates the shutdown
   process has started; otherwise .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property is for use inside the finalizer of an application. If the 
         shutdown process has started, static members should not be accessed; they
         may have been cleaned up by the garbage collector. If the member has been
         cleaned up, any access attempt will cause an exception to be thrown. 
								
									 is a special case that is always available after the 
      shutdown process has started.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the newline string for the current platform.
						
						
							 A  containing the characters required to write a newline.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 This property is
      intended for platform-independent formatting of multi-line strings. This value
      is automatically appended to text when using methods,
      such as 
      .
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
property. The string returned by  is inserted between "Hello" and
"World", causing a line break between the words in the output.
							using System;
class TestClass {
    public static void Main() {
      Console.WriteLine("Hello,{0}World",
                        Environment.NewLine);
    }
}

							The output is
							
								Hello,
								World
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a string representation of the state of the call stack.
						
						
							A  containing a description of the methods currently in the
   call stack. This value can be  .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								An example of how the  returned by this property might be
      formatted follows, where one line of information is provided for each method on
      the call stack:
								
									at
   .() in
   :line 
									
								
								
									, ,
, , and  are defined as 
follows:
								
									
										Item
										Description
									
									
										
											
										
										 The fully qualified name of the
      class. 
									
									
										
											
										
										The name of the method. 
									
									
										
											
										
										The list of parameter type/name pairs. Each pair is
   separated by a comma (,). This information is omitted if
 
takes zero
parameters.
									
									
										
											
										
										The name of the source file where the
 method is declared. 
   This information is omitted if debug symbols are not available.
									
									
										
											
										
										The number of the line in  that
contains the source code from 
for the instruction that is on the call stack. This information
is omitted if debug symbols are not available.
									
								
								The literal "at" is preceded by a single space.
								The literals "in" and ":line" are omitted if debug
   symbols are not available.
								The method calls are described in reverse chronological
   order (the most recent method call is described first).
								
									 may not report as many method
calls as expected, due to code transformations that occur during
optimization.
							
						
						
							The following example gets the 
property from within a series of nested calls.
							using System;
public class TestCallStack {
    public void MyMethod1 () {
        MyMethod2();
    }
    public void MyMethod2 () {
        MyMethod3();
    }
    public void MyMethod3 () {
        Console.WriteLine("TestCallStack: {0}",
                          Environment.StackTrace);
    }
    public static void Main() {
        TestCallStack t = new TestCallStack();
        t.MyMethod1();
    }
}

							Without debug symbols the output is
							
								TestCallStack: at System.Environment.GetStackTrace(Exception e)
								at System.Environment.GetStackTrace(Exception e)
								at System.Environment.get_StackTrace()
								at TestCallStack.Main()
							
							With debug symbols the output is
							
								TestCallStack: at System.Environment.GetStackTrace(Exception e)
								at System.Environment.GetStackTrace(Exception e)
								at System.Environment.get_StackTrace()
								at TestCallStack.MyMethod3() in c:\ECMAExamples\envstack.cs:line 10
								at TestCallStack.MyMethod2() in c:\ECMAExamples\envstack.cs:line 8
								at TestCallStack.MyMethod1() in c:\ECMAExamples\envstack.cs:line 5
								at TestCallStack.Main() in c:\ECMAExamples\envstack.cs:line 15
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					496190500
					
						

							 Gets the number of milliseconds elapsed since the system was
      started.
						
						
							A  value containing the amount of time in milliseconds that
   has passed since the last time the computer was started.
						
						
							 This property is
      read-only.
							 The resolution of the 
property cannot be less than 500
milliseconds.
							 The value of this property is derived from the system
   timer.
							 The  property handles an overflow condition by
resetting its value to zero. The minimum value returned by 
is
0.
							
								
									
is measured in milliseconds, not in
"ticks".
								 The 
reaches its maximum value after approximately 24.8 days of continuous up
time.
								 For applications that require a finer granularity or a 
   larger maximum time than  supports, see 
   
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the current version of
 the execution engine.
						
						
							A  object that contains the major, minor, build, and 
 revision numbers of the execution engine.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Controls access to environment variables.
				
				
					
						
							 objects
      describe protected operations on environment variables. This permission
      distinguishes between the following types of access provided by :
						
							
								
									: Read 
         values from environment variables.
							
							
								
									: Write 
         values to environment variables. Also allows for creating and deleting values.
							
							
								
									: No 
         access to environment variables.
							
							
								
									: Full
         access to environment variables. Identical to specifying
       and 
      access.
							
						
						These access levels are independent, meaning that rights
   to one do not imply rights to another. For example, permission does not imply permission to
.  values 
   can be combined using a bitwise OR operator.
						The  class is
used to access environment variables, subject to the permissions defined by
. 
Environment variables are case-insensitive. 
					
					
					The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below in
   EBNF format. The following conventions are used: 
					
						
							
								All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in
         normal type.
							
						
						
							
								All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
         
         '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
         
         '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals or a
         mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
         
         '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
         expressions.
						
						
							
         
         '::=' denotes a production rule where a left hand
         non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
         non-literals or both.
						
					
					BuildVersion refers to the build version of the shipping
   CLI. This is specified as a dotted build number such as '2412.0' . 
					ECMAPubKeyToken ::= 
					
					 EnvironmentVariable refers to the name of a single environment variable,
   such as 'PROMPT'. 
					 The XML encoding of an
 instance
   is as follows: 
					
						EnvironmentPermissionXML ::=
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							BuildVersion
						
						
							
						
						
							ECMAPubKeyToken
						
						
							
						
						(
						
							
						
						) 
						| 
						( 
						(
EnvironmentVariable (
EnvironmentVariable)* )? 
						(EnvironmentVariable (
EnvironmentVariable)*  )? 
						) 
						
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.CodeAccessPermission
			
			
				
					System.Security.IPermission
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value.
						
							
								 The instance returned by this constructor has either
         fully restricted () or unrestricted
         () access to all environment
         variables.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the 
class with the specified access to
the specified environment variables.
						
						One of values defined by . 
						A  containing one or more case-insensitive environment variable names separated by . 
						
							
								 is . 
						
						
							
								 specifies a value not defined in . 
						
						
							The specified access is applied to all environment
   variables in .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  object
 containing the same values as the current instance.
						
						
							A new 
containing the
same values as the current instance.
						
						
							
								The object returned by this method represents the
 same level of access to the same environment variables as the current instance.
							
							This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Reconstructs the state of a  object
 using the specified XML encoding.
						
						A  instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a  object.
						
							 is .
						
							
								 does not contain the encoding for a  instance.
							The version number of  is not valid.
						
						
							The state of the current instance is changed to the
 state encoded in .
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object that is the intersection of
 the current instance and the specified object. 
						
						A  instance to intersect with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that
 represents the intersection of the current instance and . If the intersection is empty or 
 is , returns . If the current instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If
 is unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type . 
						
							
								The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the
 resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it
 represents the minimum permission such that any demand that passes both
 permissions will also pass their intersection.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance is a subset of the specified
      object.
						
						A  instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship.
						
							
								 if the
   current instance is a subset of 
   ; otherwise,. If the current instance is unrestricted, and  is
   not, returns . If  is
   unrestricted, returns . If
 is  and no environment variables are 
   secured by the current instance, returns . If target is
, and the current instance secures one or more environment 
   variables, returns .
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								The current instance is a subset of  if the current instance
      specifies a set of accesses to resources that is wholly contained by
   . For example, a permission that represents read access to a file
      is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the file. 
								If this method returns  , the current instance describes a
   level of access to a set of environment variables that is also described by
.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the XML encoding of the state of the current instance.
						
						
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  that is the union of the
 current instance and the specified object.
						
						A  instance to combine with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that represents the union
 of the current instance and  . If the current
 instance or  is unrestricted, returns a
 
instance that is unrestricted. If  is ,
returns a copy of the current instance via the  method.
If the current instance and  do not specify any environment
variables, returns 
.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								The result of a call to  is
 a permission that represents the access to
 environment variables represented by the current instance as well as the access to
 environment variables represented by . Any demand that passes either the current
 instance or  passes their union.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Represents access to
 environment variables.
				
				
					
						This enumeration is used by the 
class.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermissionAccess
					
					
					AllAccess
					
						

							Specifies read and write access to one or more environment variables.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermissionAccess
					
					
					NoAccess
					
						

							 Specifies no access to one or more environment variables.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermissionAccess
					
					
					Read
					
						

							 
      Specifies read access to one or more environment variables
							
								Changing, deleting and creating 
      environment variables is not included in this access level.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.EnvironmentPermissionAccess
					
					
					Write
					
						

							 Specifies write access to one or more environment variables. Write
      access includes creating and deleting environment variables as well as changing existing values.
							
								Reading environment variables is not 
      included in this access level.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Used to declaratively specify security actions to control
      access to environment variables.
				
				
					Environment variable names are case-insensitive. Multiple environment variable names are specified by separating the names
      using the 
      string.
					
						 The level of access to one or more environment variables is
         specified using the members of the current instance. For example, to specify
         read permissions for an environment variable, set the  property equal
         to the name of the environment variable.
						 The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the
         metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time.
         Security attributes are used for declarative security only. For imperative
         security, use the corresponding permission class, 
         .
						The allowable  targets are determined by the
    passed to the constructor.
					
				
				
					 The following example shows a declarative request for
      the ability to read the specified environment variables. The 
      security action indicates
      that this is the minimum permission required for the target assembly to be able
      to execute.
					
						[assembly:EnvironmentPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.RequestMinimum, Read="COMPUTERNAME;USERNAME;USERDOMAIN")]
   
					
					The following example shows how to demand that the
      calling code has unrestricted access to all environment variables. Demands are
      typically made in managed libraries to protect methods or classes from
      malicious code.
					
						[EnvironmentPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.Demand, Unrestricted=true)]
   
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.Permissions.CodeAccessSecurityAttribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
 with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Sets the environment variables for which full access is
 secured.
						
						
							A 
containing one or more environment variables for which full access is
secured.
						
						
							This property is write-only.
							Multiple environment variable names are specified by separating the names
 using the  string. Environment variable names are
 case-insensitive.
							
								The
 security action passed to the constructor of the current instance determines how the specified
 environment variables are secured. For example, if the action is  , then
 the target of the current instance requires full access to the specified variables
 in order to execute. If the action is ,
 then the system does not allow the target any access to the specified
 variables.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new 
    that
      contains the security information of the current instance.
						
						
							A new 
object with the security information of the current
instance.
						
						
							
								Applications typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the
         system.
								The security information described by a security attribute is stored in the
         metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. The
         system uses the object returned by this method to convert the security
         information of the current instance into the form stored in metadata.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the environment variables for which read access is
 secured.
						
						
							 A 
containing one or more environment variables for which read access is secured.
						
						
							Multiple environment variable names are specified by separating the names
 using the  string. Environment variable names are
 case-insensitive.
							
								The security action passed to the constructor of the current instance determines how
 the specified environment variables are secured. For example, if the action is
  , then the target
 of the current instance requires read access to the specified variables in order to
 execute. If the action is , then the
 system does not allow the target to read the specified
 variables.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets
 the environment variables for which write access is secured.
						
						
							 A  containing one or more environment variables for which write access is secured.
						
						
							Multiple environment variable names are specified by separating the names
 using the  string. Environment variable names are
 case-insensitive.
							
								The security action passed to the
 constructor of the current instance determines how the specified environment
 variables are secured. For example, if the action is  , then the target of
 the current instance requires write access to the specified variables in order
 to execute. If the action is ,
 then the system does not allow the target to write the specified
 variables.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					
						 is the
   base class
   for classes containing event data.
				
				
					
						This class contains no event data; it is used by events
         that do not pass state information to an event handler when an event is raised.
         If the event handler requires state information, the application must create a
         subclass of this class to hold the data. For example, the 
         class is used to hold the data for assembly load events, and contains a 
         object that describes the loaded assembly.
						For details on events, see .
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the
  class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.EventArgs
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  instance for use with events that have no state information.
   
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							Accessing this field is equivalent to calling the  constructor.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines the shape of methods that are called in response to an event.
				
				The object that raised the event.
				A  instance that contains the event data.
				
					
						 A  instance is used to specify the methods that
      are invoked in response to an event. To associate an instance of
    with an event, add the
    instance to the event. The methods referenced by the
   instance are invoked
      whenever the event is raised, until the
   
   instance is removed from the event. 
						If the event does not generate data, applications use the base
   class  for the event data object
. For more information, see .
					
					
						 For additional
   information about events, see Partitions I and II of the CLI Specification. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Delegate
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
			
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents errors that occur during application execution. 
				
				
					 This class is
      the base class for all Exceptions.
					When an error occurs, either the system or the currently executing
      application reports it by throwing an Exception containing information about the
      error. Once thrown, an Exception is handled by the application or by the default
      exception handler.
					
						For a description of the exception handling model,
      see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
					
					
						If an application handles exceptions that occur during the execution of a
      block of application code, the code is required to be placed within a
    statement. Application code within a  statement is a 
      . Application code that handles Exceptions thrown by a
      try block is placed within a  statement, and is
      called a 
      . Zero or more catch blocks are associated with a try block, and each
      catch block includes a type filter that determines the types of Exceptions it
      handles. 
						When an Exception occurs in a try block, the system
      searches the associated catch blocks in the order they appear in application
      code, until it locates a catch block that handles the Exception. A catch block
      handles an exception of type , if the type filter of the catch block
      specifies  or any type that 
      
      derives from. The system stops searching after it finds the first catch block
      that handles the Exception. For this reason, in application code, a catch block
      that handles a type must be specified before a catch block that handles its base
      types, as demonstrated in the example that follows this section. A catch block
      that handles  is specified last.
						If the catch blocks associated with the current try block do not handle the
      Exception, and the current try block is nested within other try blocks in the
      current call, the catch blocks associated with the next enclosing try block are
      searched. If no catch block for the Exception is found, the system searches
      previous nesting levels in the current call. If no catch block for the Exception
      is found in the current call, the Exception is passed up the call stack, and the
      previous stack frame is searched for a catch block that handles the Exception.
      The search of the call stack continues until the Exception is handled or there
      are no more frames in the call stack. If the top of the call stack is reached
      without finding a catch block that handles the Exception, the default exception
      handler handles it and the application terminates.
					
					
						 types support the following features:
					
						
							
      Human-readable text that describes the error. See  property.
							
						
						
							
      The state of the call stack when the Exception was thrown. See the  property.
							
						
						
							
      When there is a causal relationship between two or more Exceptions, this
      information is maintained via the  property.
						
					
					The Base Class Library provides two types that inherit 
   directly from 
   :
					
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
					
					
						Most user-defined
   exceptions derive from . For more information, see
 
and 
.
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates a catch block that is
      defined to handle  errors. This catch block also catches 
      errors because  derives from , and there is no catch block explicitly
      defined for  errors.
					using System;
class ExceptionTestClass {
 public static void Main() {
 int x = 0;
 try {
 int y = 100/x;
 }
 catch (ArithmeticException e) {
 Console.WriteLine("ArithmeticException Handler: {0}", e.ToString());
 }
 catch (Exception e) {
 Console.WriteLine("Generic Exception Handler: {0}", e.ToString());
 }
 } 
}
   
					The output is
					
ArithmeticException Handler: System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero.
   at ExceptionTestClass.Main()
 
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a 
   system-supplied message that describes the error and takes into account the
   current system culture. The  property is initialized to
 and the  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to
 and the  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using
, and the  property using 
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Exception
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the  that is the root cause of one or more subsequent Exceptions.
						
						
							Returns the first Exception thrown in a chain of
      Exceptions. If the  property
      of the current Exception is  , returns the current Exception.
						
						
							
								A chain of
      Exceptions consists of a set of Exceptions such that each Exception in the chain
      was thrown as a direct result of the Exception referenced in its 
      property. For a given chain, there can be exactly one Exception that is the root
      cause of all other Exceptions in the chain. This Exception is called the
      
									 and its 
property always contains a null reference.
							
							
								
   
   For all Exceptions in a chain of Exceptions, the  method is required to return the same object (the 
   ).
							
							
								
   The  method is overridden in classes
   that require control over the exception content or format.

							
							
								
   Use the  method when you want to find the root cause of an
   Exception but do not need information about Exceptions that may have
   occurred between the current Exception and the first Exception.

							
						
						
							The following example shows an implementation of the
       method.
							public virtual Exception GetBaseException() {
 Exception inner = InnerException;
 Exception back = this;
 while (inner != null) {
 back = inner;
 inner = inner.InnerException;
 }
 return back;
}
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Exception
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the  instance that caused the current Exception.
						
						
							An instance of  that describes the error that caused the current Exception.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								When an Exception
    is thrown as a direct result of a previous exception 
   , the  property of
 should contain a reference to 
.
							
							 The  property returns the same value as was passed 
into the constructor, or 
if the
inner exception value was not supplied to the constructor.
							
								Using the 
property, you can obtain the set of Exceptions that led to the current
Exception.  includes an
example that demonstrates this procedure.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates throwing and catching
      an Exception that references an inner Exception.
							using System;
public class MyAppException:ApplicationException {
 public MyAppException (String message) : base (message) {}
 public MyAppException (String message, Exception inner) : base(message,inner) {} 
}
public class ExceptExample {
 public void ThrowInner () {
 throw new MyAppException("ExceptExample inner exception");
 }
 public void CatchInner() {
 try {
 this.ThrowInner();
 }
 catch (Exception e) {
 throw new MyAppException("Error caused by trying ThrowInner.",e);
 }
 }
}
public class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 ExceptExample testInstance = new ExceptExample();
 try {
 testInstance.CatchInner();
 }
 catch(Exception e) {
 Console.WriteLine ("In Main catch block. Caught: {0}", e.Message);
 Console.WriteLine ("Inner Exception is {0}",e.InnerException);
 }
}
}
   
							The output is
							
In Main catch block. Caught: Error caused by trying ThrowInner.
Inner Exception is MyAppException: ExceptExample inner exception
   at ExceptExample.ThrowInner()
   at ExceptExample.CatchInner()
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  containing a message that describes the current Exception.
						
						
							A  that contains a detailed description of the error, or
. 
 This value is intended to be understood by humans.
						
						
							
								 The text of 
 should completely describe the error and should, when
 possible, explain how to correct it.
								 The value of the 
property is included in the information returned by 
.
							
							 
 This property is read-only.
							
								 The 
property is set
only when creating an Exception instance.
								 If no message was supplied to the constructor
 for the current instance, the system supplies a default message that is
 formatted using the current system culture.
							
							
								 The 
property is overridden in classes that require
control over message content or format.
							
							
								 Application code typically
 accesses this property when there is a need to display information about
 an exception that has been caught.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  representation of the frames on the call stack at the time the
 current Exception was thrown.
						
						
							A  that describes the contents of the call stack.
						
						
							
								
									
may not report as many method calls as expected, due to code transformations, such
as inlining, that occur during optimization.
							
							 
 This property is read-only.
							
								The format of the information returned by this property
 is required to be identical to the format of the information returned by 
 
 .
							
							
								The 
property is overridden in classes that require control over
the stack trace content or format.
							
							
								Use the 
property to obtain a string representation of the contents of the call stack at
the time the exception was thrown.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Creates and returns a 
representation of the current
Exception.
						
						
							A 
representation of the current Exception.
						
						
							
								
									 returns a representation of the current
      Exception that is intended to be understood by humans. Where the Exception
      contains culture-sensitive data, the string representation returned by  is
      required to take into account the current system culture.  Although there are no exact requirements for the
      format of the returned string, it should as much as possible reflect the value
      of the object as perceived by the user.
								
								
									This method
      overrides .
								
							
							
								 The  implementation obtains the fully
   qualified name of the current Exception, the message, the result of calling
 on the inner exception, and the result of calling 
. If any of these 
   members is  or equal to  , its value is not
   included in the returned string.
							
							
								 It is recommended, but not required, that  be
   overridden to return information about members declared in the derived class.
   For example, the  class overrides  so
   that it returns the value of the  property, if that value is not
 .
							
							
								 Use the  method to obtain a string
   representation of an Exception.
							
						
						
							The following example causes an Exception and displays
      the result of calling  on that Exception.
							using System;
public class MyClass {}
public class ArgExceptionExample {
 public static void Main() {
 MyClass my = new MyClass();
 string s = "sometext";
 try {
 int i = s.CompareTo(my);
 }
 catch (Exception e) {
 Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e.ToString());
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
Error: System.ArgumentException: Object must be of type String.
   at System.String.CompareTo(Object value)
   at ArgExceptionExample.Main()
 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents an internal error in the execution engine.
				
				
					
						Execution engine errors are fatal errors that should
         never occur. Such errors occur mainly when the execution engine has been corrupted or data
         is missing.
						The system can throw this exception at any time. When possible, the system
         throws an exception that provides more information than the 
         exception.
						For information on conditions under
         which the CLI throws  exceptions, see Partition II of the CLI
         Specification.
         
						Applications should not throw . 
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "Internal error occurred." This
   message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides information and performs operations on
      files
      .
					
				
				
					Implementations of this class are required to
      preserve the case of path strings. Implementations are required to be case
      sensitive if and only if the platform is case-sensitive. 
					The following table describes the enumerations that are
      used to customize the behavior of various  methods.
					
						
							Enumeration
							Description
						
						
							
								
							
							Specifies read and write access to a
         file.
						
						
							
								
							
							Specifies the level of access permitted for a file that is already in
      use.
						
						
							
								
							
							Specifies whether the contents of an existing file are preserved or
   overwritten, and whether requests to create an existing file cause an
   exception.
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.StreamWriter
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Appends UTF-8 encoded text to an existing file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to append to.
						
							A  that appends UTF-8 encoded text to the
   specified file.
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method is equivalent to  (, 
). If the file specified by  does not exist, it is created. If the file does
exist, writes to the  append
text to the
file. Additional threads are permitted to read the file while it is
open.
							The  argument is permitted
to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is
interpreted as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						 Requires permission to write the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies the specified file to a new location.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to copy.
						A  containing the name of the destination file. Cannot specify a directory or an existing file.
						
							
								or is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. 
							-or-
							
								or  specifies a directory.
						
						
							or is . 
						Directory information in  or  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						
							
								 exists.
							-or-
							 An I/O error occurred.
						
						The length or the absolute path information for  or  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The and  arguments are permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the source file and write the destination file. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Copies the specified file to a new location.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to copy.
						A  containing the name of the destination file. Cannot specify the name of a directory.
						A  value. Specify  if the destination file can be overwritten; otherwise .
						
							
								 or  is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more invalid characters.
							-or-
							
								 or  specifies a directory.
						
						
							or is . 
						Directory information in  or  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						
							
								 is read-only (write-protected), or  exists and  is  .
							-or-
							 An I/O error occurred.
						
						The length or the absolute path information for  or  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The and  arguments are
   permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path
   information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory.
   To obtain the current working directory,
      see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the source file and write the destination file. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Creates or overwrites the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file.
						
							A  that provides read/write access to the specified file.
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							 specified a file that is read-only (write-protected).
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while creating the file.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							If the specified file does not exist, it is created; if it does exist and it is not read-only, the
   contents are overwritten.
							The 
argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path
information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current
working directory. To obtain the current
working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to write the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Creates or overwrites the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file.
						A  containing the number of bytes buffered for reads and writes to the file.
						
							A  that provides read/write access to the specified file.
						
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							 is .
						
							 specified a file that is read-only (write-protected).
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while creating the file.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							 This method is equivalent to  (, , ,

, ).
							 If the specified file does not exist, it is created; if it does exist and it is
   not read-only, the contents are
   overwritten.
							The 
argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path
information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current
working directory. To obtain the current
working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to write the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.StreamWriter
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Creates or opens a new file for writing UTF-8 encoded text.
						
						The file to be opened for writing.
						
							A  that writes to the specified file using UTF-8 encoding.
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method is equivalent to  (, 
). If the file specified by 
does not exist, it is created. If
the file does exist, its contents are overwritten. Additional threads are permitted
to read the file while it is open. 
							The 
argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path
information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current
working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
						
						Requires permission to write the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Deletes the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to be deleted.
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							is .
						
							 identifies a directory.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The 
argument is permitted to specify relative or absolute path
information. Relative path information is interpreted as relative to the current
working directory. To obtain the current
working directory, see .
							
							
								Some implementations may throw  to cover such platform-specific conditions as "file in use".
							
						
						Requires permission to write to the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  indicating whether the specified file exists.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to check.
						
							
								if the caller
   has the required permissions and  contains the name of an existing file; otherwise, . If  is  or a
   zero-length string, returns .
						
						
							If the caller does not have sufficient permissions to
      read the specified file, no exception is thrown and the method returns  regardless of the existence of .
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the creation date and time of the specified file or directory.
						
						A  containing the name of the file or directory for which to obtain creation date and time information.
						
							A  structure set
   to the creation date and time for the specified file or directory. This value is expressed in local time.
							Platforms that do not
   support this feature return .
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed.
						
						A  containing the name of the file or directory for which to obtain access date and time information.
						
							A  structure set to
   the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed. This value is expressed in local time.
							Platforms that do not
   support this feature return .
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to.
						
						A  containing the name of the file for which to obtain write date and time information.
						
							A  structure set to
   the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to. This value is expressed in local time.
							Platforms that do not
   support this feature return .
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the specified file or directory. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Moves the specified file to a new location.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to move.
						A  containing the name of the new location for the file.
						
							
								or is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. 
						
						
							or is . 
						The directory information in  or  was not found.
						
							was not found or specifies a directory.
						The destination file is read-only or  is a directory.
						The length or absolute path information for  or  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method does not throw an exception if the source and destination are the same.
							The and  arguments are
   permitted to specify relative or absolute path information. Relative path
   information is interpreted as relative to the current working directory.
   To obtain the current working directory,
      see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read from 
							and write to and . See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Opens a  on the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to open.
						A  value that specifies whether a file is created if one does not exist, and determines whether the contents of existing files are retained or overwritten.
						A  value that specifies the operations that can be performed on the file.
						A  value specifying the type of access other threads have to the file.
						
							A 
that provides access to the specified file.
						
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
							-or-
							
								 specified  and  specified , ,  or .
						
						
							 is .
						
							, , or  specified an invalid value.
						
							 specified a read-only file and  is not , or  specified a directory.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							 This method is equivalent to  (,
, , ).
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read and may also require permission to write the file. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Opens a  on
   the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to open.
						A  value that specifies whether a file is created if one does not exist, and determines whether the contents of existing files are retained or overwritten.
						A  value that specifies the operations that can be performed on the file.
						
							A 
that provides access to the specified file.
						
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
							-or-
							
								 specified  and  specified , ,  or .
						
						
							 is .
						
							 or  specified an invalid value.
						
							 specified a read-only file and  is not , or  specified a directory.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							 This method is equivalent to  (,
, ,  ).
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read and may also require permission to write the file. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Opens a  on the specified file
   with read/write access.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to open.
						A  value that specifies whether a file is created if one does not exist, and determines whether the contents of existing files are retained or overwritten.
						
							A  that provides read/write access to the specified file.
						
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							 is .
						
							 specified an invalid value.
						
							
								 specified a read-only file (this method attempts to open the file with read/write access).
							-or-
							 This operation is not supported on the current platform.
							-or-
							
								 specified a directory.
						
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							 This method is equivalent to  (,
, , 
 
).
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read and write the file. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Opens an
      existing file for reading.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to be opened for reading.
						
							 A read-only  containing the contents of the specified file.
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 specified a directory.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method is equivalent to  (, , ,
 ).
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to read the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.StreamReader
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Opens an existing UTF-8 encoded text file
      for reading.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to be opened for reading.
						
							A  containing the contents of the
   specified file.
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							 This method is equivalent to 
(). 
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to write to the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.FileStream
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Opens an
      existing file for writing.
						
						A  containing the name of the file to be opened for writing.
						
							A writable  that writes to the file specified by
.
						
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 specified a read-only file or a directory.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This method is equivalent to  (, , ,
 ).
							The  argument is permitted to specify
relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to write the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the creation date and time for the specified file.
						
						A  containing the name of the file for which to set the creation date and time information.
						A  containing the value to set for the creation date and time of . This value is expressed in local time.
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 specifies a value outside the range of date/times permitted for this operation.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						An I/O error occurred while performing the operation.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
							On platforms that do not support
   this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is supported, the range of dates that
   is valid for this operation
   is implementation-specific. 
						
						Requires permission to write to the specified file or directory. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the date and time the specified file was last accessed.
						
						A  containing the name of the file for which to set the access date and time information.
						A  containing the value to set for the access date and time of . This value is expressed in local time.
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
							On platforms that do not
   support this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is
   supported, the range of dates that is valid for this operation
   is implementation-specific. 
						
						Requires permission to write to the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the date and time a file was last written to.
						
						A  containing the name of the file for which to set the date and time information.
						A  containing the value to set for the last write date and time of . This value is expressed in local time.
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not found.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							The  argument is permitted to specify
   relative or absolute path information. Relative path information is interpreted
   as relative to the current working directory. To obtain the current working directory, see .
							
							On platforms that do not
   support this feature, this method has no effect. If this feature is
   supported, the range of dates that is valid for this operation
   is implementation-specific. 
						
						Requires permission to write to the specified file. See .
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines constants used to specify the level of file access being requested.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileAccess
					
					
					Read
					
						

							 Specifies read access for a file.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileAccess
					
					
					ReadWrite
					
						

							 
      Specifies read and write access for a file.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileAccess
					
					
					Write
					
						

							 Specifies write access for
      a file.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Secures access to files and directories.
				
				
					
						 objects describe protected
   operations on files and directories. Files and directories are specified using
   absolute paths. Case-sensitivity of files and directories is platform
   and file system dependent.
					
						 This permission distinguishes between the following types of file I/O
      access provided by :
						
							
								
									: Read 
         access to the contents of the file or access to information about the file,
         such as its length or last modification time.
							
							
								
									: Write 
         access to the contents of the file or access to change information about the
         file, such as its name. Also allows for deletion and overwriting.
							
							
								
									 : 
         Ability to write to the end of a file only.
							
							
								
									: 
         Ability to obtain path information about a file.
							
							
								
									: No 
         access to the file or directory.
							
							
								
									: Full
         access to the file or directory.
							
						
						 These access levels are independent, meaning that rights to one do not
   imply rights to another. For example, permission does not
   imply permission to  or . 
   
   values can be combined using a bitwise OR operator.
						For information on security considerations when accessing files, see  .
					
					The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below
   in EBNF format. The following conventions are used: 
					
						
							
								 All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal type.
							
						
						
							
								 All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					 The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
         '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
         '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
         '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
         '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals or a
         mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
         '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
         expressions.
						
						
							
         '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand
         non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
         non-literals or both.
						
					
					BuildVersion refers to the build version of the shipping CLI. This is
   specified as a dotted build number such as '2412.0' . 
					ECMAPubKeyToken ::= 
					
					 FileName refers to the full path and file name of a file, or to a path
   name, such as "C:\Temp\test.exe" or "C:\
". 
					The XML encoding of a  instance is as
follows:
					FileIOPermissionXML ::=
   
					
						
							
							
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							BuildVersion
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							ECMAPubKeyToken
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						( 
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						) 
					
					
						| 
					
					
						( 
					
					
						(FileName ( FileName )* ) ? 
					
					
						(FileName ( FileName )* ) ? 
					
					
						(FileName ( FileName )* ) ? 
					
					
						(FileName ( FileName )* ) ? 
					
					
						) 
					
					
						
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.CodeAccessPermission
			
			
				
					System.Security.IPermission
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value.
						
							
								This constructor creates either fully restricted
         () or
          access to files and directories.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified access
 to the specified file or directory.
						
						One or more values defined in . Specify multiple values using the bitwise OR operator.
						The absolute path of the file or directory.
						
							
								 specifies values not defined in . 
							
								 contains one or more characters that are invalid for use in files or directory names. 
							
								 did not specify the absolute path to the file or directory. 
						
						
							The set of characters that are invalid for use 
 in file or directory names is platform specific.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  object
   containing the same values as the current instance.
						
						
							A new  containing the
   same values as the current instance.
						
						
							
								The object returned by this method represents the same level of access
         to files and directories as the current instance.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
      support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reconstructs the state of a  object using the specified XML
 encoding.
						
						A  instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a  object.
						
							 is .
						
							
								 does not contain the encoding for a  instance.
							The version number of  is not valid.
						
						
							The state of the current instance is changed to the
 state encoded in .
							
								 For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object that is the intersection of
 the current instance and the specified object. 
						
						A  instance to intersect with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that
 represents the intersection of the current instance and . If the intersection is empty or 
 is , returns . If the current instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If
 is unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								 The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the
 resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it represents the minimum
 permission such that any demand that passes both permissions will also pass
 their intersection.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the 
 interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance is a subset of the specified
 object.
						
						A  instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship.
						
							
								 if the
 current instance is a subset of 
 ; otherwise,. If the current instance is unrestricted, and  is
 not, returns . If  is
 unrestricted, returns . If
 is  and no files or directories are secured 
 by the current instance, returns . If target is
, and the current instance secures one or more files or 
 directories, returns .
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								The current instance is a subset of  if the current instance
 specifies a set of accesses to resources that is wholly contained by
 . For example, a permission that represents read access to a file
 is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the file. 
								If this method returns  , the current instance
 describes a level of access to files and directories that is also described by
.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the XML encoding of the state of the current instance.
						
						
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  that is the union of the
 current instance and the specified object.
						
						A  instance to combine with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that represents the union
 of the current instance and  . If the current
 instance or  is unrestricted, returns a
 
instance that is unrestricted. If  is ,
returns a copy of the current instance via the  method.
If the current instance and  do not specify any file or
directory names, returns 
.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								The result of a call to  is a permission
 that represents all of
 the access to files and directories represented
 by the current instance as well as the access to files and
 directories represented by . Any demand that passes either the current
 instance or  passes their union.
								 This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the 
 interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Represents access to files and
 directories.
				
				
					
						This enumeration is used by the  class. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					AllAccess
					
						

							Specifies , 
, , and
 access to a file or directory.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					Append
					
						

							 Specifies append access to a file or directory. Append
 access includes the ability to create a new file or directory.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					NoAccess
					
						

							 Specifies no access to a file or directory.
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					PathDiscovery
					
						

							 Specifies access to the path information for a file or directory.  does not
 include access to the
 contents of a file or directory.
							
								This permission is used to protect
 sensitive information in the path, such as user names, as well as information
 about the directory structure revealed in the
 path. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					Read
					
						

 Specifies read access to a file or directory.

					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.FileIOPermissionAccess
					
					
					Write
					
						

							 Specifies write access to a file or
 directory. Write access includes deleting and overwriting files or directories.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Used to declaratively specify security actions to control
      access to files and directories.
				
				
					
						 The level of access to a file or directory is specified using the members of the
         current instance. For example, to specify read permissions for a file, set the
       property
         equal to the name of the file.
						 The security information declared by a
         security attribute is stored in the metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by
         the system at run-time. Security attributes are used for
         declarative security only. For imperative security, use the corresponding
         permission class, .
						The allowable  targets are
      determined by the  passed to the constructor.
					
					Case-sensitivity of file and directory names is
   platform dependent. The set of characters that are valid for use in file and
   directory names is determined by the current file system.
				
				
					The following example shows a declarative request for full access to the
      specified file. The  security action
      indicates that this is the minimum permission required for the target assembly
      to be able to execute.
					
						[assembly:FileIOPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.RequestMinimum, All="\\example\\sample.txt")]
   
					
					The following example shows how to demand that the
      calling code has unrestricted access to files and directories. Demands are
      typically made to protect methods or classes from malicious code. 
					
						[FileIOPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.Demand, Unrestricted=true)]
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.Permissions.CodeAccessSecurityAttribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
 with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Sets the name of a file or directory for which full access is
      secured.
						
						
							 A  containing
   the absolute path of the file or directory for which full access is secured.
						
						The path information specified for a set operation contains invalid characters or wild card specifiers.
						
							This property is write-only.
							
								This property sets
      full access for a single file or directory; use additional
   
   attributes to specify additional files
   and directories.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the name of a file or directory for which append access is secured.
						
						
							 A  containing
   the absolute path of the file or directory for which append access is secured.
						
						The path information specified for a set operation contains invalid characters or wild card specifiers.
						
							
								This property sets
      append access for a single file or directory; use additional
   
   attributes to specify additional files
   and directories.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  that contains the security
   information of the current instance.
						
						
							A new  object with the security
   information of the current instance.
						
						
							
								Applications typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the
         system.
								The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the
         metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. The
         system uses the object returned by this method to convert the security
         information of the current instance into the form stored in metadata.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the name of a file or directory for which path discovery
      access is secured.
						
						
							A  containing
   the absolute path of the file or directory for which access to the
   contents of the path is secured.
						
						The path information specified for a set operation contains invalid characters or wild card specifiers.
						
							
								 This property sets path discovery access for a single
         file or directory; use additional 
         attributes to specify additional files and
         directories.
								Path discovery controls access to the information in the path itself. This
         protects sensitive information in the path, such as user names, as well as
         information about the directory structure revealed in the path. This value does
         not secure access to files or folders represented by the path.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the name of a file or directory for which read access is
      secured.
						
						
							 A  containing
   the absolute path of the file or directory for which read access is secured.
						
						The path information specified for a set operation contains invalid characters or wild card specifiers.
						
							
								This property sets
      read access for a single file or directory; use additional
   
   attributes to specify
   additional files and directories.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the name of a
      file or directory for which write access is secured.
						
						
							 A  containing
   the absolute path of the file or directory for which write access is secured.
						
						The path information specified for a set operation contains invalid characters or wild card specifiers.
						
							
								This property sets
      write access for a single file or directory; use additional 
      attributes to
      specify additional files and directories.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when a  file is found
 but cannot be loaded.
				
				
					
						The  exception is thrown when
 the file fails to load because it cannot be located. If the file is located, but
 cannot be loaded due to insufficient permissions, a 
 is
 thrown.
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.IOException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
 new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as
 "Could not load the specified file." This message takes into account the current
 system culture.
							The  property and  property of the new instance are initialized to
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class with the specified error message.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							 The  property and  property of the new instance are initialized to
. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new
   instance using  and the  property using
. If  is , 
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property of the new 
instance is initialized to . 
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						A  containing the name of the file that was not loaded.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is , 
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							 The  property of the 
new instance is initialized to .
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored
   on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For
   example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access a physical
   device.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						A  containing the name of the file that was not loaded.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using , the  property using
, and the  property using 
. If  is , 
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored
   on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For
   example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access a physical
   device.
								For more information on inner exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the name of the file that caused the current exception.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the file that caused the
   current exception.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property returns the name of the file supplied to the constructor for the
      current instance, if any. If the file name was not specified or is a null
      reference, this property returns .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the error message that describes the current exception.
						
						
							A  containing a
   message that describes the error that caused the current exception.
						
						
							If the message supplied to the constructor for the current
      instance was not  ,
      
      this property returns that message. Otherwise, this property
      returns a system-supplied message that includes the name of the
      file that was not loaded, for example, "Unable to load file a
   ." (a  represents the value returned by .) If  is
   , this is indicated in the system-supplied
      message as "(null)". The system-supplied message takes into account the current system culture.
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property
      overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a string representation of the current exception.
						
						
							A  
representation of the current exception.
						
						
							The string representation returned by this method includes the value of the 
    property, the value 
      of the  property, the result of calling
    on the exception returned by , and the result of calling . 
      If any of these members is , its value is not included in
      the returned string.
							
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies how the operating system opens a file.
				
				
					
						 values specify whether a
   file is created if one does not exist, and determine whether the contents of existing
   files are retained or overwritten.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					Append
					
						

							 Requests a file be opened. If the file exists, its contents
      are preserved. This value is valid only for 
      access. Attempts to read from a file opened with 
      cause an
      exception.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					Create
					
						

							 Requests a new file be created if it does not exist. The 
      file contents are overwritten if it does exist. This value is equivalent to
      requesting that if the file does not exist, use ;
      otherwise, use .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					CreateNew
					
						

							 Requests a new file be created. An exception
      is thrown if the file already exists.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					Open
					
						

							Requests an existing file be opened. An exception is
      thrown if the file does not exist.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					OpenOrCreate
					
						

							 Requests a file be opened. The file is
      created if it does not exist.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileMode
					
					
					Truncate
					
						

							 Requests an existing file be opened; existing contents
      are deleted. This value is valid only for 
      access. Attempts to read from a file opened with 
      cause
      an exception.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when a file path
      argument specifies a file that does not exist.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      the 
      exception to be thrown.
					using System;
using System.IO;
class FileNotFoundExample {
    public static void Main () {
    string badPath = "/Eccma/examples/FileTest.cs";
    string goodPath = "/Ecma/examples2/FileTest.cs";
    try {
        File.Copy(badPath,goodPath);
    }
    catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
    Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}",e.Message);
    }
    }
}
   
					The output is
					
						Caught: Could not find file "/Eccma/examples/FileTest.cs".
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.IOException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that
describes the error, such as "Could not find the specified
file." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							
The  and  properties of the new instance are initialized
to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  and  properties of the new instance are initialized to
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property of the new instance is 
initialized to .
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						A  containing the name of the file that was not found.
						
							The constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is , 
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property of the new instance is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						The name of the file that was not found.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance using , the  property using
, and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the name of the file that cannot be found.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the file, or
 if no file
   name was passed to the constructor for the current instance.
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the error message that explains the reason for the exception.
						
						
							A  containing the
   error message. This string includes the  if a value for that property was supplied to the
   constructor for the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
representation of the current Exception. 
						
						
							 The string representation returned
      by this method includes the fully qualified name of the current Exception,
      the message, the result of calling  on the inner
      Exception, the file name, and the result of calling . Null values are omitted from the returned string.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example causes a  exception and displays the result
   of calling  on that Exception.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class FileNotFoundExample {
  public static void Main () {
    string badPath = "/Eccma/examples/FileTest.cs";
    string goodPath = "/Ecma/examples2/FileTest.cs";
    try {
        File.Copy(badPath,goodPath);
    }
    catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
        Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}",e.ToString());
    }
  }
}

							The output is 
							
Caught: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not find file "/Eccma/examples/FileTest.cs".
File name: "/Eccma/examples/FileTest.cs"
   at System.IO.__Error.WinIOError(Int32 errorCode, String str)
   at System.IO.File.InternalCopy(String sourceFileName, String destFileName,
      Boolean overwrite)
   at FileNotFoundExample.Main()
 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the level of
      access permitted for a file that is already in use.
				
				
					This enumeration is used to specify the way
      in which multiple threads access the same file. The level of access is set by the
      first thread that requests access to the file. For example, if a thread opens a
      file and specifies ,
      other
      threads are permitted to open the file for reading but not for writing.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileShare
					
					
					None
					
						

							 Specifies that the file may not be accessed by
      additional threads.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileShare
					
					
					Read
					
						

							 Specifies that additional threads can
      share read access to the file. This value does not determine whether such
      access is granted, however.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileShare
					
					
					ReadWrite
					
						

							 Specifies that additional threads can
      share read and/or write access to the file. This value does not determine whether
      such access is granted, however.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.FileShare
					
					
					Write
					
						

							 
      Specifies that additional threads can share write access to the file. This value does
      not determine whether such access is granted, however.
      
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Exposes a  around a file,
   supporting both synchronous and asynchronous read and write operations.
				
				
					
						 is used for reading and writing files on
   a file system, as well as other file-related operating system handles
   such as pipes, standard input, standard output. 
   buffers input and output for better performance.
					The 
class can open a file in one of two modes, either synchronously or
asynchronously, with significant performance consequences for the
synchronous methods ( and
) and the asynchronous
methods ( and
 ). Both sets 
of methods will work in either mode; however, the mode will affect the
performance of these methods.  defaults
to opening files synchronously, but provides a constructor to open
files asynchronously.
					 When accessing files, a security check is performed when
   the file is created or opened. The security check is typically not done again unless
   the file is closed and reopened. Checking
   permissions when the file is first accessed minimizes the impact of the security
   check on application performance (since opening a file happens once, while
   reading and writing can happen multiple times). Note that if an
opened file is passed to an untrusted caller, the security system can, but is
not required to prevent the caller from accessing the file.
					
						 objects support random access to files using the
 method, and the  properties 
of  instances encapsulating files are set to . The  method allows the
read/write position to be moved to any position within the file. This is done
with byte offset reference point parameters. The byte offset is relative to the
seek reference point, which can be the beginning, the current position, or the
end of the underlying file, as represented by the three values of the
 enumeration.
					If a  encapsulates a device that does not support
seeking, its  property is . For additional information, see .
					
					
						The
 class provides 
   methods for the creation of 
   objects
   based on file paths. The  class creates a stream from a byte array and
   functions similarly to a .
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates the use of a 
object.
					using System;
using System.IO;

class Directory {
   public static void Main(String[] args) { 
      FileStream fs = new FileStream("log.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write);
      StreamWriter w = new StreamWriter(fs);         
      w.BaseStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.End);   // Set the file pointer to the end.

      Log ("Test1", w);
      Log ("Test2", w);
 
      w.Close(); // Close the writer and underlying file.     

      fs = new FileStream("log.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Read);

      StreamReader r = new StreamReader(fs);        
      r.BaseStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);   
      DumpLog (r);
   }

   public static void Log (String logMessage, StreamWriter w) {
      w.Write("Log Entry : ");
      w.WriteLine("{0} {1}", DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString(), DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString());
      w.WriteLine(":");
      w.WriteLine(":{0}", logMessage);
      w.WriteLine ("-------------------------------");
      w.Flush();  
   }

   public static void DumpLog (StreamReader r) {
      while (r.Peek() > -1) { // While not at the end of the file, write to standard output.     
        Console.WriteLine(r.ReadLine());
      }

      r.Close();
   }
}

					Some example output is 
					
						Log Entry : 9:26:21 AM Friday, July 06, 2001
						:
						:Test1
						-------------------------------
						Log Entry : 9:26:21 AM Friday, July 06, 2001
						:
						:Test2
						-------------------------------
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.Stream
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  containing the relative or absolute path for the file that the new  object will encapsulate.
						A  value that determines how to open or create the file.
						A  value that determines how the file may be accessed by the  object. This parameter is used to specify the initial values of the  and  properties.
						A  value that determines how the file will be shared by processes.
						A  containing the desired buffer size in bytes.
						A  value that specifies whether to use asynchronous I/O or synchronous I/O. If the underlying operating system does not support asynchronous I/O, the  ignores this parameter and uses synchronous I/O.
						
							 is .
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								 is less than or equal to zero.
							-or-
							
								, , or contain an invalid value.
						
						
							
								 is  or , but the specified file cannot be found. If a different mode is specified and the file cannot be found, a new one is created.
						
						An I/O error occurred, such as specifying  and the file specified by  already exists.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						The directory information specified by  does not exist.
						The  requested is not permitted by the operating system for the specified .
						The length of  or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. 
						
							 This constructor sets read/write access to the file.
							
								
									 is not required to be a file
   stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams.
   For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access a
   physical device.
							
							
								 is  for all  objects
that encapsulate files. If indicates a device that does not support
seeking, the  property on the resulting  is required to be
. For additional information, see 
.
						
						Requires permission to read, write, and append to files. See , , and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  containing the relative or absolute path for the file that the current  object will encapsulate.
						A  constant that determines how to open or create the file.
						A  value that determines how the file may be accessed by the  object. This parameter is used to specify the initial values of the  and  properties. For additional information, see  and  .
						A  constant that determines how the file will be shared by processes.
						A  containing the desired buffer size in bytes.
						The  parameter is .
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								 is less than or equal to zero.
							-or-
							
								, , or contain an invalid value.
						
						
							
								 is  or  , but the specified file cannot be found. If a different mode is specified and the file cannot be found, a new one is created.
						
						An I/O error occurred, such as specifying  and the file specified by  already exists.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						The directory information specified in  does not exist.
						The  requested is not permitted by the operating system for the specified .
						The length of  or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. 
						
							
								
									 is not required to be a
   file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
   streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
   a physical device.
							
							
								 is
 for all  objects that encapsulate files. If indicates a device that does not support seeking, the 
property on the resulting  is required to be . For additional
information, see 
.
						
						Requires permission to read, write, and append to files. See , , and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   with the specified path, creation mode, access type, and
   sharing permission.
						
						A  containing relative or absolute path for the file that the current  object will encapsulate.
						A  value that determines how to open or create the file.
						A  value that determines how the file may be accessed by the  object. This parameter is used to specify the initial values of the  and  properties. For additional information, see  and .
						A  value that determines how the file will be shared by processes.
						
							 is .
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								 is  or  , but the specified file cannot be found. If a different mode is specified and the file cannot be found, a new one is created.
						
						An I/O error occurred, such as specifying  and the file specified by  already exists.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						The directory information specified by  does not exist.
						The  requested is not permitted by the operating system for the specified .
						The length of  or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. 
						
							
								, , or contains an invalid value. 
						
						
							 This constructor sets read/write access to the file.
							
								
									 is not required to be a
   file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
   streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
   a physical device.
							
							
								 is
 for all  objects that encapsulate files. If indicates a device that does not support seeking, the 
property on the resulting  is required to be . For additional
information, see 
.
						
						Requires permission to read, write, and append to files. See , , and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class with the specified path, creation mode, and access
type.
						
						A  containing the relative or absolute path for the file that the current  object will encapsulate.
						A  value that determines how to open or create the file.
						A  value that determines how the file may be accessed by the  object. This parameter is used to specify the initial values of the  and  properties.
						
							 is .
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								 is  or  , but the specified file was not found. If a different mode is specified and the file was not found, a new one is created.
						
						An I/O error occurred, such as specifying  when the file specified by  already exists.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						The directory information specified by  does not exist.
						The  requested is not permitted by the operating system for the specified .
						The length of  or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. 
						
							
								 or  contain an invalid value. 
						
						
							 This constructor sets read/write access to the file. Requests to open the
      file for writing by the current or another thread will fail until the  object has
      been closed. Read attempts will succeed.
							
								
									 is not required to be a
   file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
   streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
   a physical device.
							
							
								 is
 for all  objects that encapsulate files. If indicates a device that does not support seeking, the 
property on the resulting  is required to be . For additional
information, see 
.
						
						Requires permission to read, write, and append to files. See , , and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class with the specified path and creation mode.
						
						A  containing the relative or absolute path for the file that the current  object will encapsulate.
						A  value that determines how to open or create the file.
						
							is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 is .
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							
								 is  or , but the specified file cannot be found. If a different mode is specified and the file cannot be found, a new one is created.
						
						An I/O error occurred, such as specifying  when the file specified by  already exists.
						The directory information specified in  does not exist.
						The length of  or the absolute path information for exceeds the system-defined maximum length. 
						
							
								 contains an invalid value. 
						
						
							This constructor sets  access to the file, and the  and
 properties of the current instance are set to 
 .
							
								
									 is not required to be a
file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
a physical device.
							
							
								 is
 for all  objects that encapsulate files. If specifies a device that does not support seeking, the 
property of the resulting  is required to be . For additional
information, see  .

							
							 Requests to open the
   file for writing by the current or another thread will fail until the  object has been closed.
   Read attempts
   will succeed.
						
						Requires permission to read, write, and append to files. See , , and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous read.
						
						A  array that specifies the buffer to read data into.
						A  containing the zero based byte offset in  at which to begin writing data read from the stream.
						A  containing the maximum number of bytes to read.
						A  delegate that references the method to be called when the asynchronous read operation is completed.
						An application-defined object containing the status of the asynchronous read.
						
							A  that references the asynchronous read.
						
						The sum of 
							 is greater than the length of .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative. 
						The asynchronous read operation attempted to read past the end of the file.
						
							 To determine the number of bytes read, call
    with the returned
   .
							Multiple simultaneous asynchronous requests render the
      request completion order uncertain.
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current
   instance supports reading. For additional information, see .
								This method overrides . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous write operation.
						
						A  array buffer containing data to write to the current stream.
						A  containing the zero-based byte offset in , which marks the beginning of the data to written to the current stream.
						A  containing the maximum number of bytes to write.
						A  delegate that references the method to be called when the asynchronous write operation is completed.
						An application-defined object containing the status of the asynchronous write.
						
							A  that references the asynchronous write.
						
						The sum of 
							 is greater than the length of .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						The stream does not support writing. 
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							Multiple simultaneous asynchronous requests render the request completion
      order uncertain.
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current
      instance supports writing. For additional information, see .
      
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports reading.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports reading;
 if the stream is
   closed or was opened with write-only
   access.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property overrides .
								If a class derived from  does not support reading,
   the  method throws a 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports seeking.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports seeking;
 if the stream is 
   closed or if the  was constructed from an
   operating-system handle such as a pipe or output to the console.
						
						
							
								If a class derived from 
   does not support seeking, a call to  (both  and

), , or  throws a

.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports writing.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports writing;
 if the stream is
   closed or was opened with read-only access.
						
						
							If a class derived from  does not support writing, a call to  or 
 will throw a

.
							
								This property 
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the file and releases any resources associated with
      the current file stream.
						
						
							This method is
      equivalent to ().
							Any data previously written to the buffer is copied to the file
      before the file stream is closed, so it is not necessary to call  before
      invoking . Following a call to , any operations on the file stream
      might raise exceptions. Invoking this method on the
      same instance multiple times does not result in an exception.
							
								The 
method invokes so that the file stream is closed
before the garbage collector finalizes the object. However, objects writing to
the , such as a , might not have flushed
the data from their internal buffers to the  when the call to  closes
the stream. To prevent data loss, always call  on the highest-level object.
							
							
								
   
   This method overrides .

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						Specify  to release both managed and unmanaged resources, or specify  to release only unmanaged resources.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this  references.
							
								
									
may be called multiple times by other objects. When overriding
(), be careful not to reference objects 
that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends a pending asynchronous read request, and blocks until
      the read request has completed.
						
						The  object for the pending asynchronous request.
						
							 A  containing the number of
   bytes read from the stream. Returns 0 only if the end of the file has
   been reached, otherwise, this method blocks until at least one byte is available.
						
						
							 is .
						
							 was not returned by a call to .
						
							 was called multiple times with  .
						
							
								 will
   block until the I/O operation has completed.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous write, blocking until the I/O operation
      has completed.
						
						The  object for the pending asynchronous request.
						
							 is .
						
							 was not returned by a call to .
						
							 was called multiple times with  .
						
							
								 will block
   until the I/O operation has completed.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases the resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							
								 
closes the .
							
								Application code does not call this method; it is automatically invoked by 
      during garbage collection unless finalization by the garbage collector has been
      disabled. For more information, see , and .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Updates the underlying file with the current state of the buffer and
      subsequently clears the buffer.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						The current instance has already been closed.
						
							A  buffer can be 
   used either for reading or writing. If data was copied to the buffer for
   writing, it is written to the file and the buffer is
   cleared. 
							If data was copied to the buffer for reading, and the
 property is , the current 
   position within the file is decremented by the number of unread bytes in the
   buffer. The buffer is then cleared. 
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current
   instance was opened asynchronously or
   synchronously.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current
 was opened
   asynchronously; otherwise, .
						
						
							
								This property is
      read-only.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets the length in bytes of the stream.
						
						
							A  value containing the length of the stream in bytes.
						
						
							 for this stream is .
						An I/O error occurred, such as the file being closed.
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the current
      position of this stream.
						
						
							 A  containing the current position of this stream.
						
						The current stream does not support seeking.
						An I/O error occurred.
						Attempted seeking past the end of a stream that does not support this.
						The value specified for a set operation is negative.
						
							The position cannot be set to more than
      one byte beyond the end of the stream.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Reads a block of bytes from the stream and returns the data in
      the specified buffer.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, the bytes between and  in  are replaced by the bytes read from the current stream.
						A  containing the byte offset in  at which to begin writing data read from the current stream.
						A  containing maximum number of bytes to read.
						
							 A  containing the total number of bytes
   read into the buffer, or zero if the end of the stream is reached.
						
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						The current stream does not support reading.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							 +  is greater than the length of .
						The current stream is closed.
						
							The  method returns zero only after reaching
   the end of the stream. Otherwise,  always reads at least one byte from the
   stream before returning. If no data is available from the stream, this method
   blocks until at least one byte of data can be returned.
							If the read operation is successful, the current position
   of the stream is advanced by the number of bytes read. If
   an exception occurs, the current position of the stream is unchanged.
							
								Use the  property to determine
whether the current instance supports reading. For additional information, see
.
							
							
								This method overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Reads a byte from the file
      and advances the read position one byte.
						
						
							The byte cast to a , or -1 if the end of
   the stream has been reached.
						
						The current stream is closed.
						The current stream does not support reading.
						
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current 
      instance supports reading. For additional information, see .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the current position of the current stream to the specified value.
						
						A  containing the position relative to  from which to begin seeking.
						A  value specifying the beginning, the end, or the current position as a reference point for 
						
						
							A  containing the new position in the stream.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						The stream does not support seeking.
						Attempted seeking before the beginning of the stream or to more than one byte past the end of the stream.
						The current stream is closed.
						
							
								Use the 
property to determine whether the current instance supports seeking. For
additional information, see 
.
							
							
								The position cannot be set to more than
   one byte beyond the end of the stream.
							
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Sets the length of
      the current stream to the specified value.
						
						A  that specifies the new length of the stream.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						The current stream does not support writing and seeking.
						
							 is less than zero.
						
							If  is less than the current length of the 
   stream, the stream is truncated. If 
   is greater than the current length of
   the stream, the stream is expanded, and the contents of the stream between
   the old and the new length are undefined. A stream is required to support
   both writing and seeking to implement .
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current
   instance supports writing, and the  property to determine whether
   seeking is supported. For additional information, see  and  .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes a block of bytes from a specified byte array to
      the current stream.
						
						The  array to read.
						A  that specifies the byte offset in  at which to begin reading.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to write to the current stream.
						
							 is .
						
							+  is greater than the length of .
						
							 or  is negative.
						An I/O error occurred.
						The current stream does not support writing.
						
							If the write operation is successful, the current position of the stream is
      advanced by the number of bytes written. If an exception occurs, the current
      position of the stream is unchanged.
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current
      instance supports writing. For additional information, see .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a byte to the current position in the file stream.
						
						A  to write to the stream.
						The current stream is closed.
						The current stream does not support writing.
						
							
								Use 
method to write a byte to a 
efficiently.
							
							
								Use the  property to determine whether the current
   instance supports writing. For additional information, see .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Indicates that the  targeted by the current attribute is declared as a bit-field.
				
				
					 The  class provides the consumer of a  the information that the
   enumeration is to be used as a bit-field. Additionally, when formatting a , using the  causes a value that is a bitwise OR combination of
   multiple fields to print correctly.
					
						 Bit-fields are generally used for lists of
      elements that might occur in combination; whereas enumeration constants are
      generally used for lists of mutually exclusive elements. Therefore, bit-fields
      are designed to be combined with the bitwise OR operator to generate unnamed
      values, whereas enumerated constants are not. Languages
      vary in their usage of bit-fields compared to enumeration constants.
						This attribute can only be applied to enumerations.
					
				
				
					 The following example demonstrates the use of
       on the formatting of a
      . With this attribute, the  enumeration is used as a bit-field, and the value 3 (Top
      | Left) is considered a valid value for the enumeration when formatting. Without this
      attribute, the enumeration  is not used as a
      bit-field, and the value 3 (Red | Blue) is not considered a valid value for the
      enumeration when formatting.
					
using System;
[FlagsAttribute()] 
public enum Position { 

  Top = 0x1, 
  Left = 0x2, 
  Bottom = 0x4, 
  Right = 0x8 
} 

//enum Color declared without FlagsAttribute 
public enum Color { 

  Red = 0x1, 
  Blue = 0x2, 
  Yellow = 0x4 
} 

public class enumFormat { 

  public static void Main() { 

    Position p = Position.Top | Position.Left; 
    Console.WriteLine("Position: {0}", p); 
    Color c = Color.Red | Color.Blue; 
    Console.WriteLine("Color: {0}", c); 
  } 
} 
      
					The output is
					
						Position: Top, Left
						Color: 3
					
				
			
			
				System.Attribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Enum, AllowMultiple=false, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class.
 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents errors caused by
      passing incorrectly formatted arguments or invalid format specifiers to methods.
				
				
					
						
							 is thrown from 
methods when a  being parsed contains characters that are not valid
according to the specified style (passed via the 
parameter) or default
style.  is thrown from  methods when a format specifier
(passed via the 
parameter) is not a valid format for the
type of the current instance.
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the
error, such as "Invalid format." This message takes into account the current
system culture. The  property is initialized to
 .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using
 . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 
   The  property is initialized to
 .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using

, and the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides a mechanism for programmatic control of
      the garbage collector.
				
				
					
						The 
							 is responsible for tracking and reclaiming
   objects allocated in managed memory. Periodically, the garbage collector
   performs a garbage collection to reclaim memory allocated to objects for which
   there are no valid references. Garbage collections happen automatically when a
   request for memory cannot be satisfied using available free memory. 
						A garbage collection consists of the following
   steps:
   
						
							
								
      The garbage collector searches for managed objects
      that are referenced in managed code.
							
							
								
      The garbage collector attempts to finalize
      unreferenced objects.
							
							
								
      The garbage collector frees unreferenced objects and reclaims their
      memory.
							
						
						During a collection, the garbage collector will not free an object if it
   finds one or more references to the object in managed code. However, the garbage
   collector does not recognize references to an object from unmanaged code, and
   may free objects that are being used exclusively in unmanaged code unless
   explicitly prevented from doing so. The  method provides a mechanism that
   prevents the garbage collector from collecting objects that are still in use in
   unmanaged code.
						Implementations of the garbage collector should track the following
      information:
						
							
								
         Memory allocated to objects that are still in use
							
							
								
         Memory allocated to objects that are no longer in use
							
							
								
         Objects that require finalization prior to being
         freed
							
						
						Other than managed memory allocations, implementations
   of the garbage collector should not maintain information about resources held by
   an object, such as file handles or database connections. When a type uses
   unmanaged resources that must be released before instances of the type are
   reclaimed, the type should implement a 
   
   . In most cases, finalizers are implemented by
   overriding the  method; however, types written in C# or C++ implement
   destructors, which compilers turn into an override of
. 
						In most cases, if an object has a finalizer, the garbage collector calls it
   prior to freeing the object. However, the garbage collector is not required to
   call finalizers in all situations. Also, the garbage collector is not required
   to use a specific thread to finalize objects, or guarantee the order in which
   finalizers are called for objects that reference each other but are otherwise
   available for garbage collection. 
						In scenarios where resources must be released at a specific time, classes
   should implement the  interface, which contains a single method ()
   that is used to perform resource management and cleanup tasks. Classes that
   implement  must specify, as part of their class contract, if and when class
   consumers call the method to clean up the object. The garbage collector does
   not, by default, call the  method; however, implementations of the
 method can call methods in the  class to customize the finalization
   behavior of the garbage collector.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Creates a reference to the specified
      object.
						
						A  that is not to be reclaimed by the garbage collector.
						
							The purpose of the 
method is to ensure the existence of
a reference to an object that is at risk of being reclaimed by the
garbage collector prematurely.
							The 
method performs no operations and does not produce
any side effects.
							This method is required to be implemented in
   such a way as to prevent optimizing tools from omitting the method call from
   the executable code.
							During program execution, after the call to the  method is
executed, if there are no additional references to  in managed code
or data, 
is eligible
for garbage collection.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Requests that the specified object be added to the list
      of objects that require finalization.
						
						The  to add to the set of objects that require finalization.
						
							 is a  reference.
						The caller of this method is not the same as the object passed to this method.
						
							The  method adds  to the list of
   objects that request finalization before the garbage collector frees the object.
 is required to be the caller of this
   method.
							Calling the  method 
does not guarantee that the garbage collector will call an object's finalizer.
 For more information, see
 
.
							
							
								By default, all
   objects that implement finalizers are added to the list of objects that require
   finalization; however, an object may have already been finalized, or may have
   disabled finalization by calling the 
   method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Instructs the garbage collector not to call the  method on the specified
   object.
						
						The  whose  method will not be called.
						
							 is a  reference.
						The caller of this method is not the same as the object passed to this method.
						
							The method removes  from the set of objects
   that require finalization.  is required to be the caller of this
   method.
							
								Objects that
   implement the  interface should call this method from the 
   method to prevent the garbage collector from calling  on an
   object that does not require it.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Suspends the current thread until the set of objects
 waiting for finalization is empty.
						
						
							
								 

blocks an application until all objects that are awaiting
finalization have been finalized.
							When the garbage collector finds objects that can be 
 reclaimed, it checks each object to determine the object's finalization
 requirements. If an object implements a finalizer and has not disabled
 finalization by calling , the object is passed to the thread
 that handles finalization. The 
 
 method blocks until all finalizers
 have run to completion.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This class is safe for multiple readers and a single writer.
			
				

					 Represents a hash table.
				
				
					 A  represents a
   dictionary with a constant lookup time that contains entries of associated keys
   and values. The type of each entry in a  is . A statement that exposes each element in the
   collection is required to iterate over this type. See
   example.
					
					Objects used as keys in a  is required
to either implement both  and  or neither. Furthermore, for a particular key, these methods are required to produce the same results when called with
the same parameters while that key exists in a particular  . Keys cannot be mutated while they are
used in the table.
					 Every key in a  is required to be unique compared to every other key
in the table. An object that implements  can determine whether two keys are unequal.
The default comparer for a key is the key's implementation of
.
					Each value in a  is required to provide its own hash function, which
can be accessed by calling . Alternatively, if an object that implements
 is 
passed to a  constructor, the custom hash
function provided by that object is used for every value in the table.
					
						 The default capacity (i.e. the default number of entries that can be contained) of a  is
   zero.
						 When an entry is added to the , the entry is placed
into a bucket based on the hash code obtained from the  implementation of the table, or
the  if no
specific 
was provided. Subsequent lookups of
the key use the hash code of the key to search in only one particular bucket,
substantially reducing the number of key comparisons required to find an entry.
						As entries are added to a , and the maximum capacity of the table is
reached, the number of buckets in the table is automatically increased to the
smallest prime number that is larger than twice the current number of
buckets.
						A  can
safely support
one writer and multiple readers concurrently. To support multiple writers,
all operations
are required to be done through the wrapper returned by the  method.
					
				
				
					 The following example shows
      how to iterate over the elements of a .
					
						[C#]
						foreach (DictionaryEntry myEntry in
         myHashtable)
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.Collections.IDictionary
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.ICollection
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Item")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   using the values of the specified , the specified , and the specified .
						
						The  used to initialize the elements of the new instance.
						
							The  that supplies the hash codes for all keys in the new instance; or,  to use the default hash code provider.
						
						
							The  to use to determine whether two keys are equal in the new instance, or  to use the default comparer.
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The initial capacity of the new
      instance is set to the number of entries in .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class using
   the values of the specified .
						
						The  used to initialize the elements of the new instance.
						
							 is .
						
							The initial capacity of the new instance is set to the
      number of entries in . The new instance is initialized with the default
    and .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified initial capacity, the specified
, and the specified .
						
						A  that specifies the number of entries that the new  instance can initially contain. 
						
							The  that supplies the hash codes for all keys in the ; or,  to use the default hash code provider.
						
						
							The  to use to determine whether two keys are equal, or  to use the default comparer.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified  and the specified .
						
						
							The  that supplies the hash codes for all keys in the ; or,  to use the default hash code provider.
						
						
							The  to use to determine whether two keys are equal; or,  to use the default comparer.
						
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default capacity.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class with the specified initial capacity.
						
						A  that specifies the number of entries that the new  instance can initially contain. 
						
							 < 0. 
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default  and .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default
 capacity, , and .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds an entry with the specified key and value into the
      current instance.
						
						The key of the entry to add.
						The value of the entry to add.
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							An entry with the same key already exists in the current instance.
						
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Removes all entries from the current instance.
						
						The current instance is read-only.
						
							
								This method is implemented to support
      the  interface.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The value of each key and value in the current instance is set to
      . The  property of the current instance 
         is set to zero. The capacity of the current instance remains
         unchanged.
								If the current instance is empty, it remains unchanged and no exception is
         thrown.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Creates a 
that is a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
that is a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							
								This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
							
								This method creates a new  instance is initialized with the same count,
 implementation, and  implementation 
as the current instance. The references to the objects contained by the current
instance are copied to the new instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance contains the specified key.
						
						The key to locate in the current instance.
						
							
								
if the current instance contains ; otherwise, .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							
								This method is implemented to support the  
interface.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								
 This method is equivalent to .
							
							
								 
 For the default implementation, this method has a constant (O(1)) lookup time.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance contains an entry with the specified key.
						
						The key of the entry to locate in the current instance.
						
							
								 if
 the current instance contains an entry with ; otherwise, .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								
 This method uses  to compare  to the keys in the current instance.
 
							
							
								For the default implementation, this method has a constant (O(1)) lookup
 time.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance contains an entry with the specified value.
						
						The value to locate in the current instance.
						
							
								
if the current instance contains an
entry with ; otherwise, .
						
						
							
								This method is implemented to support 
 the  interface.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This method is equivalent to .
							
							
								For the default implementation, this method has a constant (O(1)) lookup 
 time.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies the entries of the current instance to a
      one-dimensional  starting at the specified index.
						
						The one-dimensional, zero-indexed  that is the destination of the objects copied from the current instance.
						A  that specifies the zero-based index in  at which copying begins. This value is between 0 and .Length minus the  of the current instance, inclusive.
						
							 is .
						
							 < 0.
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							
								 > .Length - The  of the current instance.
						
						The type of the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of .
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The  elements in the current instance are copied to the  in the same order in which they are contained the
   current instance. If  is not
   assignment-compatible with the type of , a 
   is thrown. If an exception is thrown
   while copying, the state of the current instance is undefined.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of key-and-value pairs contained in the
      current instance.
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of key-and-value pairs contained in the
   current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IDictionaryEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  for the
   current instance.
						
						
							A  for the current
   instance.
						
						
							If the current instance is modified
      while an enumeration is in progress, a call to  or  throws . 
							
								For detailed information regarding the use of an enumerator, see .
								This property is implemented to support the  interface.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the specified key in the current instance.
						
						The  whose hash code is to be generated.
						
							A  containing the hash code for .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							This method is accessible only through this class or a derived class.
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If the current instance was instantiated with a specific  implementation, this method uses that hash
   code provider; otherwise, it uses the  implementation of

.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  indicating whether the current instance
   has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance has a fixed size; otherwise,
. 
						
						
							This property is a read-only.
							
								Elements can be modified in, but not
      added to or removed from a  with a fixed size.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The default
      value of this property is  .
							
							
								Override
      this property, setting it to 
      , to prevent addition or removal of entries in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current instance
   is read-only.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance is read-only; otherwise,
. 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								Elements cannot be modified in, added
      to, or removed from a  that is read-only.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The default
      value of this property is .
							
							
								Override
      this property, setting it to  , in
      order to prevent the addition, removal, or modification of
      entries in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether access to the current instance
   is synchronized (thread-safe).
						
						
							
								 if access to
   the current instance is synchronized
   (thread-safe); otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property is implemented to support the 
   interface.
								For more information regarding synchronization of access to a  ,
see  .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
							
								The default
   value of this property is .
							
							
								Override
   this property, setting it to 
   , if thread-safety can be guaranteed for
   the current instance. In order to obtain this safety, use  or 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value in the current instance that is associated with the specified key.
						
						The key whose value to get or set.
						
							 The value in the current instance that is associated
      with . If  is
      not contained in the current instance, attempting to get it returns
   , and attempting to set it creates a new entry
      using 
      
      .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The property is being set and the current instance is read-only.
							The property is being set,  is not contained in the current instance, and the current instance has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								This property provides the ability to
      access a specific element in the current instance using the following notation:
      myCollection[key]
      .
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If this property is being set and  is already contained
   in the current instance, the value associated with the old key is
   replaced.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the specified  and the specified key in the
   current instance represent the same value.
						
						The  to compare with .
						The key in the current instance to compare with .
						
							
								 if  and  represent the
   same value; otherwise,
. 
						
						
							
								 is . 
							-or-
							
								 is . 
						
						
							This method is accessible only through this class or a derived class.
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If the
      current instance was initialized with a specified  implementation, this method uses that
      implementation to perform the comparison; otherwise, the  implementation of  is used.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  containing the keys of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  containing the keys of the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The order of the keys in the  is unspecified, but it is
      the same order as the associated values in the 
      returned by the  method.
								 The returned  is a reference to the current instance, not
   a static copy. Therefore, changes to the current instance continue to be
   reflected in the .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Removes the entry with the specified key from the
      current instance.
						
						The key of the entry to remove.
						
							 is . 
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								This method is implemented to support
      the  interface.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
							
								This method uses the  implementation of
 to locate it in the current instance. If  is 
found in the current instance, the values of both  and its
associated value are set to . If  is not
found in the
current instance, no exception is thrown and the current
instance remains unchanged.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.Hashtable
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a synchronized (thread-safe) wrapper for the specified .
						
						The  to synchronize.
						
							A synchronized (thread-safe) wrapper for .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							This method returns a new  instance that contains values equal to the
   values of  , and provides synchronized access to those values.
							If more than one thread is to write to a  concurrently, all
write
operations are required to be done through this wrapper.
							
								A  can safely support one
writer and multiple readers concurrently.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  that can be used to synchronize access to
   the current instance.
						
						
							A  that can be used to synchronize access to the
   current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							A thread is required to perform synchronized operations only on the  of a , not directly on
   the table itself. This maintains proper synchronization with any other threads
   concurrently modifying the table.
							
								This property is implemented to support
   the  interface.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
							
								This method returns a reference to
   the current instance.
							
							
								Override this property to return an object on which to lock when
   implementing a collection that wraps another collection (using a subset of it, for
   example). This is useful when providing synchronized access through two or more
   wrapper collections to the same underlying collection. Typically, this property returns a
   reference to the current instance.
							
							
								Use this property to obtain a  that can be used to synchronize access to the current
instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  containing the values of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  containing the values of the current
   instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The order of the values in the  is unspecified, but it is
      the same order as the associated keys in the  returned by the  method.
								 The returned  is a reference to the current instance, not
   a static copy. Therefore, changes to the current instance continue to be
   reflected in the .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Supported by objects
      that represent the state
      of an asynchronous operation.
      
				
				
					An object that supports the 
interface stores state information for an asynchronous operation, and provides a
synchronization object to allow threads to be signaled when the operation
completes.
					
						 objects are returned by methods that begin
asynchronous operations, such as , and are passed to methods used to
complete asynchronous operations, such as . 
objects are also passed to methods invoked by  delegates
when an asynchronous operation completes.
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the user-provided state object supplied at the time the asynchronous
      operation was started.
      
						
						
							The supplied .
						
						
							
								 The object returned by this property is required to be
         the object specified as the last parameter to methods that begin asynchronous
         operations, such as .
								This property is read-only.
							
							
								
      
      Implement this property to allow the caller of an
      asynchronous operation to obtain an application-defined object specified at the
      start of the operation.
      
							
							
								 The object returned by
      
      this property can be used to pass state information for
      the asynchronous operation to a 
      delegate.
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Threading.WaitHandle
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  that can be used to block a thread until an asynchronous
   operation completes.
						
						
							A  that is signaled when an asynchronous operation completes.
						
						
							
								The object returned by  can be allocated in advance or on demand. However, once
      allocated it is required to be kept alive until the user calls a method that
      ends the asynchronous operation, such as .
      Only after the operation completes or is canceled, can the object be disposed
      of.
								
									
										 supplies methods that support waiting 
   for synchronization objects to become signaled, such as 
   .
								
								This property is read-only.
							
							
								Clients that wait for the operation to complete (as
      opposed to polling), use this property to obtain a synchronization object to
      wait on.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  
value that specifies whether the
asynchronous operation completed synchronously.
						
						
							
								 if the operation synchronously;
   otherwise . 
						
						
							
								 
         As described above.
								
									Most 
         implementations of the  interface will not use this property, and should return
       
      .
								
								This property is read-only.
							
							
								
   Use this property to determine if the asynchronous
   operation completed synchronously. For example, this property can return
 for an asynchronous IO
   operation if the IO request was small.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  
value that specifies
whether an asynchronous operation has completed.
						
						
							
								 if the operation has completed;
   otherwise .
						
						
							
								As described above. 
								This property is read-only.
							
							
								Clients that poll for operation status (as opposed to waiting on a
         synchronization object) use this property to determine the status of the
         operation.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by classes that require control over the
 way in which copies of
 instances are constructed.
 
				
				
					
						
							 contains the  method.
 The consumer of an object should call this method when a copy of the object is
 needed.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Creates a copy of the current instance.
      
						
						
							 A  of the same type as the current instance, containing
   copies of the non-static members of the current instance.
   
						
						
							The exact behavior of this method is unspecified. The intent
      of the method is to provide a mechanism that constructs
      instances that
      are copies of the current instance, without regard for class-specific definitions of the term
      "copy". 
							
								 Use the 
method to create a shallow copy of an object. For more information, see  . 
							
							
								 This method is required to return
   an instance of the same type as the current instance. 
							
							
								 Implement this method to provide
   class-specific copying behavior. 
							
							
								 Use the  method
to obtain a copy of the current instance. 
							
						
						
							The following example shows an implementation of  that
   uses the 
   method to create a copy of
   the current instance.
							using System;
class MyClass :ICloneable {
    public int myField;
    public MyClass() {
        myField = 0;
    }
    public MyClass(int value) {
        myField = value;
    }
    public object Clone() {
        return this.MemberwiseClone();
    }
}
public class TestMyClass {
    public static void Main() {
        MyClass my1 = new MyClass(44);
        MyClass my2 = (MyClass) my1.Clone();
        Console.WriteLine("my1 {0} my2 {1}",my1.myField, my2.myField);
        my2.myField = 22;
        Console.WriteLine("my1 {0} my2 {1}",my1.myField, my2.myField);
    }
}

							The output is
							
								my1 44 my2 44
								my1 44 my2 22
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Serves as the base interface for implementing collection
 classes. Defines
 size, enumeration, and synchronization methods for all system collections.
				
				
					
						
							 contains the  method. The consumer of 
 a collection object that implements this interface should call this method when
 copying the elements of that object to a
.
					
				
			
			
			
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Copies the elements from the current instance to the
      specified , starting at the specified
      index in the array.
						
						A one-dimensional, zero-based  that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance.
						A  that specifies the zero-based index in  at which copying begins. 
						
							 is .
						
							 < 0.
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							
								 is greater than or equal to .Length.
							 The sum of  and the  of the current instance is greater than .Length.
						
						At least one element in the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of .
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use this method to copy from a collection to a
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the number of elements contained in the current
      instance.
						
						
							A  that indicates the number of elements contained in the current
   instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property
      is required to return the total number of elements contained in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  indicating whether access to the
   current instance is synchronized
   (thread-safe).
						
						
							
								 if access to
   the current instance is synchronized (thread-safe); otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 As described above.
							
							
								 To
   synchronize a collection, use  to obtain a 
   with
   which to synchronize the collection. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  that can be used
   for thread-safe synchronized access to the current instance.
						
						
							A  that can be
   used for thread-safe synchronized access to the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								For collections with no publicly available underlying 
         store, the expected implementation is to simply return the current instance.
         Note that
         this might not be sufficient for collections that wrap other collections; those
         should return the underlying collection's 
         property.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by classes that support an ordering of instances of the class.
				
				
					
						
							 contains the
 method. The consumer of an object should call this 
 method when sorting instances of a class.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the sort order of the current instance compared 
      to the specified
      object.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to object. The following table defines the conditions under which the returned value is a negative
   number, zero, or a positive number.
							
								
									Returned Value 
									Description 
								
								
									 Any negative value 
									 The current instance is < . 
								
								
									 Zero 
									The current instance is ==
   . 
								
								
									 Any positive value 
									 The current instance is > than  or  is a null
   reference. 
								
							
						
						
							
								For any objects A, B and C, the following are required to be true:
								A.CompareTo(A) is required to return zero. 
								If A.CompareTo(B) returns zero then B.CompareTo(A) is required to return zero.
								If A.CompareTo(B) returns zero and B.CompareTo(C) 
         returns zero then A.CompareTo(C) is required to return zero.
								If A.CompareTo(B) returns a value other than zero then 
         B.CompareTo(A) is required to return a value of the opposite
         sign.
								If A.CompareTo(B) returns a value  not equal 
      to zero, and B.CompareTo(C) returns a value  of the same sign as
   , then A.CompareTo(C) is required to a value of the same sign as 
    and  
   .
								The exact behavior of this method is unspecified. The intent of this method is
   to provide a mechanism that orders instances of a class in a manner that is
   consistent with the mathematical definitions of the relational operators (<,
   >, and ==), without regard for class-specific definitions of the
   operators.
							
							
								Use the  method to determine the ordering of instances of a
class.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Provides a mechanism to customize the sort
      ordering of a collection.
				
				
					 The default implementation of this interface
      is 
      .
					
						
							 contains the  method. The consumer of an object
      should call this method when sorting members of a collection.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the sort order of two  instances.
						
						First  to compare.
						Second  to compare.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of
 as compared to . The following table defines the conditions
   under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive
   number.
							
								
									Value
									Condition
								
								
									 Any negative number
									
										 < .
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										 > .
								
							
						
						
							
								For any objects A, B, and C, the following are required to be true: 
								
									 (A, A) is required to
      return zero.
      
								 If
   (A, B)
      returns zero, then  (B, A) is required to
      return zero.
      
								 If (A, B) returns zero and (B, C)
   returns zero then  (A, C) is required to
   return zero.
   
								 If (A, B) returns a value other than
zero, then  (B,
A)
is required to return a value of the
opposite sign.
								 If (A, B) returns a value x not equal to
zero, and (B, C)
returns
a value y of the same sign as x, then  (A,
C) is required to return
a value of the same sign as x
and y.
							
							
								The exact ordering of this method is unspecified. The intent of the method
      is to provide a mechanism that orders instances of a class in a manner that
      is consistent with the mathematical definitions of the relational operators (<,
      >, and ==), without regard for class-specific definitions of the
      operators.
							
							
								This interface is used in conjunction with the  and  methods.

							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by classes that support collections of associated keys and values (i.e. dictionaries).
				
				
					
						 Each key-value pair must have a unique non-null key, but
 the value of an association can be any object reference, including a null
 reference. The  interface allows
 the contained keys and values to be enumerated, but it does not imply any
 particular sort order.
						
							
 implementations fall into three categories: read-only, fixed-size,
 variable-size. A read-only implementation cannot be modified. A fixed-size
 implementation does not allow the addition or removal of elements, but it allows
 the modification of existing elements. A variable-size implementation allows the addition,
 removal and modification of elements.
					
				
			
			
			
				
					System.Collections.ICollection
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Item")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Adds an entry with the provided key and value to the
      current instance.
						
						The  to use as the key of the entry to add.
						The  to use as the value of the entry to add.
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							 An entry with the same key already exists in the current instance.
						
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							If the specified key already exists in the current
      instance, this method throws a 
      exception but does not modify the
      associated value.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Removes all key and value pairs from the current instance.
						
						
							The  is read-only. 
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance contains an entry with the specified key.
						
						The key to locate in the .
						
							
								 if the  contains an entry with the key; otherwise, .
						
						
							is .
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IDictionaryEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							Returns a
    for the current
      instance.
						
						
							A  for the current
   instance.
						
						
							If the current instance is modified while an enumeration is
      in progress, a call to  or  will throw  . 
							
								For detailed information regarding the
      use of an enumerator, see .
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a value indicating whether the current instance
      has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance has a fixed size;
   otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								A collection with a fixed size does not
      allow the addition or removal of elements, but does allow the modification of
      existing elements.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The default of this property is
   .
							
							
								Override
      this method, setting the value as 
      , to prevent the addition
      and removal of the elements in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a value indicating whether the current instance
      is read-only.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance is read-only; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								A collection that is read-only does not
      allow the addition, removal, or modification of elements.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The default of this property is
   .
							
							
								Override
      this method, setting the value as 
      , to prevent the addition, removal, and modification of the elements in
      the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the element in the current instance that is associated with the specified key.
						
						The key of the element to get or set.
						
							The element with the specified key.
						
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							The property is set and the current instance is read-only.
							The property is set,  does not exist in the collection, and the current instance has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								This property provides the ability to
      access a specific element in the collection by using the following syntax: myCollection[index].
							
							
								When setting this property, if the specified key already 
         exists in the current instance, the value is required to be replaced; otherwise,
         a new element is required to be created.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  containing the keys of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  containing the keys of the current
   instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Removes the entry with the specified key from the
      current instance.
						
						The key of the entry to remove.
						
							 is .
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								 If  is not found in the 
      current instance, no exception is thrown and the current instance remains unchanged.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.ICollection
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  containing the values in the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  containing the values in the current
   instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by classes that support the use of an enumerator over a
      dictionary (i.e., a collection of 
      objects).
				
				
					
						
							 contains members that get
      the properties of  objects.
						 For detailed information regarding the use of an
      enumerator, see .
					
				
			
			
			
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerator
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.DictionaryEntry
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the  in the collection over 
   which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							 The  in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							The  is positioned before the first element of the dictionary or after the last element.
							-or-
							The dictionary was modified after the  was created.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								It is required that a call to
    leave the position of
      the enumerator unchanged: consecutive calls to this property are required to return the same  until  or  is
      called.
							
							
								Use
    to get the same data
      that would be provided by a call to . Because this property is a , boxing is not required as it is for ;
      therefore, for this operation,  has reduced overhead compared to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the  of the  in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							A  that contains the
 
of the  in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							The  is positioned before the first element of the dictionary or after the last element.
							-or-
							The dictionary was modified after the  was instantiated.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								It is required that reading
    leave the position of
      the enumerator unchanged: consecutive calls to this property are required to return the
      same 
      until  or  is called.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the  of the  in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							A  that contains the
 
of the  in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							The  is positioned before the first element of the dictionary or after the last element.
							-or-
							The dictionary was modified after the  was created.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								It is required
      that a call to  leave the position of
      the enumerator unchanged: consecutive calls to this property
      are required to return the same  until  or  is called.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by classes that require explicit control over resource cleanup.
				
				
					Objects that need to free resources that cannot safely be reclaimed by the
      garbage collector implement the  interface. 
					It is a version breaking change to add the  interface to an existing class, as it
   changes the semantics of the class. 
					
						
							 contains the  method. The consumer of an object should 
call this method when the object is no longer needed. The  interface is generally provided for the
release of unmanaged resources that need to be reclaimed in some order or time
dependent manner. It is important to note that the actual release of these
resources happens at the first call to  for
any given object that supports this interface. Programmers should take care
to pair the creation of objects that implement  with
at most one invocation of the  method. Though it
is legal to invoke  more than once, if this happens it
may indicate the presence of a bug since such an object is usually rendered
otherwise unusable after the first  invocation. 
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Performs application-defined tasks associated with
      freeing or resetting resources.
						
						
							
								This method is, by convention, used for all tasks associated with freeing
         resources held by an object, or preparing an object for reuse. 
								When implementing the  method, objects should seek to ensure
      that all held resources are freed by propagating the call through the
      containment hierarchy. For example, if an object A allocates an object B, and B
      allocates an object C, then A's  implementation should call
    on B,
      which should in turn call  on C. Objects should also call the
    method
      of their base class if the base class implements .
								If an object's  method is called more than once, the object should
   ignore all calls after the first one. The object should not throw an exception
   if its 
   method is called multiple times.  may throw an exception if an error
   occurs because a resource has already been freed and
 had 
   not been called previously. 
								A resource type may use a particular convention to denote an allocated state
   versus a freed state. An example of this is stream classes, which are
   traditionally thought of as open or closed. Classes that have such conventions
   may choose to implement a public method with a customized name, which calls the
 
method. 
								Because the  method must be called explicitly, objects that implement
 
should also implement a finalizer to handle freeing resources when
 is not 
called. By default, the garbage collector will automatically call an object's
finalizer prior to reclaiming its memory. However, once the
 method 
has been called, it is typically unnecessary and/or undesirable for the garbage
collector to call the disposed object's finalizer. To prevent automatic
finalization,  implementations can call . For
additional information on implementing finalizers, see  and .
							
						
						
							Resource classes should follow the pattern illustrated by
      this example:
							class ResourceWrapper : BaseType, IDisposable {
  // Pointer to a external resource.
  private int handle; 
  private OtherResource otherRes; //Other resource you use.
  private bool disposed = false;

  public ResourceWrapper () {
    handle = //Allocate on the unmanaged side.
    otherRes = new OtherResource (...);
  }
  // Free your own state.
  private void freeState () {
    if (!disposed) {
       CloseHandle (handle);
       dispose = true;
    }
  }

  // Free your own state, call dispose on all state you hold, 
  // and take yourself off the Finalization queue.
  public void Dispose () {
    freeState ();
    OtherRes.Dispose();
    // If base type implements dispose, call it.
    base.Dispose(); 
    GC.SuppressFinalize(this);  
  }

  // Free your own state (not other state you hold) 
  // and give your base class a chance to finalize. 
  ~ResourceWrapper (){
     freeState();
  }
}
   
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by classes that support a simple iteration over instances of the collection.
				
				
					
						
							 contains the 
   method. The consumer of an object should call this method to obtain an
   enumerator for simple iteration over an instance of a collection.
						Implement this interface to support the 
 semantics of C#.
					
				
			
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  that
   can be used for simple iteration over a collection.
						
						
							A 
that can be used for simple iteration over a collection.
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								For a detailed description regarding the use of an
      enumerator, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by classes that support a simple iteration over a collection.
				
				
					
						
							 contains the  and  methods and the  property. The consumer of an
      object should call these methods or use this property when iterating over or
      reading the elements of a collection.
						When an enumerator is instantiated or a call is made to
   , the enumerator is positioned immediately
      before the first element of the collection and a snapshot of the collection is
      taken. When the enumerator is in this position, a
      call to  is necessary before
      reading 
      from the collection. If changes are made to the collection (such as adding, modifying or deleting elements) the snapshot may get out of sync, causing the enumerator to throw a  if the  or  are invoked. Two enumerators instantiated from the same collection
      at the same time can have different snapshots of the collection.
						 Enumerators are intended to
      be used only to read data in the collection.
						An enumerator does not have exclusive access to the collection for which it was instantiated.
					
				
			
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the element in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							 The element in the collection over which the current instance is positioned.
						
						
							 The current instance is positioned before the first element or after the last element of the collection.
						
						
							
								When the current instance is constructed
      or after  is called, use  to position the current instance
      over the first element of the collection. 
							
							
								It is required that  return the element in the collection over which the current
      instance is positioned unless it is positioned before the first or after
      the last element of the collection. If the current instance is
      positioned before the first element or after the last element of the
      collection,  is required to throw  If elements were added, removed, or repositioned in the collection after the current
      instance was instantiated,  returns the value it would have returned before the collection was modified.
								It is also required that  not change the position of
   the current instance: consecutive calls to  are required to return the same object until
   either  or  is called.
								This property is read-only.
							
							
								Use  to get the element in
the collection over which the current instance is positioned, provided that the current
instance is not positioned before the first element
or after the last element of the collection.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Advances the current instance to the next element of the collection.
						
						
							
								 if the current instance was successfully advanced to the next element;
 if the current instance has passed the end of the collection.
						
						
							The collection was modified after the current instance was instantiated.
						
						
							
								When the current
      instance is constructed or after  is
      called, the current instance
      is positioned immediately before the first element of the collection. Use  to position it over the first
      element of the collection.
							
							
								A call to
    is required to position the
      current instance over the next element in the collection and return
    if the current instance was not
      positioned beyond the last element of the collection when  was
      called.
      If the current instance is already positioned immediately after the last
      element of the collection, a call to  is required to
      return , and the current instance
      is required to remain in the same
      position. If elements are added, removed, or repositioned in the
      collection after the current instance was instantiated, it is required that a call
      to 
      throw .
							
							
								Use the  method to check if the current
instance is positioned immediately after the last element of the collection, and
to position it over the next element if it is not already past the last element
of the collection. This allows the use of a conditional loop to iterate over the
entire collection.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Positions the enumerator immediately before
      the first element in the collection.
						
						The collection was modified after the enumerator was instantiated.
						
							
								When the current instance is constructed
      or after  is called, the current instance
      is positioned immediately before the first element of the collection, use  to position the current instance
      over the first element of the collection. 
							
							
								A call to
       is required to position
      the current instance immediately before the first element of the collection.
      If elements are added, removed, or repositioned in the collection
      after the current instance was instantiated, it is required that
      a call to  throw a .
							
							
								A call to  can involve taking a new snapshot of the
collection or simply moving to the beginning of the collection. The preferred
implementation is to simply move the current instance to
the beginning of the collection, before the first
element. This invalidates the current instance
if the collection has been modified since the current instance was
constructed, which is consistent with  and .
							
							
								Use the  method to check if the current
instance is positioned immediately past the last element of the collection, and
to position it over the next element if it is not already past the last element
of the collection.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by classes that supply objects that provide formatting
      services.
				
				
					
						When a  includes symbols that
      vary by culture, such as the currency symbol included by the "C" and "c"
      formats, a 
      supplies the actual characters used in a string representation of a numeric
      value. For example, a formatting object may supply "$" for the currency symbol.
      The formatting object for system-supplied numeric types is a 
      instance. For  instances, a  is used.
						
							 contains the  method. The consumer of an object
   should call this method to obtain a formatting object.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that provides formatting services.
						
						The  of the formatting object to be returned.
						
							A formatting object of the specified . If no formatting
   object of the specified type is available, or  is a null reference, returns the formatting object
   for the current culture.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Implement in 
      classes that provide formatting objects for use in methods that generate or
      parse string representations of objects, such as  and
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by classes that construct customizable string representations of
      objects.
				
				
					
						
contains the  method. The consumer of an object calls
this method to obtain a formatted string representation of the value of the
object.
					A  is a string that describes the appearance of an object when
it is converted to a string. Either standard or custom formats can be used. A
standard format takes the form , where  is a single
alphabetic character called the 
, and  is an integer between zero and 99 inclusive, called the . The format specifier controls the type
of formatting applied to the value being represented as a string. The
 controls the number 
of significant digits or decimal places in the string, if applicable.  For the list of standard format specifiers, see the
table below. Note that a given data type, such as 
, might not support one
or more of the standard format specifiers.
					
					
						 When a format includes symbols that vary by culture, such as the currency
   symbol included by the "C" and "c" formats, a formatting object supplies the
   actual characters used in the string representation. A method may include a
   parameter to pass a  object that supplies a
   formatting object, or the method may use the default formatting object, which
   contains the symbol definitions for the current culture. The current culture
   typically uses the same set of symbols used system-wide by default. In the Base
   Class Library, the formatting object for system-supplied numeric types is a
 instance. For  instances, a 
 is
   used.
					
					The following table describes the standard format specifiers and associated formatting
   object members that are used with numeric data types in the Base Class
   Library.
					
						
							Format Specifier
							Description
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: Used for strings containing a monetary value. The , , , and  members of a 
supply the currency symbol, size and separator for digit groupings, and
decimal separator, respectively.
								
									 and  determine the symbols used to represent negative
and positive values. For example, a negative value may be prefixed with a
minus sign, or enclosed in parentheses. 
								If the precision specifier is omitted,  determines the number of decimal places in the
string. Results are rounded to the nearest representable value when
necessary.
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: (This format is valid only
when specified with integral data types.) Used for strings containing
integer values. Negative numbers are prefixed with the negative number
symbol specified by the 
property.
								The precision specifier determines the
   minimum number of digits that appear in the string. If the specified
   precision requires more digits than the value contains, the string is
   left-padded with zeros. If the precision specifier specifies fewer digits
   than are in the value, the precision specifier is
   ignored.
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: Used for strings in
one of the following forms: 
								[-]
								
								[-]
								
								[-]e
								
								[-]e
								
								The negative number symbol ('-') appears only if
   the value is negative, and is supplied by the  property.
   
								Exactly one non-zero decimal digit  precedes the decimal separator ('.'), which
is supplied by the 
property.
								 The precision specifier determines the number of decimal places
   (
   ) in the string. If the precision specifier
   is omitted, six decimal places are included in the
   string.
								 The exponent
) 
   consists of either a positive or negative number symbol followed by a
   minimum of three digits (). The exponent is
   left-padded with zeros, if necessary. The case of the format specifier
   ('E' or 'e') determines the case used for the exponent prefix (E or e) in
   the string. Results are rounded to the nearest representable value when
   necessary. The positive number symbol is supplied by the 
   
   property.
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: Used for strings in the following
form: 
								"[-]" 
								At least one non-zero decimal digit () precedes the decimal separator ('.'), which is
supplied by the 
property.
								 A
   negative number symbol sign ('-') precedes  only if the value is negative. This symbol is
   supplied by the 
   property. 
								 The precision specifier determines the number of decimal places
   () in the string. If the precision specifier is omitted,
 determines the number of decimal 
   places in the string. Results are rounded to the nearest representable
   value when necessary.
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: The string is formatted in either fixed-point format ('F' or 'f') or scientific format ('E' or 'e'). 
								 For integral types: 
								 Values are formatted using fixed-point format if
 < precision specifier, where  is the exponent of the value in scientific format. For all other values, scientific format is used.
								 If the precision specifier is omitted, a default
   precision equal to the field width required
   to display the
   maximum value for the data
   type is used, which results in the value being formatted in
   fixed-point format. The default precisions for integral types are as
   follows: 
								
									,  - 5
								
									,
- 10
								
									,
 - 
19
								For Single, Decimal and Double
   types:
								Values are formatted using fixed-point format
   if 
   >= -4 and  < precision specifier, where  is
   the exponent of the value in scientific format. For all other values,
   scientific format is used. Results
   are rounded to the nearest representable value when necessary.
								
								
									If
   the precision specifier is omitted, the following default precisions are
   used:
								
								
									
										
: 7
									
										
: 15
									
										
: 29
								
								
									For
   all types:
								
								
									- The
   number of digits that appear in the result (not including the exponent)
   will not exceed the value of the precision specifier; values are rounded
   as necessary.
								
								
									- The
   decimal point and any trailing zeros after the decimal point are removed
   whenever possible.
								
								
									- The
   case of the format specifier ('G' or 'g') determines whether 'E' or 'e'
   prefixes the scientific format exponent.
								
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									: Used for strings in the following form: 
								[-]
								
								 The representation of negative values is
   determined by the property. If the pattern includes a negative number
   symbol ('-'), this symbol is supplied by the 
   property.
								At least one non-zero decimal digit () precedes
the decimal separator ('.'), which is supplied by the  property. Digits between the decimal
point and the most significant digit in the value are grouped using the
group size specified by the  property. The group separator (',')
is inserted between each digit group, and is supplied by the 
property.
								The precision specifier determines the number of
   decimal places (). If the precision specifier is omitted,
 determines the number of decimal places in the
   string. Results are rounded to the nearest representable value when
   necessary.
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								
									 Used for strings containing a
percentage. The , , , and  members of a 
supply the percent symbol, size and separator for digit groupings, and
decimal separator, respectively.
								
									 and  determine the symbols used to represent negative
and positive values. For example, a negative value may be prefixed with a
minus sign, or enclosed in parentheses. 
								If no precision is specified, the number of decimal places in the
   result is determined by . Results are rounded to the nearest representable
   value when necessary.
								The result is scaled by 100 (.99 becomes 99%).
							
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								: (This format is valid only when
specified with  or .) Used to ensure that the precision of the string
representation of a floating-point value is such that parsing the string
does not result in a loss of precision when compared to the original
value. If the maximum precision of the data type (7 for , and 15 for
) would result in a loss of precision, the precision 
is increased by
two decimal places. If a precision specifier is supplied with this format specifier,
it is ignored. This format is otherwise identical to the fixed-point
format.
						
						
							
								
									
								
								
									
								
							
							
								: (This format is valid only when
specified with integral data types.) Used for string representations of numbers in Base
16. The precision determines the minimum number of digits in
the string. If the precision specifies more digits than the number contains,
the number is left-padded with zeros. The case of the format specifier
('X' or 'x') determines whether upper case or lower case
letters are used in the hexadecimal representation.
						
					
					If the numerical value is a  or  with a value of
,
, or , the format 
specifier is ignored, and one of the following is returned: , , or .
					A custom format is any string specified as a format that
   is not in the form of a standard format string (Axx) described above. The
   following table describes the characters that are used in constructing custom
   formats.
					
						
							Format Specifier
							Description
						
						
							 0 (zero)
							
								
									
   If
   the value being formatted has a digit in the position where a '0' appears in the custom format, then that digit is copied to the output string;
   otherwise a zero is stored in that position in the output string. The
   position of the leftmost '0' before the decimal separator and the
   rightmost '0' after the decimal separator determine the range of digits
   that are always present in the output string.
								
   
   The number of Zero and/or Digit placeholders after
   the decimal separator determines the number of digits that appear after
   the decimal separator. Values are rounded as necessary.
							
						
						
							 # 
							
								
									
If the value being formatted has a digit in
the position where a '#' appears in the custom format, then that digit
is copied to the output string; otherwise, nothing is stored in that
position in the output string. Note that this specifier never stores the
'0' character if it is not a significant digit, even if '0' is the only
digit in the string. (It does display the '0' character in the output string
if it is a significant digit.)
								
   
   
   The number of Zero and/or Digit
   placeholders after the decimal separator determines the number of digits that appear after the decimal
   separator. Values are rounded as necessary.
							
						
						
							 . (period)
							
								
The left most '.'
character in the format string determines the location of the
decimal separator in the formatted value; any additional '.' characters are
ignored. The  property determines
the symbol used as the decimal
separator.
						
						
							 , (comma)
							
								
									
The ',' character serves two purposes. First,
if the custom format contains this character between two Zero or Digit placeholders (0 or #)
and to the left of the decimal separator if one is present,
then the output will have group separators inserted between each group of digits
to the left of the decimal separator. The 
and 
properties determine the symbol used as the group separator and
the number of digits in each group, respectively.
								If
   the format
   string contains one or more ',' characters immediately to the left of
   the decimal separator, then the number will be scaled. The scale factor is
   determined by the number of group separator characters immediately to the
   left of the decimal separator. If there are x characters, then the value is
   divided by 1000X before it is formatted. For example, the format string '0,,'
will divide a value by one million. Note that the presence of the ','
character to indicate scaling does not insert group separators in the
output string. Thus, to scale a number by 1 million and insert group
separators, use a custom format similar to "#,##0,,".
							
						
						
							 %
      (percent) 
							
								
The presence of a '%' character
in a custom format causes a number to be multiplied by 100
before it is formatted. The percent symbol is inserted in the output string
at the location where the '%' appears in the format string. The  property determines
the percent
symbol.
						
						
							
								E0
								E+0
								E-0
								e0
								e+0
								e-0
							
							
								 If any of the strings 'E', 'E+', 'E-', 'e', 'e+', or 'e-' are present
   in a custom format and is followed immediately by at least one '0'
   character, then the value is formatted using scientific notation. The number
   of '0' characters following the exponent prefix (E or e) determines the
   minimum number of digits in the exponent. The 'E+' and 'e+' formats indicate
   that a positive or negative number symbol always precedes the
   exponent. The 'E', 'E-', 'e', or 'e-' formats indicate that a negative number symbol
   precedes negative exponents; no symbol is precedes positive exponents. The
   positive number symbol is supplied by the  property. The negative number symbol
   is supplied by the 
   
   property.
						
						
							 \
      (backslash) 
							
								 In some languages, such as C#, the
   backslash character causes the next character in the custom format to be interpreted
   as an escape sequence. It is used with C language
   formatting sequences, such as "\n" (newline). In some languages, the escape character
   itself is required to be preceded by an escape character
   when used as a literal. Otherwise, the compiler interprets the character as
   an escape sequence. This escape character is not required to be
   supported in all programming languages.
						
						
							
								'ABC'
								"ABC"
							
							
								 Characters enclosed in single or double quotes are
   copied to the output string literally, and do not affect formatting.
						
						
							 ; (semicolon)
							
								 The ';' character is used to separate sections for
   positive, negative, and zero numbers in the format string. (This feature
   is described in detail below.)
						
						
							 Other
							
								 All other characters are stored in the output
   string as literals in the position in which they
   appear.
						
					
					Note that for fixed-point format strings (strings not containing an 'E0',
   E+0', 'E-0', 'e0', 'e+0', or 'e-0'), numbers are rounded to as many decimal
   places as there are Zero or Digit placeholders to the right of the decimal
   separator. If the custom format does not contain a decimal separator, the number is
   rounded to the nearest integer. If the number has more digits than there are
   Zero or Digit placeholders to the left of the decimal separator, the extra
   digits are copied to the output string immediately before the first Zero or
   Digit placeholder.
					 A custom format can contain
   up to three sections separated by section separator characters, to specify different formatting for
   positive, negative, and zero values. The sections are interpreted as follows:
					
						
							
								 The
   custom format applies to all values (positive, negative and zero). Negative
   values include a negative sign.
						
						
							
								 The
   first section applies to positive values and zeros, and the second section
   applies to negative values. If the value to be formatted is negative, but
   becomes zero after rounding according to the format in the second section,
   then the resulting zero is formatted according to the first section. Negative
   values do not include a negative sign to allow full control over
   representations of negative values. For example, a negative can be represented
   in parenthesis using a custom format similar to "####.####;(####.####)".
						
						
							
								
The first section applies to positive values, the second section
applies to negative values, and the third section applies to zeros. The
second section can be empty (nothing appears between the semicolons), in which case the
first section applies to all nonzero values, and negative values include a
negative sign. If the number to be formatted is nonzero, but becomes zero
after rounding according to the format in the first or second section, then
the resulting zero is formatted according to the third section.
						
					The  and  types also support using format specifiers to format
string representations of values. The meaning of a specific format specifier
varies according to the kind of data (numeric, date/time, enumeration) being
formatted. See  and  for a comprehensive list
of the format specifiers supported by each type.

			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  that specifies the format of the returned string. If  is a null reference or the empty string, the default format defined for the type of the current instance is used.
						
						A  that supplies a formatting object containing culture-specific formatting information, or  .
						
							A  containing the value of the current instance formatted
   in accordance with  and  .
						
						The specified  is invalid or cannot be used with the type of the current instance.
						
							
								Conforming implementations do not throw an exception when 
   and/or  are null references. If  is a null reference, the string is
   constructed using a system-supplied formatting object containing information for
   the current system culture. If  is , the
   string is constructed using a system-supplied default format appropriate for the
   type of the current instance.
								If the object returned by 
supplies a culture-specific representation of symbols or patterns included in
, the returned string is required to use the information supplied 
by 
. 
							
							
								Implement to allow consumers of a class to use format strings and formatting
   objects to control the way in which the class is represented as a string.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
method to display values in a variety of formats. The current system culture is
U.S. English, which provides the default values for the 
parameter of .
							using System;
class FormattableExample {
    public static void Main() {
    double d = 123.12345678901234;
    string[] formats = {"C","E","e","F","G","N","P","R"};
    for (int i = 0; i< formats.Length;i++) 
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} as {1}:  {2}",d,formats[i],d.ToString(formats[i],null));

    string[]intFormats = {"D","x","X"};
    int val = 255;
    for (int i = 0; i< intFormats.Length;i++) 
        Console.WriteLine("{0} as {1}:  {2}",val,intFormats[i],val.ToString(intFormats[i],null));

    }
}

							The output is
							
								123.12345678901234 as C: $123.12
								123.12345678901234 as E: 1.231235E+002
								123.12345678901234 as e: 1.231235e+002
								123.12345678901234 as F: 123.12
								123.12345678901234 as G: 123.123456789012
								123.12345678901234 as N: 123.12
								123.12345678901234 as P: 12,312.35 %
								123.12345678901234 as R: 123.12345678901234
								255 as D: 255
								255 as x: ff
								255 as X: FF
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by classes that support custom hash functions for instances of the class.
				
				
					
						
							 contains the  method. The consumer of an
 object should call this method to obtain a hash code for the object using a
 custom hash function.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the specified .
						
						The  for which a hash code is to be generated.
						
							A  containing the hash code for the specified .
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								If  is , it is required that a call to
 throw .
							
							
								Implement
   this method to generate a better hash table
   distribution than the default method provided by the type of the  for which the hash code is
   being generated.
							
							
								The value returned by this method
   should not be persisted past the lifetime of the application that created the
   value. The first reason is that the hash function of a class may be
   altered to generate a better distribution, rendering any values from the old
   hash function useless. The second reason is that the default
   implementation of this class does not guarantee that the same value will be
   returned by different instances.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by
 classes that support a collection of objects that can be individually indexed.
				
				
					
						
							 implementations fall into three categories:
 read-only, fixed-size, variable-size. A read-only list cannot be modified. A
 fixed-size list allows the modification of existing elements, but does not
 allow the addition or removal of elements. A variable-size list allows the modification, addition, and
 removal of elements.
					
				
			
			
			
				
					System.Collections.ICollection
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Item")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Adds an item to the current instance.
						
						The  to add to the current instance.
						
							A  containing the index of the current instance into which the new element was inserted.
						
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use
      the  method to add another element to the
      current instance. The index into which that element is
      added is implementation-dependent. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Removes all items from the current instance.
						
						
							The current instance is read-only. 
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Implementations 
      of this method can vary in how a call to this method affects the capacity of a list. Typically, the count
      is set to zero. The capacity can be set to zero, some default, or remain
      unchanged.
							
							
								Use this method to
      delete all values from the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance contains a specific value.
						
						The  to locate in the current instance.
						
							
								 if the  is found in the current instance; otherwise, .
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use the  method to determine if a particular  is an element of the current
   instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines the index of a specific item in the current
      instance.
						
						The  to locate in the current instance.
						
							The index of  if found
   in the current instance; otherwise, -1.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								The default
      implementations of this method use  to search for value in the
      current instance.
							
							
								Use  to determine if a  is contained in the current instance and, if it is
contained, its index in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Inserts an item to the current instance at the
      specified position.
						
						A  that specifies the zero-based index at which  is inserted.
						The  to insert into the current instance.
						
							 is not a valid index in the current instance (i.e. is greater than the number of elements in the current instance).
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								 If  equals the number
   of items in the , then  is
   required to be appended
   to the end of the current instance.
   

							
							
								Use 
to place a new element into a specific position in the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current instance has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance has a fixed size; otherwise,
. 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								A collection with a fixed size does not
      allow the addition or removal of elements, but it allows the modification of
      existing elements.
							
							
								Any method that adds or removes an
      element of a collection is required to check the value of this property for
      the particular collection before adding or removing elements. If the
      value of this property is , any
      attempt to add or remove an element
      of the current instance is required to throw a .
							
							
								The default of this property is .
							
							
								Override this property, setting the
   value to , in order to prevent the addition or removal of
   elements in the current instance.
							
							
								Use
 to secure
   the current instance from
   modification from methods, such as  and , which add or remove elements from a
   list.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a value indicating whether the current instance is read-only.
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance is read-only; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								A collection that is read-only does not
      allow the modification, addition, or removal of elements.
							
							
								Any method that modifies,
      adds, or removes an element of a collection is required to check the
      value of this property for the particular collection before
      executing. If the value of this property is , any
      attempt to
      modify, add, or remove an element of the current instance is required to throw
      a .
      
							
							
								The default of this property is
      .
							
							
								Override this property, setting the
      value to , in order to prevent the
      modification, addition, or removal of elements in the current
      instance.
							
							
								Use  to
   secure the current instance from
   modification from methods, such as  and , which modify, add, or remove elements
   from a list.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the element at the specified index in the current
      instance.
						
						A  that specifies the zero-based index of the element to get or set.
						
							The element at the specified index in the current instance.
						
						
							 is not a valid index in the current instance.
						The property is being set and the current instance is read-only.
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use this property
      for subscript indexing for the current instance in the following form:  myCollection[index].

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Removes the first occurrence of a specified  from
   the current instance.
						
						The  to remove from the current instance.
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								As described above.
								In addition, if 
   is  or is not found in the current instance, it is required that no
   exception be thrown and the current instance remain unchanged.
							
							
								The default implementations
   of this method use  to search for value
   in the current instance.
							
							
								Use 
to delete a specified  from the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Removes the item at the specified
      index of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the zero-based index of the item to remove.
						
							 is not a valid index in current instance.
						
							The current instance is read-only or has a fixed size.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use  to delete a specified  from the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when
      an attempt is made to access an element of an array with
      an index that is outside the bounds of the array.
				
				
					
						The following IL instructions throw 
   :
						
							
								
      ldelem.<type>
							
							
								
      ldelema
							
							
								
      stelem.<type>
							
						
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
public class IndexRangeTest {
 public static void Main() {
   int[] array = {0,0,0};
   try {
     for (int i = 0; i<4; i++) {
       Console.WriteLine("array[{0}] = {1}",i,array[i]);
     }
   }
   catch (IndexOutOfRangeException e) {
     Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e);
   }
 }
}
   
					The output is
					
array[0] = 0
array[1] = 0
array[2] = 0
Error: System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the bounds of the array.
   at IndexRangeTest.Main()
 
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "An array index is out of range." This
   message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents a 16-bit signed integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from
   negative 32,768 to positive 32,767; that is, hexadecimal: 0x8000 to 0x7FFF.
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified
      .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the same type and
      value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the
   same type and value as the current instance. If  is a null reference
   or is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified. 
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int16
					
					
					32767
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 32,767 (hexadecimal 0X7FFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int16
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is -32,768 (hexadecimal 0X8000).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For
more information, see .
							
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class Int16ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <Int16> {1}",str,Int16.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: "
   100 " <Int16> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by . 
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style. 
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ("G",
).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of
   the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
   system culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								 For a
      detailed description of formatting, see the  interface.
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current
   system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, ).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see (, ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, null).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class Int16ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Int16 i = 16;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      string[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(string str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								16
								c: $16.00
								d: 16
								e: 1.600000e+001
								f: 16.00
								g: 16
								n: 16.00
								p: 1,600.00 %
								x: 10
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents a 32-bit signed integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from
   negative 2,147,483,648 to positive 2,147,483,647; that is, hexadecimal
   0X80000000 to 0X7FFFFFFF.
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified
       represent the same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the same
   type and value as the current instance. If  is a null reference or
   is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							 The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified. 
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					2147483647
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 2,147,483,647 (hexadecimal 
 0X7FFFFFFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is -2,147,483,648 (hexadecimal
 0X80000000).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see .
							
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class Int32ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <Int32> {1}",str,Int32.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: "
   100 " <Int32> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For
more information, see .
							
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ("G",
).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by .
   
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
   system culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the  interface.
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Item
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal
         format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current
   system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string.  For a list of valid values, see (, ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 
).
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class Int32ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Int32 i = 32;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								32
								c: $32.00
								d: 32
								e: 3.200000e+001
								f: 32.00
								g: 32
								n: 32.00
								p: 3,200.00 %
								x: 20
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents a 64-bit signed integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from
   negative 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to positive 9,223,372,036,854,775,807; that
   is, hexadecimal 0X8000000000000000 to 0X7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified
   .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified  represent the
   same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the
   same type and value as the current instance. If  is a null reference
   or is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					9223372036854775807
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (hexadecimal 
 0X7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (hexadecimal 
 0X8000000000000000).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For
more information, see .
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class Int64ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <Int64> {1}",str,Int64.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: " 100
   " <Int64> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
 .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ("G",
).
							If  is
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of
   the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot be
   obtained from , the formatting information for the current system
   culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the  interface.
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							 The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current
   system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, ).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see (, ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method is equivalent to 
(,
).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class Int64ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Int64 i = 64;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								64
								c: $64.00
								d: 64
								e: 6.400000e+001
								f: 64.00
								g: 64
								n: 64.00
								p: 6,400.00 %
								x: 40
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 The  class provides atomic operations for variables that are shared by
   multiple threads.
				
				
					 The  methods protect against errors that can
   occur when the scheduler switches contexts while a
   thread is updating a variable that can be accessed by other threads. The
   members of this class do not throw exceptions.
					
						The  method
   and its counterpart, ,
   
   increment or decrement a variable and store
   the resulting value, as an atomic operation.
						The  method atomically exchanges the values of the
specified variables. The  method
provides an atomic
operation that compares two values and stores a third value in one of the
variables, based on the outcome of the comparison.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Compares two  values for equality and stores a
   specified value if they are equal.
						
						A  reference whose value is updated with  if the original value of  is equal to . 
						A  whose value will replace the value of  if  and  are equal. 
						A  to be compared to 
						
						
							 The original value of .
   
						
						
							 The compare and store operations are performed as
      an atomic operation.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Compares two  values for equality and stores a
   specified value if they are equal.
						
						A  whose value is updated with  if its original value is equal to . 
						The  value that will replace value of  if  and  are equal. 
						A  to be compared to 
						
						
							 A  containing the original value of .
   
						
						The address of  is  .
						
							 The compare and store operations are performed as
      an atomic operation.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Compares two  variables for equality and stores a specified object
   if they are equal.
						
						A  reference that is set to  if the object to which it refers is equal to . 
						The reference that will replace the value of  if  and  are equal. 
						An object to be compared to that referred to by 
						
						
							 A  containing the original value of .
   
						
						The address of  is  .
						
							 The compare and store operations are performed as an
      atomic operation.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Decrements the specified variable and stores the result as an atomic operation.
      
						
						A  containing the variable whose value is to be decremented. 
						
							 A  containing the
   decremented value.
   
						
						
							This method handles an overflow condition by wrapping:
      if  =  ,  - 1 =
    . No exception is
      thrown. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Decrements the specified variable and stores the result as an atomic operation.
      
						
						A  containing the variable whose value is to be decremented. 
						
							A 
containing the decremented value. 
						
						
							This method handles an overflow condition by wrapping: if  = 
 , 
 - 1 =  . No exception is thrown. 
							The 64-bit versions
   of  and  are truly atomic only on systems where
   a  is
   64-bits long. On other systems, these methods are atomic with respect to
   each other, but not with respect to other means of accessing the data.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets a  variable to a specified value as an atomic
   operation and returns the original value.
   
						
						A  variable to set to the supplied value as an atomic operation. 
						The  value to which  is set. 
						
							 A  containing the value of 
before the exchange.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets a  variable to a specified value as an atomic
   operation and returns the original value.
   
						
						A  variable to set to the supplied value as an atomic operation. 
						The  value to which  is set. 
						
							 A  containing the value of 
before the exchange.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets a  reference to refer to a specified object as an
   atomic operation and returns a reference to the original object.
   
						
						The variable to set. 
						The reference to which  is set. 
						
							 The original value of  .
   
						
						The address of  is  .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Increments the specified variable and stores the result as an atomic operation.
      
						
						A  containing the variable whose value is to be incremented.
						
							 A  containing the incremented value.
   
						
						
							This method handles an overflow condition by wrapping: if  = 
 , 
 + 1 =  . No exception is thrown. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Increments the specified variable and stores the result as an atomic operation.
      
						
						A  containing the variable whose value is to be incremented. 
						
							A 
containing the incremented value. 
						
						
							This method handles an overflow condition by wrapping: if  = 
 , 
 + 1 =  . No exception is thrown. 
							 The 64-bit versions of 
and  are truly atomic only on systems where a  is 64-bits
long. On other systems, these methods are atomic with respect to each
other, but not with respect to other means of accessing the data.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents the error that occurs when an explicit
      conversion (casting operation) fails because the source type cannot be converted to the destination
      type.
				
				
					
						For information on conversions supported by the system, see the  class.
						For errors that occur when the destination type can store source type values,
      but is not large enough to store a specific source value, see 
      exception.
						The following IL instructions throw :
						
							
								
      castclass
							
							
								refanyval
							
							
								
      unbox
							
						
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
public class InvalidCastExample {
 public static void Main() {
   object obj = new Object();
   int i;
   try {
     i = (int) obj;
   }
   catch( InvalidCastException e ) {
     Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}", e);
   }
 }
}
   
					The output is
					
Caught: System.InvalidCastException: Specified cast is not valid.
   at InvalidCastExample.Main()
			
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "Cannot cast from source type to
   destination type." This message takes into account the current system
   culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when an operation cannot be
      performed.
				
				
					
						
							 is typically thrown when the state of
      one or more objects determines whether an operation can be performed. For
      example, when initially enumerating over a set of objects, if the enumerator has not been
      positioned over the first element via a call to ,
      the system throws a  exception when  is accessed. 
						The  exception should not be thrown for
   errors caused by invalid arguments. For invalid argument errors, throw  or one
   of its derived types, such as  or . 
						 The ldflda IL instruction throws . 
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
using System.Collections;
public class InvalidOpExample  {
  public static void Main()  {
    int[] array = {0,0};
    IEnumerator enumerator = array.GetEnumerator();
    Console.Write("{0}",enumerator.Current);
  }
}
   
					The output is
					
						Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Enumeration has not
         started. Call MoveNext.
						at System.SZArrayEnumerator.get_Current()
						at InvalidOpExample.Main()
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "The requested operation cannot be
   performed." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the
 error that occurs when a program contains invalid IL instructions or
 metadata.
				
				
					
						This exception is 
 thrown by the system when a compiler emits incorrect IL
 or metadata.
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "Metadata is incorrect." This message
   takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to  
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is ,
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents the error that occurs when an I/O operation fails.
				
				
					
						 is the
   base
   class for exceptions thrown while accessing information using streams, files and
   directories.
					
						The Base Class Library includes the following types, 
      each of which is derived from :
						
							
								
									
								
							
							
								
									
								
							
							
								
									
								
							
						
						Where appropriate, use these types instead of .
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							The constructor initializes the  property of the new instance
   to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "An I/O
   error occurred while performing the requested operation." This message takes into
   account the current system culture.
							The  property of the new instance is 
initialized to  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							The constructor initializes the  property of the new
   instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property of the new
instance is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							The constructor initializes the  property of the new
   instance using  and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines methods implemented by permission types. 
				
				
					
						Permission types describe a level of access to secured
 operations or resources, such as files or environment variables. Permission instances do not confer the right to
 access a resource or perform an operation; the security system determines whether or not requested permissions
 are granted. Permissions are used by both application code and the security system in the
 following ways:
						
							
								
 
 Code requests the permissions it needs in order to
 run.
							
							
								
 
 Permissions are granted by the security system.
							
							
								
 
 Code demands that calling code has a permission.
							
							
								
 
 Code
 
 alters the default behavior
 
 of the security system by asserting or denying
 permissions.
							
						
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  object of the same type and containing the same
 values as the current instance.
						
						
							A new  object of the same type and containing the same
 values as the current instance.
						
						
							
								The object returned by
 this method is required to be a deep copy of the current instance; any objects
 referenced by the current instance are duplicated in the copy.
							
							
								Implement this
 method to provide the system with a means of duplicating permission objects.
							
							
								Use
 this method to obtain a copy of the current instance that is identical to the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Forces a  if all callers do not have the permission 
 specified by the current instance.
						
						
							 A caller does not have the permission specified by the current instance.
						
						
							The permission check for  begins with the immediate caller 
 of the code that calls this method and continues until all callers have been
 checked or a caller has been found that is not granted the demanded permission,
 in which case a  exception is thrown. 
							
								Notifies the
 system that a security check is required for all callers of the method that
 invokes . All callers are required to have the permissions
 described by the current instance. If one of the callers asserts the
 permissions and that caller has the permissions, the system is required to allow
 all callers that have not been checked to bypass the security check. If the
 security check fails, a  is thrown by the system.
							
							
								Use this method to
 ensure that callers that call the method containing a 
 call have the
 permissions described by the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns an
      object that is the intersection of the current instance and the
      specified 
      object. 
						
						An object of the same type as the current instance to intersect with the current instance.
						
							 A new  object that is the same type as
   the current instance and represents the intersection of the
   current instance and . If the intersection is empty, or 
   is , returns . If the current instance
   is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If  is
   unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of the same type as the current instance.
						
							The object returns by  is a permission that secures the resources and
   operations secured by two 
   objects: a demand passes the
   intersection of two objects only if it passes both of the objects.
							
								If  is not  and is not of the same type as
   the current instance, a  exception is required to be thrown.
								 The following statements are required to be true for all
   implementations of the  method.  and

represent non-null  object
references.
								
									
										
											.Intersect() returns a value
      equal to .
									
									
										
											.Intersect() returns the same
      value as .Intersect().
									
									
										
											.Intersect() returns
   
   .
									
								
							
							
								Use this method to obtain the set of permissions that are
   described both by the current instance and the specified
   object.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance is a subset of
      the specified object.
						
						A  object of the same type as the current instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship.
						
							
								 if the current instance is a subset of  ;
   otherwise,. If the current instance is unrestricted, and
 is not, returns . If  is 
   unrestricted, returns . If target is
 and the current instance does not secure any resources or 
   operations, returns . If target is 
   and the current instance secures one or more resources or operations, returns
 
.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of the same type as the current instance. 
						
							The current instance is a subset of  if the current instance
   specifies a set of accesses to resources or operations that is wholly contained
   by . For example, a permission that represents read access to a
   file is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the
   file. 
							
								 If  is not
 and is not of the same type
   as the current instance, a  exception is
   required to be thrown.
								 The following statements are required to be true for all
   implementations of the  method. , , and
 
represent non-null  objects.
								
									
										
											.IsSubsetOf(
   ) returns .
									
									
										
											.IsSubsetOf() returns the same
      value as .IsSubsetOf() if and only if  and
    
   represent the same set of permissions.
									
									
										
      
      if .IsSubsetOf() and
   .IsSubsetOf(
   ) both return
, .IsSubsetOf( ) returns
.
									
								
							
							
								Use this method to determine if the
   permissions described by the current instance are also described by the
   specified object.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns an object that is the union of the
 current instance and the specified
 object.
						
						A  object of the same type as the current instance to combine with the current instance. 
						
							 A new  object of the same type as the current
 instance that represents the
 union of the current instance and .
						
						
							 is not  and is not of the same type as the current instance. 
						
							The object returned by  is a permission that represents the 
 permissions described by the current instance and those described by
 . Any demand that passes either the current instance or 
 is required to pass the union of the two.
							
								If  is not  and is not of the same type as 
 the current instance, a  exception is required to be thrown.
								 The following statements are required to be true for all
 implementations of the  method.  and 
 represent non-null  objects.
								
									
										
											.Union() returns an object that
 is value-equal to .
									
									
										
											.Union() returns an object that
 is value-equal to the object returned by .Union().
									
									
										
											.Union() returns an
 object that is value-equal to 
 
 .
									
								
							
							
								Use this
 method to obtain a  object of the same type as the current instance
 and  that describes the permissions described by the current
 instance and those described by .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Enables access to objects across application
      domain boundaries
      in implementations that
      support remoting.
				
				
					
						An application
      domain is a partition in an OS process where one or more applications reside.
      Objects in the same application domain communicate directly. Objects that reside
      in different application domains communicate either by transporting copies of
      objects across application domain boundaries, or by exchanging messages via proxy.
					
					
						 is the base class for objects that
   communicate across application domain boundaries by exchanging messages via a
   proxy. Objects that do not inherit from  are
   implicitly . When a remote application references a
 object, a copy of the object is passed across application domain boundaries.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides support for creating and using a stream whose backing store is memory.
				
				
					The  class creates streams that have memory as a backing
   store instead of a disk or a network connection. 
   encapsulates data stored as an unsigned byte array. The encapsulated data is directly accessible
   in memory. Memory streams can reduce the need for temporary buffers and files
   in an application.
					The  of
a stream is the position at which the next read or write operation takes
place. The current position can be retrieved or set through the 
method. When a new instance of 
is created, the
current position is set to zero.
					
						Memory streams created
   with an unsigned byte array provide a non-resizable stream view
   of the data. When using a byte array, you can neither
   append to nor shrink the stream, although you might be able to modify the existing
   contents depending on the parameters passed into the constructor.
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.Stream
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						The  array from which to create the new stream.
						A  that specifies the index into  at which the stream begins.
						A  that specifies the length of the stream in bytes.
						A  that specifies whether the new stream instance supports writing.
						A  that specifies whether  is exposed via the , which returns the  array from which the stream was created. Specify  to expose ; otherwise, specify .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						( +  ) is greater than the length of .
						
							The  and  properties of
   the new  instance are
   set to . The  property is set to . The  property is set to
.
							
								The new stream instance can be written to, but the
 of the underlying  
array cannot be changed. The length of the stream cannot be set
to a value larger than , but the stream can be truncated
(see ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new non-resizable instance of the 
class.
						
						The  array from which to create the new stream.
						A  that specifies the index in  at which the stream begins.
						A  that specifies the length of the stream in bytes.
						A  that specifies whether the new stream instance supports writing.
						
							 is .
						
							 or  are negative.
						( +  ) is greater than the length of .
						
							The  and  properties
   of the new  are
   set to . The  property is set to . The  property is set to
.
							
								The new stream instance can be written to, but the
 of the 
   underlying byte array cannot be changed. The length of the stream cannot be set
   to a value larger than , but the stream can be truncated
   (see ).
							
							The new stream does not expose the underlying byte
   buffer, and calls to the  method throw .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new resizable instance of the 
class.
						
						
							The , , and  properties of the
   new instance of the  class are set to .
							The capacity of the new stream instance can be increased
   by using the  method or by
   setting the  property.
							The new stream exposes the underlying byte buffer, which
   can be accessed through the 
   method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new resizable instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that specifies the initial size of the internal  array.
						
							 is negative.
						
							The , , and 
properties of the new instance of the  class are set to
.
							The  of 
the new stream instance is set to  can be increased
by using the  method or by
setting the  property. Write operations at the end of
the new instance of the  class expand the .
							The new stream exposes the underlying byte buffer,
   which can be accessed through the 
   method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new non-resizable instance of the  class.
						
						The  array from which to create the new stream.
						The  parameter is .
						
							The , , and 
properties of the new instance of the  class are set to
.  is set to the length of the specified 
 
array.
							
								The new stream instance can be written to, but
   the  of
   the underlying 
   array cannot be changed. The length of the stream cannot be set
   to a value greater than 
   , but the
   stream can be truncated (see ).
							
							The new stream does not expose the underlying byte buffer, and calls to the
 method throw .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new non-resizable instance of the  class.
						
						The  array from which to create the new stream.
						A  that specifies whether the new stream instance supports writing.
						
							 is .
						
							The  and  properties of the new
   instance of the  class are set to . The  property is set to the length of the specified
 array. The  property is set to 
 
.
							
								The new stream instance can be written to, but the
 of the underlying  
array cannot be changed. The length of the stream cannot be set
to a value larger than , but the stream can be truncated
(see ).
							
							The new stream does not expose the underlying  buffer, and calls to the 
method throw .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new non-resizable instance of the 
class.
						
						The  array from which to create the new stream.
						A  that specifies the index into  at which the stream begins.
						A  that specifies the length of the stream in bytes.
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is less than zero.
						( +  ) is greater than the length of .
						
							The , , and  properties of the
   new  instance are set to . The  property
   is set to 
   .
							
								The new stream instance can be written to, but the
 of the underlying  
array cannot be changed. The length of the stream cannot be set
to a value larger than , but the stream can be truncated
(see ).
							
							The new stream does not expose the underlying  
buffer, and calls to the  method throw 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports reading.
						
						
							
								if the current 
   stream supports reading; otherwise 
   .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream
   supports seeking.
						
						
							
								 if the stream 
   supports seeking; otherwise 
   .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream
   supports writing.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports writing;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of bytes allocated for the current
      stream.
						
						
							 A  containing the
   number of bytes allocated for the current stream.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is negative or less than the current length of the stream.
						A set operation was attempted on a stream whose capacity cannot be modified. 
						A set operation was attempted on a stream that is closed.
						
							
								 is
   the buffer length for system-provided byte arrays. If the current stream is
   created with a specified 
   array,  indicates the length of the portion of
   the provided array to which the current stream has access. For additional information, see the  ([], ,  ) constructor. 
							
							
								
cannot be set to a value less than the current length of the stream, but can be
set to less than the current capacity. If the capacity specified is less than
the current capacity, the size of the buffer used
to hold the stream may be reduced, but need not be.
							
								If the value specified for a set operation is less than the default value,
   for performance reasons the property is set to the default. The default
   value of the  property is
   unspecified.

							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current  instance.
						
						
							 The stream will not support reading or writing after
      this method is invoked. Following a call to 
      , operations on the
      stream can raise an exception. 
							 The buffer of a closed  is still available, and the 
and  methods can
be called successfully. 
							 This method overrides 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Overrides 
so that no action is performed.
						
						
							Since any data written to a  is written into RAM, this 
   method is redundant.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns the
      array of unsigned bytes from which this stream was created.
						
						
							The  array from which the current stream was created, or the
   underlying array if a 
   array was not provided to the 
   constructor during construction of the current instance.
						
						The current instance was not created with a publicly visible buffer.
						
							To create a  instance with a publicly visible buffer use the default constructor, or
( 
 [], , , , ) or ( 
) constructor. 
							 If the current stream is resizable, multiple calls to
   this method do not return the same array if the underlying 
   array is
   resized between calls. For additional information, see 
   . 
							
								This method works when the  is closed.
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates that two calls to the 
method on a resizable stream do not return the same array if the underlying byte array is
reallocated.
							using System;
using System.IO;

public class MemoryStreamTest {
   public static void Main() {

      MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(10);

      byte[] a = ms.GetBuffer();
      byte[] b = ms.GetBuffer();

      //Force reallocation of the underlying byte array.
      ms.Capacity = 10240;    
      byte[] c = ms.GetBuffer();


      if(Object.ReferenceEquals(a, b))
         Console.WriteLine("a and b represent the same instance.");
      else
         Console.WriteLine("a and b represent the different instances.");

      if(Object.ReferenceEquals(a, c))
         Console.WriteLine("a and c represent the same instance.");
      else
         Console.WriteLine("a and c represent the different instances.");

   }
}

							The output is
							
								a and b represent the same instance.
								a and c represent the different instances.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the length of the stream in bytes.
						
						
							A  containing the length of the stream in bytes.
						
						The current stream is closed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property 
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the current position within the stream.
						
						
							A  containing the current position within the stream.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is negative or greater than one byte beyond the length of the current stream.
						The current stream is closed.
						
							The position cannot be set more
      than one byte beyond the end of the stream.
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Reads a block of bytes from the current stream at the current position, and
      writes the data to the specified byte array.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, contains the specified byte array with the values between and  replaced by the characters read from the current stream.
						A  that specifies the byte offset in  at which to begin writing.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.
						
							 A  that specifies the total number of bytes
   read into the buffer, or zero if the end of the stream is
   reached before any bytes are read.
						
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						( +  ) is larger than the length of .
						 The current stream is closed.
						
							If the read operation is successful, the current position within the
      stream advances by the number of bytes read. If an exception occurs, the current position within
      the stream remains unchanged.
							
								If the byte array specified in the  parameter is the underlying buffer returned by the
    method, the array contents are overwritten, and no
      exception is thrown. 
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the result of reading from a  into its
   underlying byte array.
							using System;
using System.IO;

public class MemoryStreamTest {
   public static void Main() {

      byte[] values = new byte [] {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};

      foreach (byte b in values) {
         Console.Write(b);
      }

      Console.WriteLine();

      MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream (values);

      ms.Read(values, 1, 5);

      foreach (byte b in values) {
         Console.Write(b);
      }
   }
}

							The output is
							
								0123456789 
								0012346789
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Reads a byte from the current stream at the current position.
      
						
						
							 The byte cast to a , or -1 if the end of the stream has been reached.
   
						
						 The current stream is closed.
						
							If the read operation is successful, the current position
      within the stream is advanced by one byte. If an exception occurs, the
      current position within the stream is unchanged.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets the current position within the current stream to
      the specified value.
						
						A  that specifies the new position within the stream. This is relative to the  parameter, and may be positive or negative.
						 A  value that specifies the seek reference point.
						
							A  containing the new position within the stream, calculated by
   combining the seek reference point and the offset.
						
						Seeking is attempted before the beginning or more than one byte beyond the end of the stream.
						
							 is greater than the maximum length of the .
						
							 is not a valid  value.
						 The current stream is closed.
						
							The position cannot be set to more than one byte beyond the end of the stream.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Sets the length of the current stream to the specified value.
						
						A  that specifies the value at which to set the length.
						
							The current stream is not resizable and  is greater than the current .
							-or-
							The current stream does not support writing.
						
						
							 is negative or is greater than the maximum length of the , where the maximum length is ( - origin), and origin is the index into the underlying buffer at which the stream starts.
						
							 If the specified value is less than the current length of the
      stream, the stream is truncated. If after the truncation the current position within the
      stream is past the end of the stream, the 
      method returns -1, the  method reads zero bytes into the provided byte
      array, and  and  methods
      
      append specified bytes at the end of the stream, increasing its length.
							If the specified value is larger than the current
      capacity and the stream is resizable, the capacity is increased, and the current position
      within the stream is unchanged. If the length is increased, the contents
      of the stream between the old and the new length are initialized to zeros. 
							
								A  instance must support writing for this method to
      work. Use the  property to determine whether the
      current instance supports writing. For additional information, see  .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
					
						

							Writes the entire stream contents to a  array,
   regardless of the current position within the stream.
						
						
							 A new  array.
   
						
						
							This method returns a copy of the contents of
      the  as a byte array. If the
      current instance was constructed on a provided byte array, a copy of the section
      of the array to which the current instance has access is returned. For
      additional information, see the  ([], ,  )
      constructor.
							
							
								This method
      works when the  is
      closed.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes a block of bytes
      to the current stream at the current position using data read from buffer.
						
						The  array to write data from.
						A  that specifies the zero based byte offset into  at which to begin writing from.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to write from .
						
							 is .
						
							The current stream does not support writing.
							-or-
							The current position is closer than bytes to the end of the stream, and the capacity cannot be modified.
						
						(+  ) is greater than the length of . 
						
							 or  are negative.
						An I/O error occurred.
						The current stream is closed.
						
							 If the write operation is
      successful, the current position within the stream is advanced by the number of
      bytes written. If an exception occurs, the current position within the stream
      is unchanged.
							Write operations at the end of a resizable  expand
   the .
							
								Use the  method to determine whether the current stream supports writing.
							
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a  to the current stream at the current position.
						
						The  to write.
						The current stream is closed.
						
							The current stream does not support writing.
							-or-
							The current position is at the end of the stream, and the stream's capacity cannot be modified.
						
						
							Write operations at the end of a resizable 
expand the . If the write operation is
successful, the current position within the stream is advanced by one byte. If an
exception occurs, the position is unchanged.
							
								Use the  method to determine 
whether the current stream supports writing.
							
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the entire contents of the current  instance to a specified stream.
						
						The  to write the current memory stream to.
						
							 is .
						The current or target stream is closed.
						
							
								When the current stream is open, this
      method is equivalent to calling  and passing in the underlying buffer of the current instance.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides
      a mechanism that synchronizes access to objects.
				
				
					The  class
   controls access to objects by granting a single thread a lock for an object.
   Object locks provide the
   ability to restrict access to a block of code, commonly called a critical section.
   While a thread owns the lock for an object no other thread can acquire the lock
   for the object. Additionally, the 
   
   class can be used to ensure that no other thread may access a section of
   application code being executed by the lock owner, unless the other thread is
   executing the code using a different locked object. 
					 The following information is
   maintained for each synchronized object:
					
						
							
      
      A reference to the thread that currently holds the
      lock.
						
						
							
      
      A reference to a "ready queue", which contains the
      threads that are ready to obtain the lock.
						
						
							
      
      A reference to a "waiting queue", which contains the threads that are
      waiting for notification of a change in the state of the locked
      object.
						
					
					 The following table describes the actions taken by
   threads that access synchronized objects:
							
								Action
								Description
							
							
								 Enter
								 Acquires a lock for an
         object. Also marks the beginning of a critical section. No other
         thread can enter the critical section unless they are executing the instructions in the critical
         section using a different locked object. See the  and 
         methods.
								
							
							
								 Wait
								 Releases the lock on an object in order to permit
         other threads to lock and access the object. The calling thread waits
         while another thread accesses the object. Pulse signals (see below) are
         used to notify waiting threads about changes to an object's state.
      See 
      
      .
								
							
							
								 Pulse
      (signal)
								Sends a signal to one or more waiting threads. The
      signal notifies a waiting thread that the state of the locked object has
      changed, and the owner of the lock is ready to release the lock. The
      waiting thread is placed in the object's ready queue so that it may
      eventually receive the lock for the object. Once the thread has the lock,
      it can check the new state of the object to see if the required state has
      been reached. See  and 
      
      .
								
							
							
								 Exit
								 Releases the lock on an object. Also marks the end
      of a critical section protected by the locked object.
   See 
   .
								
							
						
					
					 The
 and  methods 
   are used to
   mark the beginning and end of a critical section. If the critical section is
   a set of contiguous instructions, then the lock acquired by the 
   method guarantees
   that only a single thread can execute the enclosed code with the locked
   object. This facility is typically used to synchronize access to a static or
   instance method of a class. If an instance method requires synchronized
   thread access, the instance method invokes the 
   and corresponding  methods using itself (the current
   instance) as the object to lock. Since only one thread can hold the lock on the
   current instance, the method can only be executed by one thread at a time.
   Static methods are protected in a similar fashion using the 
   
   object of the current instance as the locked object.
					
						The functionality provided by the 
and 
methods is identical to that provided by the C#
lock statement.
						If a critical section spans an entire method, the locking
   facility described above can be achieved by placing the  on the method, and specifying
   the  option. Using this attribute,
   the  and  statements are not needed.
   Note that the attribute causes the current thread to hold the lock until
   the method returns; if the lock can be released sooner, use the  class
   (or C# 
   statement) instead of
   the attribute.
						While it is possible for the  and
 statements that lock and release a 
given object to cross member and/or class boundaries, this practice is strongly discouraged.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Acquires an
      exclusive lock on the specified object. 
						
						The  on which to acquire the lock.
						
							is .
						
							 This method acquires an exclusive
      lock on 
      .
							 A caller of this method is required to invoke  once 
   for each  invoked.
							The caller of this method is blocked if another thread
   has obtained the lock by calling 
   and specifying the same object. The caller
   is not blocked if the current thread holds the lock. The same thread can
   invoke  more than once (and it will not block); however, an equal number of  calls are required to be invoked before other
   threads waiting on the object will
   unblock.
							
								Invoking this member is identical to
   using the C#  statement.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases an exclusive lock on the specified  . 
						
						The  on which to release the lock.
						
							is .
						
							The current thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						
						
							This method releases an exclusive lock on . The caller is required to own the lock on
 
.
							 If the caller owns the
   lock on the specified object, and has made an equal number
   of  and  calls for
   the object, then the lock is released. If the caller has not
   invoked  as many times as 
   , the lock is not released.
							
								If the lock is released and there are
   other threads in the ready queue for the object, one of the threads will
   acquire the lock. If there are other threads in the waiting queue
   waiting to acquire the lock, they are not automatically moved to the ready
   queue when the owner of the lock calls . To move one or more waiting
   threads into the ready queue, call  or  prior to invoking .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Notifies the next waiting thread (if any) of a change in the specified locked object's state.
						
						The  a thread may be waiting for.
						
							is .
						The calling thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						
							The thread that currently owns the lock on the specified object
      invokes this method to signal the next thread in line for the lock (in the
      queue of threads waiting to acquire the lock on the object). Upon receiving the pulse, the
      waiting thread is moved to the ready queue. When the thread that invoked  releases the lock, the
      next thread
      in the ready queue (which is not necessarily
      the thread that was pulsed) acquires the lock.
							
								 To signal a waiting object using  , you must be the current owner of
      the lock.
								 To signal multiple threads, use the
    method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Notifies all waiting threads (if any) of a change in the specified locked object's
      state.
						
						The  that one or more threads may be waiting for.
						
							is .
						The calling thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						
							 The thread that currently owns the lock on the specified object invokes this method
      to signal all threads waiting to acquire the lock on the object. After the
      signal is sent, the waiting threads are moved to the ready queue. When the
      thread that invoked  releases the lock,
      the next thread in the ready queue acquires the lock.
							
								To signal waiting objects using , you must be the current owner of the
      lock.
								To signal a single thread, use the
    method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on the specified object.
						
						The  on which to acquire the lock.
						
							
								 if the current thread acquired
   the lock; otherwise, .
						
						
							is .
						
							 If successful, this method acquires an exclusive lock
      on . This method returns immediately, whether or not the lock is available.
							This method is equivalent to 
(, 0). 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Attempts, for the specified number
      of milliseconds, to acquire an exclusive
      lock on the specified object.
						
						The  on which to acquire the lock.
						A  containing the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the lock.
						
							
								if the current thread acquired the lock; otherwise, .
						
						
							is .
						
							is negative, and not equal to  . 
						
							If successful, this method acquires an exclusive lock on . 
							If equals , this
method is equivalent to 
(). If
equals zero, this method is 
equivalent to 
().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Attempts, for the specified amount of time, to acquire an exclusive lock
      on the specified object.
						
						The  on which to acquire the lock.
						A  set to the maximum amount of time to wait for the lock.
						
							
								if the current thread acquires the lock; otherwise, .
						
						
							is .
						The value of in milliseconds is negative and is not equal to  , or is greater than  .
						
							If successful, this method acquires an exclusive lock on . 
							If the value of  converted to milliseconds equals , this method is equivalent to 
(). If the value of equals zero, this method is equivalent to
 
().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Releases the lock on an object and blocks the current thread
      until it reacquires the lock
      or until a specified amount of time elapses.
						
						The  on which to wait.
						A  containing the maximum number of milliseconds to wait before this method returns.
						
							
								 if the lock was reacquired before the specified time elapsed; otherwise,
. 
						
						
							is .
						The calling thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						The value of  is negative, and not equal to  .
						
							If successful, this method reacquires an exclusive lock on . 
							This method behaves identically to  (), except that it does not block indefinitely unless
 is 
specified for  . Once the specified time has elapsed, this
method returns a value that indicates whether the lock has been reacquired by the
caller. If  equals 0, this method returns
immediately.
							
								This method is
   called when the caller is waiting for a change in the state of the object, which
   occurs as a result of another thread's operations on the object. For additional
   details, see 
   
   ().
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Releases the lock on an object and blocks the current thread
      until it reacquires the lock
      or until a specified amount of time elapses.
						
						The  on which to wait.
						A  set to the maximum amount of time to wait before this method returns.
						
							
								 if the lock was reacquired before
   the specified time elapsed; otherwise, . 
						
						
							is .
						The calling thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						If is negative, and is not equal to  , or is greater than .
						
							If successful, this method reacquires an exclusive lock on . 
							This method behaves identically to  (), except that it does not block indefinitely unless
 
milliseconds is
specified for  . Once the specified time has elapsed, this
method returns a value that indicates whether the lock has been reacquired by the
caller. If  equals 0, this method returns immediately.
							
								This method is
   called when the caller is waiting for a change in the state of the object, which
   occurs as a result of another thread's operations on the object. For additional
   details, see 
   
   (
   ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the lock on an object and blocks the current
      thread until it reacquires the lock.
						
						The  on which to wait.
						
							
								 if the
   call returned because the caller reacquired the lock for the specified object.
   This method does not return if the lock is not reacquired. 
						
						
							is .
						The calling thread does not own the lock for the specified object.
						
							This method reacquires an exclusive lock on . 
							 The thread that currently owns the
   lock on the specified object invokes this method in order to release the object
   so that another thread can access it. The caller is blocked while waiting to reacquire the lock. This method is called when the caller is
   waiting for a change in the state of the object, which occurs as a result of another
   thread's operations on the object.
							When a thread calls , it releases the lock on the object
and enters the object's waiting queue. The next thread in the object's ready
queue (if there is one) acquires the lock and has exclusive use of the object.
All threads that call  remain in the waiting queue until
they receive a signal via  or  sent by the
owner of the lock. If  is sent, only the thread at the
head of the waiting queue is affected. If  is sent, all threads that are waiting for
the object are affected. When the signal is received, one or more threads leave
the waiting queue and enter the ready queue. A thread in the ready queue
is permitted to reacquire the lock.
							This method returns when the calling thread reacquires the lock on the object. Note that this method blocks indefinitely if
   the holder of the lock does not call  or .
							The caller executes  once, regardless of the number of times
 has been 
invoked for the specified object. Conceptually,
the  method stores the number of times
the caller invoked  on the object
and invokes 
as many times as necessary to fully release the locked object. The caller then
blocks while waiting to reacquire the object. When the caller reacquires the lock, the system calls 
as many times as necessary to restore the saved 
count for the caller.
							Calling  releases the lock for the specified object
only; if the caller is the owner of locks on other objects, these locks are not
released.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 
Represents the error that occurs when a requested operation is not implemented for a given type.
				
				
					
						A number of the types and constructs, specified elsewhere in this Standard, are not required of CLI implementations that conform only to the Kernel Profile. For example, the floating-point feature set consists of the floating-point data types and . If support for these is omitted from an implementation, any attempt to reference a signature that includes the floating-point data types results in an exception of type 
 .
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error. This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 
 Represents the error that occurs when an object cannot
 perform an operation.
				
				
					
						
							 is thrown when it is never possible for 
 the object to perform the requested operation. A typical scenario is when a base
 class declares a method that derived classes are required to implement, and the
 method is invoked on the base class. When a method throws 
 this usually indicates that the derived classes must provide an implementation
 of the method, and callers must invoke the method
 on the derived class.
						For scenarios where it is sometimes possible for the 
 object to perform the requested operation, and the object state determines
 whether the operation can be performed, see 
 .
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error. This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when there is an attempt
      to dereference a null object reference.
				
				
					
						Applications throw the 
   rather than 
   .
						The following IL instructions throw 
:
						
							
								
      callvirt
							
							
								cpblk
							
							
								cpobj
							
							
								ldelema
							
							
								ldelem.<type>
							
							
								ldfld
							
							
								ldflda
							
							
								ldind.<type>
							
							
								ldlen
							
							
								stelem.<type>
							
							
								stind.<type>
							
							
								stfld
							
							
								throw
							
							
								unbox
							
							
								initblk
							
						
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
public class Ints {
   public int[] myInts;
}
public class NullRefExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Ints ints = new Ints();
      try {
         int i = ints.myInts[0];
      }
      catch( NullReferenceException e ) {
         Console.WriteLine( "Caught error: {0}.", e);
      }
   }
}
   
					The output is
					
Caught error: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
   at NullRefExample.Main().
 
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "The value 'null' was found where an
   instance of an object was required." This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Supplies culture-specific formatting information for
      string representations of numeric values.
				
				
					
						 supplies symbols such as currency symbols and decimal
   separators.
					
						A 
instance typically contains the set of symbols for a specific language and
culture. Instances of  may be created to provide customized formatting
information. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormatProvider
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							The new instance is not read-only, and is otherwise
      identical to the  instance returned by the  property.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Creates a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							A  that is a copy of the current
   instance.
						
						
							The  method returns a new instance of  with property values that are equal to the
   property values of the current instance. If the current instance is read-only,
   the clone is also read-only.
							
								This method is
   implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of decimal places in currency values.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of decimal places in currency values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 99.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 2.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used as the decimal separator in currency values.
						
						
							A  containing the decimal separator used in currency values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      ".".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used to separate groups of
      digits to the left of the decimal point in currency values.
						
						
							A 
containing the group separator used in currency values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is ",".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of digits in each group to the
      left of the decimal point in currency values.
						
						
							A  array containing elements that define the number of digits in
   each group in currency values.
						
						The array specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						One of the elements in the array specified for a set operation is not between 0 and 9.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							All elements of the array except the last are required
      to be between 1 and 9, inclusive. The last element can be 0.
							The first element of the array defines the number of
      elements in the first group of digits located immediately to the left of the
   . Each subsequent element refers to the next group of
      digits located to the left of the previous group. If the last element of the
      array is not zero, any remaining digits are grouped based on the last element of
      the array. If the last element is zero, the remaining digits are not
      grouped.
							The culture-invariant value for this property is an
      array with a single element containing the value 3.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
    public static void Main() {
    NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
    
    decimal myMoney = 9999999994444333221.00m;
    nfi.CurrencyGroupSizes = new int[] {1,2,3,4,0};
    Console.WriteLine("{0}",myMoney.ToString("C",nfi));

    myMoney = 123456789123456.78m;
    nfi.CurrencyGroupSizes = new int[] {3};
    Console.WriteLine("{0}",myMoney.ToString("C",nfi));

    nfi.CurrencyGroupSizes = new int[] {3,0};
    Console.WriteLine("{0}",myMoney.ToString("C",nfi));

    }
}
   
							The output is
							
								$999999999,4444,333,22,1.00
								$123,456,789,123,456.78
								$123456789123,456.78
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the format of negative currency values.
						
						
							A 
between 0 and 15 inclusive, which specifies the format of negative currency
values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 15.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The following table describes the valid values for this
      property. "$" is used as the value for , "-" is used as the value for , and 999 represents any numeric value.
							
								
									Value
									Pattern
								
								
									 0
									($999)
								
								
									 1
									-$999
								
								
									 2
									$-999
								
								
									 3
									$999-
								
								
									 4
									(999$)
								
								
									 5
									-999$
								
								
									 6
									999-$
								
								
									 7
									999$-
								
								
									 8
									-999
            $
								
								
									 9
									-$
            999
								
								
									 10
									999 $-
								
								
									 11
									$
            999-
								
								
									 12
									$
            -999
								
								
									 13
									999- $
								
								
									 14
									($
            999)
								
								
									 15
									(999
            $)
								
							
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 decimal myMoney = -9999999999999.00m;
 for (int i = 0; i<=15; i++) {
 nfi.CurrencyNegativePattern = i;
 Console.WriteLine("pattern # {0}: {1}",i,myMoney.ToString("C",nfi));
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								pattern # 0: ($9,999,999,999,999.00)
								pattern # 1: -$9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 2: $-9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 3: $9,999,999,999,999.00-
								pattern # 4: (9,999,999,999,999.00$)
								pattern # 5: -9,999,999,999,999.00$
								pattern # 6: 9,999,999,999,999.00-$
								pattern # 7: 9,999,999,999,999.00$-
								pattern # 8: -9,999,999,999,999.00 $
								pattern # 9: -$ 9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 10: 9,999,999,999,999.00 $-
								pattern # 11: $ 9,999,999,999,999.00-
								pattern # 12: $ -9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 13: 9,999,999,999,999.00- $
								pattern # 14: ($ 9,999,999,999,999.00)
								pattern # 15: (9,999,999,999,999.00 $)
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the format of positive currency values.
						
						
							A 
between 0 and 3 inclusive, containing the format of positive currency
values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 3.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The following table describes the valid values for this
      property. "$" is used as the value for , and 999 represents any numeric value.
							
								
									Value
									Pattern
								
								
									 0
									$999
								
								
									 1
									999$
								
								
									 2
									$ 
            999
								
								
									 3
									999 $
								
							
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different  property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 decimal myMoney = 9999999999999.00m;
 for (int i = 0; i<=3; i++) {
 nfi.CurrencyPositivePattern = i;
 Console.WriteLine("pattern # {0}: {1}",i,myMoney.ToString("C",nfi));
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								pattern # 0: $9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 1: 9,999,999,999,999.00$
								pattern # 2: $ 9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 3: 9,999,999,999,999.00 $
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the currency symbol.
						
						
							A 
containing the currency symbol.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is the Unicode currency symbol 
      0x00a4.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  instance containing formatting
 information for the current system culture.
						
						
							A read-only  containing the settings for the current
 system culture.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an object of the specified type that provides formatting services.
						
						The  of the formatting object to be returned.
						
							A formatting object of the specified . If no formatting
   object of the specified type is available, or  is a null reference, returns the formatting object
   for the current culture.
						
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  instance containing formatting
   information that is culture-independent and does not change.
						
						
							A read-only  with property values which are
   universally supported. The property values of the returned  are not
   impacted by changes to the current culture.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The following table lists the property values of the
   
   returned by this property.
							
								
									Property
									Default
									Description
								
								
									
										
									
									2
									The number of decimal places in currency
      values.
								
								
									
										
									
									"."
									The string used as the decimal separator in currency values.
								
								
									
										
									
									","
									The string used to separate groups of digits to the left of the
   decimal point in currency values.
								
								
									
										
									
									3
									The number of digits in each group to the left of the decimal point in
   currency values.
								
								
									
										
									
									0
									The format of negative currency values.
								
								
									
										
									
									0
									The format of positive currency values.
								
								
									
										
									
									0x00a4
									The Unicode currency symbol.
								
								
									
										
									
									"NaN"
									The string used to represent undefined floating-point values.
								
								
									
										
									
									"-Infinity"
									The string used to represent negative infinities.
								
								
									
										
									
									"-"
									The string used to indicate negative values.
								
								
									
										
									
									2
									The default number of decimal places.
								
								
									
										
									
									"."
									The string used as the decimal separator.
								
								
									
										
									
									","
									The string used to separate groups of digits to the left of the
   decimal point.
								
								
									
										
									
									3
									The number of digits in each group to the left of the decimal
   point.
								
								
									
										
									
									1
									The format of negative values.
								
								
									
										
									
									2
									The default number of decimal places in percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									"."
									The string used as the decimal separator in percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									","
									The string used to separate groups of digits to the left of the
   decimal point in percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									3
									The number of digits in each group to the left of the decimal in
   percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									0
									The format of negative percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									0
									The format of positive percent values.
								
								
									
										
									
									"%"
									The percent symbol.
								
								
									
										
									
									""
									The per mille symbol.
								
								
									
										
									
									"Infinity"
									The string used to represent positive infinities.
								
								
									
										
									
									"+"
									The string used to indicate positive values.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a value indicating whether the current instance is read-only.
						
						
							
								 if the current instance is read-only; otherwise
.
						
						
							This property is read-only. 
							
								Attempting to perform an assignment to a
      property of a read-only  causes a .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol that represents NaN
      (Not-a-Number) floating-point values.
						
						
							A 
containing the symbol for NaN values. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "NaN".
							
								For more
      information on NaN
      values, see  or .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol that represents negative infinity.
						
						
							A 
containing the symbol for negative infinity. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "-Infinity".
							
								For more
      information on negative infinity, see  or .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used to represent negative values.
						
						
							A 
containing the symbol that indicates a value is negative. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "-".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of decimal places for numeric values.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of decimal places for numeric values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 99.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 2.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used as the decimal separator
      for numeric values.
						
						
							A 
containing the decimal separator.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      ".".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used to separate groups of
      digits to the left of the decimal point for numeric values.
						
						
							A 
containing the group separator.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      ",".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of digits in each group to the
      left of the decimal point for numeric values.
						
						
							A  array containing elements that define the number of digits in
   each group in numeric values.
						
						The array specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						One of the elements in the array specified for a set operation is not between 0 and 9.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							All elements of the array except the last are required
      to be between 1 and 9, inclusive. The last element can be 0.
							The first element of the array defines the number of
      elements in the first group of digits located immediately to the left of the
   . Each subsequent element refers to the next group of
      digits located to the left of the previous group. If the last element of the
      array is not zero, any remaining digits are grouped based on the last element of
      the array. If the last element is zero, the remaining digits are not
      grouped.
							The culture-invariant value for this property is an
      array with a single element containing the value 3.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 
 decimal data = 9999999994444333221.00m;
 nfi.NumberGroupSizes = new int[] {1,2,3,4,0};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("N",nfi));

 data = 123456789123456.78m;
 nfi.NumberGroupSizes = new int[] {3};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("N",nfi));

 nfi.NumberGroupSizes = new int[] {3,0};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("N",nfi));
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								999999999,4444,333,22,1.00
								123,456,789,123,456.78
								123456789123,456.78
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the format of negative values.
						
						
							A 
between 0 and 4 inclusive that specifies the format of negative values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 4.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The following table describes the valid values for this property. "-" is used
      as the value for , and 999
      represents any numeric value.
							
								
									Value
									Pattern
								
								
									 0
									(999)
								
								
									 1
									-999
								
								
									 2
									- 
            999
								
								
									 3
									999-
								
								
									 4
									999 -
								
							
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 1.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 Double data = -9999999999999.00;
 for (int i = 0; i<=4; i++) {
 nfi.NumberNegativePattern = i;
 Console.WriteLine("pattern # {0}: {1}",i,data.ToString("N",nfi));
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								pattern # 0: (9,999,999,999,999.00)
								pattern # 1: -9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 2: - 9,999,999,999,999.00
								pattern # 3: 9,999,999,999,999.00-
								pattern # 4: 9,999,999,999,999.00 -
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of decimal places in percent values.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of decimal places in percent values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 99.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 2.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used as the decimal separator in percent values.
						
						
							A  containing the decimal separator used in percent values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is ".".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used to separate groups of
      digits to the left of the decimal point in percent values.
						
						
							A 
containing the group separator symbol used in percent values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      ",".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the number of digits in each group to the
      left of the decimal point in percent values.
						
						
							 A  array containing elements that define the number of digits in
   each group in percent values.
						
						The array specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						One of the elements in the array specified for a set operation is not between 0 and 9.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							All elements of the array except the last are required
      to be between 1 and 9, inclusive. The last element can be 0.
							The first element of the array defines the number of
      elements in the first group of digits located immediately to the left of the
   . Each subsequent element refers to the next group of
      digits located to the left of the previous group. If the last element of the
      array is not zero, any remaining digits are grouped based on the last element of
      the array. If the last element is zero, the remaining digits are not
      grouped.
							The culture-invariant value for this property is an
      array with a single element containing the value 3.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 
 decimal data = 9999999994444333221.00m;
 nfi.PercentGroupSizes = new int[] {1,2,3,4,0};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("P",nfi));

 data = 123456789123456.78m;
 nfi.PercentGroupSizes = new int[] {3};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("P",nfi));

 nfi.PercentGroupSizes = new int[] {3,0};
 Console.WriteLine("{0}",data.ToString("P",nfi));
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								99999999944,4433,322,10,0.00 %
								12,345,678,912,345,678.00 %
								12345678912345,678.00 %
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the format of negative percent values.
						
						
							A 
between 0 and 2 inclusive that specifies the format of negative percent
values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 2.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The following table describes the valid values for this
      property. "%" is used as the value for , "-" is used as the value for , and 999 represents any numeric
      value.
							
								
									Value
									Pattern
								
								
									 0
									-999 %
								
								
									 1
									-999%
								
								
									 2
									-%999
								
							
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different  property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 decimal data = -.9900m;
 for (int i = 0; i<=2 ; i++) {
 nfi.PercentNegativePattern = i;
 Console.WriteLine("pattern # {0}: {1}",i,data.ToString("P",nfi));
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								pattern # 0: -99.00 %
								pattern # 1: -99.00%
								pattern # 2: -%99.00
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the format of positive percent values.
						
						
							A  between 0 and 2 inclusive that specifies
   the format of positive percent values.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than 2.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The following table describes the valid values for this
      property. "%" is used as the value for , and 999 represents a numeric
      value.
							
								
									Value
									Pattern
								
								
									 0
									999 %
								
								
									 1
									999%
								
								
									 2
									%999
								
							
							The culture-invariant value for this property is 0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the effects of
      different 
      property values.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class Test {
 public static void Main() {
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 decimal data = .9900m;
 for (int i = 0; i<=2 ; i++) {
 nfi.PercentPositivePattern = i;
 Console.WriteLine("pattern # {0}: {1}",i,data.ToString("P",nfi));
 }
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								pattern # 0: 99.00 %
								pattern # 1: 99.00%
								pattern # 2: %99.00
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol that represents percentage values.
						
						
							A  containing the percent symbol. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "%".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the per mille symbol.
						
						
							A  containing the per mille symbol. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol that represents positive infinity.
						
						
							A  containing the symbol for positive
   infinity. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference.
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "Infinity".
							
								For more
      information on positive infinity, see  or 
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the symbol used to represent positive values.
						
						
							A  containing the symbol that indicates the
   value is positive. 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is a null reference
						The current instance is read-only and a set operation was attempted.
						
							The culture-invariant value for this property is
      "+".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Creates a read-only copy of the specified 
instance.
						
						A  object to copy.
						
							A  that is a copy of the current instance,
   and cannot be altered.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Specifies styles for  representations of numeric values.
				
				
					
						 define the presence and/or location of various elements
   in a  representation of a numeric value. For example, the  style describes strings where the
   numeric value is enclosed in parenthesis, such as "(432.00)".
					
					
						Where symbols such as a currency symbol are allowed in a
   
   pattern, a  instance defines the  representations of the symbols.
						
							 values are passed to methods that convert between
 and 
numeric data types, such as the  methods implemented by
numeric base types. To specify multiple  values, use the bitwise OR
operator.
						For a list of the valid white space characters, see
   the 
   class.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowCurrencySymbol
					
						

							Specifies that a currency symbol is allowed.  See  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowDecimalPoint
					
						

							Specifies that a decimal point is allowed.  See , , and  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowExponent
					
						

							Specifies that exponential notation is allowed.
							This style is used for values in one of the following forms:
							[-]m.ddddddE+xx 
   
							[-]m.ddddddE-xx
							[-]m.dddddde+xx 
   
							[-]m.dddddde-xx 
   
							One or more non-zero digits (m) precede the decimal 
      separator ("."). A minus sign ("-") can precede m. The type performing the
      conversion determines the number of decimal places (dddddd) in the string, and
      maximum and minimum values for xx and m. The exponent (+/-xx)
      consists of either a plus or minus sign followed by at least one digit.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowHexSpecifier
					
						

							Specifies that hexadecimal representation (Base 16) is allowed.
							Valid hexadecimal values include the numeric digits 0-9 and the hexadecimal
      digits A-F, and a-f. The hexadecimal digits can be in upper or lower case.
      Hexadecimal values can be left-padded with zeros. Strings parsed using this
      style are not permitted to be prefixed with "0x".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowLeadingSign
					
						

							Specifies that a leading sign symbol is allowed.  See  and  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowLeadingWhite
					
						

							Specifies that the string can be prefixed with white space characters.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowParentheses
					
						

							Specifies that one pair of balanced parentheses is allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowThousands
					
						

							Specifies that group separators are allowed; for
      instance, separating the hundreds from the thousands.  See , , and  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowTrailingSign
					
						

							Specifies that a trailing sign symbol is allowed.  See  and  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					AllowTrailingWhite
					
						

							Specifies that the string can be suffixed with white space characters.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					Any
					
						

							Specifies that , , , , , , ,  and  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					Currency
					
						

							Specifies that , , , , , , , and  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					Float
					
						

							Specifies that , , ,  and  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					HexNumber
					
						

							Specifies that , ,  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					Integer
					
						

							Specifies that , , and  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					None
					
						

							Specifies that no styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.NumberStyles
					
					
					Number
					
						

							Specifies that , , , ,  and  styles are allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides support for classes. This class is the root of the object hierarchy.
				
				
					
						Classes derived from  may override the following methods of
 the  class:
						
							
								
									 - Enables 
 comparisons between objects.
							
							
								
									 - 
 Performs clean up operations before an object is automatically reclaimed.
							
							
								
									 - Generates a number corresponding to the value 
 of the object (to support the use of a hashtable).
							
							
								
									 - Manufactures a human-readable text string that
 describes an instance of the class.
							
						
					
				
			
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							
								This constructor is 
      called by constructors in derived classes, but it can also be used to directly
      create an instance of the 
      class. This might be useful, for example, if you need to obtain a reference to
      an object so that you can synchronize on it, as might be the case when using the
      C#  statement.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the specified  is equal to the
   current instance.
						
						The  to compare with the current instance.
						
							
								 if  is equal to the
   current instance; otherwise, .
						
						
							
								The statements listed below are required to be true for all
         implementations of the 
         method. In the list, x, y, and z represent non-null object references. 
								
									
										x.Equals(x) returns .
									
									
										x.Equals(y) returns the same value as y.Equals(x).
									
									
										If (x.Equals(y) && y.Equals(z)) returns , then x.Equals(z) returns .
									
									
										Successive invocations of x.Equals(y) return the same 
value as long as the objects referenced by x and y are not modified.
									
									
										x.Equals() returns  for non-null x.
									
								
								See  for additional required behaviors pertaining to the
 
method.
								
									Implementations of  should
not
throw exceptions.
								
							
							
								The  method
   tests for  , which means that
 returns 
 if the specified instance of  and 
   the current instance are the same instance; otherwise, it returns
 
. 
								
									An implementation of the  method is shown in the following C#
   code:
									
										public virtual bool Equals(Object obj) {
									
									
										return this == obj;
									
									
										} 
									
								
							
							
								For some kinds of objects, it is desirable to have  test for  instead of
   referential equality. Such implementations of  return true if the two objects have the
   same "value", even if they are not the same instance. The definition of what
   constitutes an object's "value" is up to the implementer of the type, but it is
   typically some or all of the data stored in the instance variables of the
   object. For example, the value of a  is based on the characters of the
   string; the 
   method of the  class returns
 for any two string instances that
   contain exactly the same characters in the same order. 
								When the 
method of a base class provides value equality, an override of
 in a class 
derived from that base class should invoke the inherited implementation of
 . 
								It is recommended (but not required) that types overriding
 also 
   override . Hashtables cannot be relied on to work correctly if
   this recommendation is not followed. 
								If your programming language supports operator
   overloading, and if you choose to overload the equality operator for a given
   type, that type should override the  method. Such
   implementations of the  method should return the same
   results as the equality operator. Following this guideline will help ensure that
   class library code using  (such as  and 
   
   ) behaves
   in a manner that is consistent with the way the equality operator is used by
   application code.
								If you are implementing a value type, you should follow these guidelines:
								
									
										
      Consider overriding  to gain
      increased performance over that provided by the default implementation of
       on .
									
									
										
      If you override 
      
      and the language supports operator overloading, you
      should overload the equality operator for your value type.
									
								
								For reference types, the guidelines are as follows:
								
									
										
      Consider overriding  on a
      reference type if the semantics of the type are based on the fact that the
      type represents some value(s). For example, reference types such as Point and
      BigNumber should override .
									
									
										
      Most reference types should not overload the equality
      operator, even if they override 
      
      . However, if you are implementing a reference type that
      is intended to have value semantics, such as a complex number type, you should
      override the equality operator.
									
								
								If you implement  on a given type, you should override
 on that
type.
							
							
								The  method is called by methods in collections
classes that perform search operations, including the  method and
the 
method.
							
						
						
							
								
							
							 The following example contains two calls to the default
   implementation of  .
							using System;
class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
      Object obj1 = new Object();
      Object obj2 = new Object();
      Console.WriteLine(obj1.Equals(obj2));
      obj1 = obj2; 
      Console.WriteLine(obj1.Equals(obj2)); 
   }
}

							The output is
							
								False
								True
							
							
								
							
							 The following example shows a  class that overrides
the  method to
provide value equality and a class , which is derived
from 
. Because Point's override of
 is the first 
in the inheritance chain to introduce value equality, the
 method of 
the base class (which is inherited from  and checks for referential
equality) is not invoked. However,  invokes
 because  implements
 
in a manner that provides value equality.
							using System;
public class Point: object {
 int x, y;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 //Check for null and compare run-time types.
 if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
 Point p = (Point)obj;
 return (x == p.x) && (y == p.y);
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return x ^ y;
 }
}

class Point3D: Point {
 int z;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 return base.Equals(obj) && z == ((Point3D)obj).z;
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return base.GetHashCode() ^ z;
 }
}

							 The  method checks that the 
argument is non-null and that it references an instance of the same type as this
object. If either of those checks fail, the method returns false. The
 method uses 
 to determine whether 
the run-time types of the two objects are identical. (Note that
 is not used here because it returns the static type.) If 
instead the method had used a check of the form 
									 is Point , the check would
return true in cases where  is an instance of a subclass of
 ,
even though  and the current instance are not of the same runtime
type. Having verified that both objects are of the same type, the method casts
 
to type 
and returns the result of comparing the instance variables of the two objects.
							 In  , the inherited
 method is 
invoked before anything else is done; the inherited  method checks to see that is non-null, that  is an instance of the same class as this
object, and that the inherited instance variables match. Only when the inherited
 returns true does the method compare the 
instance variables introduced in the subclass. Specifically, the cast to
 
is not executed unless 
has been determined to be of type  or a subclass of

.
							
								
							
							 In the previous example, operator == (the equality
   operator) is used to compare the individual instance variables. In some cases,
   it is appropriate to use the  method to
   compare instance variables in an 
   implementation, as shown in the following example:
							using System;
class Rectangle {
 Point a, b;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
 Rectangle r = (Rectangle)obj;
 //Use Equals to compare instance variables
 return a.Equals(r.a) && b.Equals(r.b);
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return a.GetHashCode() ^ b.GetHashCode();
 }
}

							
								
							
							In some languages, such as C#, operator overloading is
   supported. When a type overloads operator ==, it should also override the
 method to 
   provide the same functionality. This is typically accomplished by writing the
 
method
in terms of the overloaded operator ==. For example:
							using System;
public struct Complex {
 double re, im;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 return obj is Complex && this == (Complex)obj;
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return re.GetHashCode() ^ im.GetHashCode();
 }
 public static bool operator ==(Complex x, Complex y) {
 return x.re == y.re && x.im == y.im;
 }
 public static bool operator !=(Complex x, Complex y) {
 return !(x == y);
 }
}

							Because Complex is a C# struct (a value type), it is
   known that there will be no subclasses of 
   . Therefore, the
 method need 
   not compare the GetType() results for each object, but can instead use the
 operator to check the type of the  
parameter.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two object references are equal.
						
						First object to compare.
						Second object to compare.
						
							
								 if one or more of the following statements is
   true:
							
								
									
										 and  refer to the same object,
								
								
									
										 and  are both null references,
								
								
									
										 is not 
    and
   .Equals( ) returns true;
								
							
							otherwise returns .
						
						
							This static method checks for null references before it
      calls .Equals( ) and
      returns false if either  or  is null. If the Equals(object
   ) implementation throws an exception, this method throws an
      exception.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;

public class MyClass {
   public static void Main() {
   string s1 = "Tom";
   string s2 = "Carol";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", \"{1}\") => {2}", 
      s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = "Tom";
   s2 = "Tom";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", \"{1}\") => {2}", 
      s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = null;
   s2 = "Tom";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(null, \"{1}\") => {2}",
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = "Carol";
   s2 = null;
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", null) => {2}", 
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = null;
   s2 = null;
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(null, null) => {2}", 
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								Object.Equals("Tom", "Carol") => False
								Object.Equals("Tom", "Tom") => True
								Object.Equals(null, "Tom") => False
								Object.Equals("Carol", null) => False
								Object.Equals(null, null) => True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Allows a  to perform cleanup operations before the memory
   allocated for the  is automatically reclaimed.
						
						
							
								During execution,  is automatically called after an object
      becomes inaccessible, unless the object has been exempted from finalization by a
      call to . During shutdown of an application domain,  is
      automatically called on objects that are not exempt from finalization, even
      those that are still accessible.  is automatically called only once on a
      given instance, unless the object is re-registered using a mechanism such as
    and  has not been subsequently called.
								Conforming implementations of the CLI are required to make every
         effort to ensure that for every object that has not been exempted from
         finalization, the  method is called after the object becomes inaccessible.
         However, there may be some circumstances under which  is not
         called. Conforming CLI implementations are required to explicitly specify the conditions
         under which  is not guaranteed to be called. For example,  might not be guaranteed to be called in
         the event of equipment failure, power failure, or other catastrophic system failures.
								
								In addition to 
   and , conforming implementations of the CLI are allowed to
   provide other mechanisms that affect the behavior of  . Any mechanisms provided are required to be specified by the CLI implementation.
								The order in which the  methods
of two objects are run is unspecified, even if one object refers to the other.
								The thread on which  is run is unspecified.
								Every implementation of  in a
derived type is required to call its base type's implementation of 
. This is the only case in which application code calls  .
							
							
								The 
implementation does nothing.
							
							
								A type should implement  when it uses unmanaged resources such as
   file handles or database connections that must be released when the managed
   object that uses them is reclaimed. Because  methods
   may be invoked in any order (including from multiple threads), synchronization
   may be necessary if the  method may interact with other
   objects, whether accessible or not. Furthermore, since the order in which
 is called is unspecified, implementers of 
 (or of destructors implemented through 
   overriding Finalize) must take care to correctly handle references to
   other objects, as their 
   
   
   method may already have been invoked. In
   general, referenced objects should not be considered valid during
   finalization.
								See the  interface for an alternate means of disposing of
resources.
							
							
								For C# developers: Destructors are the C# mechanism for
   performing cleanup operations. Destructors provide appropriate safeguards, such
   as automatically calling the base type's destructor. In C# code,  cannot be
   called or overridden.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							
								 serves as a hash function for a specific
   type.  A hash function is used to
   quickly generate a number (a hash code) corresponding to the value of an object.
   Hash functions are used with . A good hash function
   algorithm rarely generates hash codes that collide. For more information about
   hash functions, see 
   
   , Vol. 3, by Donald E. Knuth.
							
							
								All implementations of  are required to ensure that for any two object references x
   and y, if x.Equals(y) ==
   true, then x.GetHashCode() ==
   y.GetHashCode().
								Hash codes generated by 
need not be unique.
								Implementations of 
are not permitted to throw exceptions.
							
							
								The  implementation attempts to produce a
unique hash code for every object, but the hash codes generated by this method
are not guaranteed to be unique. Therefore,  may generate the same hash code for two different instances.
							
							
								It is recommended (but not required) that types
   overriding  also override  . Hashtables cannot be relied on to work correctly if this recommendation is not followed.
							
							
								Use this method to obtain
   the hash code of an object. Hash codes should not be persisted (i.e. in a database or file) as they are allowed to change from run to run.
							
						
						
							
								
							
							In some cases,  is implemented to simply return an integer value.
The following example illustrates an implementation of 
, which
returns an integer value:
							using System;
public struct Int32 {
 int value;
 //other methods...

 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return value;
 }
}

							
								
							
							Frequently, a type has multiple data members that can participate in
   generating the hash code. One way to generate a hash code is to combine these
   fields using an xor (exclusive or) operation, as shown in the following
   example:
							using System;
public struct Point {
 int x;
 int y; 
 //other methods
 
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return x ^ y;
 }
}

							
								
							
							The following example illustrates another case where the type's fields are
   combined using xor (exclusive or) to generate the hash code. Notice that in this
   example, the fields represent user-defined types, each of which implements
 (and should implement  as well):
							using System;
public class SomeType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 0;
 }
}

public class AnotherType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 1;
 }
}

public class LastType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 2;
 }
}
public class MyClass {
 SomeType a = new SomeType();
 AnotherType b = new AnotherType();
 LastType c = new LastType();

 public override int GetHashCode () {
 return a.GetHashCode() ^ b.GetHashCode() ^ c.GetHashCode();
 }
}

							Avoid implementing  in a manner that results in circular references. In
other words, if AClass.GetHashCode calls BClass.GetHashCode, it should not be
the case that BClass.GetHashCode calls AClass.GetHashCode. 
							
								
							
							In some cases, the data member of the class in which you are implementing
 is bigger than a . In such cases, you could combine the 
   high order bits of the value with the low order bits using an XOR operation, as
   shown in the following example:
							using System;
public struct Int64 {
 long value;
 //other methods...

 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return ((int)value ^ (int)(value >> 32));
 }
}

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							Gets the type of the current instance.
						
						
							 The instance of  that represents the run-time type (the exact type) of the current instance.
						
						
							For two objects x and y that have identical run-time 
      types, (x.GetType(),y.GetType()) returns
    
   .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the fact that 
returns the run-time type of the current instance:
							using System;
public class MyBaseClass: Object {
}
public class MyDerivedClass: MyBaseClass {
}
public class Test {
   public static void Main() {
   MyBaseClass myBase = new MyBaseClass();
   MyDerivedClass myDerived = new MyDerivedClass();

   object o = myDerived;
   MyBaseClass b = myDerived;

   Console.WriteLine("mybase: Type is {0}", myBase.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("myDerived: Type is {0}", myDerived.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("object o = myDerived: Type is {0}", o.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("MyBaseClass b = myDerived: Type is {0}", b.GetType());
   }
}

							 The output is
							
								mybase: Type is MyBaseClass
								myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass
								object o = myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass
								MyBaseClass b = myDerived: Type is MyDerivedClass 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Creates a shallow copy of the current instance.
						
						
							A shallow copy of the current instance. The run-time
      type (the exact type) of the returned object is the same as the run-time type of
      the object that was copied.
						
						
							
								 creates a new instance of the same type
   as the current instance and then copies each of the object's non-static fields
   in a manner that depends on whether the field is a value type or a reference
   type. If the field is a value type, a bit-by-bit copy of all the field's bits is
   performed. If the field is a reference type, only the reference is copied. The algorithm for performing a shallow copy is as follows (in pseudo-code):
							
								for each instance field f in this instance
								 if (f is a value type)
								 bitwise copy the field
								 if (f is a reference type)
								 copy the reference
								end for loop
							
							
								This mechanism is
   referred to as a shallow copy because it copies rather than clones the non-static fields.
							
							Because  implements the above algorithm, for any object, a, the following statements are required to be true:
							
								
									
      
      a.MemberwiseClone() is not identical to a.
								
								
									
      
      a.MemberwiseClone().GetType() is identical to a.GetType().
								
							
							
								 does not call any of the type's constructors.
							
								If  has been
overridden, a.MemberwiseClone().Equals(a) might return
 .
							
							
								For an alternate copying mechanism, see  .
								
									 is protected (rather than public) to
   ensure that from verifiable code it is only possible to clone objects of the
   same class as the one performing the operation (or one of its subclasses).
   Although cloning an object does not directly open security holes, it does allow
   an object to be created without running any of its constructors. Since these
   constructors may establish important invariants, objects created by cloning may
   not have these invariants established, and this may lead to incorrect program
   behavior. For example, a constructor might add the new object to a linked list
   of all objects of this class, and cloning the object would not add the new
   object to that list -- thus operations that relied on the list to locate all
   instances would fail to notice the cloned object. By making the method
   protected, only objects of the same class (or a subclass) can produce a clone
   and implementers of those classes are (presumably) aware of the appropriate
   invariants and can arrange for them to be true without necessarily calling a constructor.
							
						
						
							The following example shows a class called
    as well as a representation of the instance of
   
   returned by 
   .
							using System;
class MyBaseClass {
   public static string CompanyName = "My Company";
   public int age;
   public string name;
}

class MyDerivedClass: MyBaseClass {

   static void Main() {
   
   //Create an instance of MyDerivedClass
   //and assign values to its fields.
   MyDerivedClass m1 = new MyDerivedClass();
   m1.age = 42;
   m1.name = "Sam";

   //Do a shallow copy of m1
   //and assign it to m2.
   MyDerivedClass m2 = (MyDerivedClass) m1.MemberwiseClone();
   }
}

							A graphical representation of m1 and m2 might look like this
							
+---------------+

|     42        |                           m1 

+---------------+

|     +---------|-----------------> "Sam" 

+---------------+                    /|\ 

                                      | 

+---------------+                     | 

|     42        |                     |      m2 

+---------------+                     | 

|      +--------|---------------------| 

+---------------+

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two object references are identical.
						
						First object to compare.
						Second object to compare.
						
							
								 if  and  refer
   to the same object or are both null references; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This static method provides a way to compare two objects 
      for reference equality. It does not call any user-defined code, including
      overrides of 
      .
						
						
							using System;
class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
   object o = null;
   object p = null;
   object q = new Object();
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(o, p));
   p = q;
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(p, q));
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(o, p));
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								True
								True
								False
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Creates and returns a  representation of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance.
						
						
							
								
									 returns a string whose content is intended to be
      understood by humans. Where the object contains culture-sensitive data, the
      string representation returned by  takes into account the current
      system culture. For example, for an instance of the  class whose value
      is zero, the implementation of  might return "0.00" or "0,00" depending on the
      current UI culture.  Although there are no exact requirements
      for the format of the returned string, it should as much as possible
      reflect the value of the object as perceived by the user.
								
							
							
								
									 is equivalent to calling  to obtain
   the  object
   for the current instance and then returning the result of calling the 
   implementation
   for that type.  The value returned includes the full name of the type.
								
							
							
								 It is recommended, but not required, that  be
   overridden in a derived class to return values that are meaningful for that
   type. For example, the base data types, such as , implement  so that
   it returns the string form of the value the object represents.
								 Subclasses that require more control over the formatting
   of strings than  provides should implement , whose
 method 
   uses the culture of the current thread.
							
						
						
							The following example outputs the textual description of
      the value of an object of type  to the console.
							using System;

class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
      object o = new object();
      Console.WriteLine (o.ToString());
   }
}
      
							The output is
							
								System.Object
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when an operation is
      performed on a disposed object.
				
				
					
						For additional information about
      disposing objects, see the  interface.
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes the 
exception to be thrown.
					using System;
using System.IO;

public class ObjectDisposedExceptionTest {
   public static void Main() {     
      MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(16);
      ms.Close();
      try {
         ms.ReadByte();
      } 
      catch (ObjectDisposedException e) {
         Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}", e.Message);
      }
   }
}

					The output is
					
						Caught: Cannot access a closed Stream.
					
				
			
			
				System.InvalidOperationException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  containing the name of the disposed object.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance
   using  The  property is initialized to a system-supplied message that describes the
   errorand
   includes  . This message takes into account the
   current system culture. 
							The  property of the new instance is
initialized to .
							
								If  is
, the  property 
contains only an error message.
							
						
						
							The following example displays the error message of a
    instance created
      using this constructor.
							using System;

public class ExampleDisposableObject : IDisposable {
 public static void Main() {
 
 ExampleDisposableObject obj = new ExampleDisposableObject();
 
 obj.Close();
 
 try {
 Console.WriteLine(obj);
 } catch (ObjectDisposedException e) {
 Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}", e.Message);
 }
 }
 

 public ExampleDisposableObject() {
 isDisposed = false;
 }
 
 ~ExampleDisposableObject() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Close() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Dispose() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Dispose(bool disposing) {
 isDisposed = true;
 }
 
 public override String ToString() {
 if(isDisposed)
 throw new ObjectDisposedException("ExampleDisposableObject");
 else
 return "This is an instance of ExampleDisposableObject.";
 }
 
 private bool isDisposed;
}
   
							The output is
							
								Caught: Cannot access a disposed object named "ExampleDisposableObject".
								Object name: "ExampleDisposableObject".
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  containing the name of the disposed object.
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance
   using , and the  property using
 . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							The  property of the new instance is
initialized to .
						
						
							The following example throws a  instance created using this
   constructor.
							using System;

public class ExampleDisposableObject : IDisposable {
 public static void Main() {
 
 ExampleDisposableObject obj = new ExampleDisposableObject();
 
 obj.Close();
 
 try {
 Console.WriteLine(obj);
 } catch (ObjectDisposedException e) {
 Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}", e.Message);
 }
 }
 

 public ExampleDisposableObject() {
 isDisposed = false;
 }
 
 ~ExampleDisposableObject() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Close() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Dispose() {
 Dispose(true);
 }
 
 public void Dispose(bool disposing) {
 isDisposed = true;
 }
 
 public override String ToString() {
 if(isDisposed) {
 string message = "Oh-oh! This object has been disposed!";
 string objectName = "ExampleDisposableObject"; 
 throw new ObjectDisposedException(objectName, message);
 }
 else
 return "Hello, World!";
 }
 
 private bool isDisposed;
}

							The output is
							
								Caught: Oh-oh! This object has been disposed!
								Object name: "ExampleDisposableObject".
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the message that describes the error.
						
						
							A  that describes
   the error. 
						
						
							If the  property is not
 
, the message includes the name of the object. 
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the name of the disposed object.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the disposed object.
						
						
							
								If this property is not  or  , the value of this property is included in the
   string returned by the 
   property. 
							
							 This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Indicates that the target of the current attribute will be
      removed in future versions of the assembly in which the target
      is contained.
				
				
					
						 Marking an
         item as obsolete provides consumers of that item the information that the item
         will be not be available in future versions of the assembly in
         which it is contained. A  has a  property that can be used to suggest alternative ways of
         obtaining the functionality provided by the item, i.e. a workaround. This class also has a  property that designates whether a
         compiler will treat usage of the obsolete item as an error. If this property
         is , the compiler will issue a warning if
         the obsolete item is used and the compiler
         supports the generation of such warnings.
						This attribute can be applied to any valid attribute target
         except assemblies, parameters, and return values. For a complete list
         of valid attribute targets, see  .
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates the usage of  to
   generate a compile-time warning.
					
   
using System;

public class ObsoleteAttributeExample {

  [ObsoleteAttribute("OldMethod is being removed: use NewMethod in future versions.")]
  public static void OldMethod() {

    //Execute some code here
  }

  public static void Main() { 

    OldMethod();
  }
}

					An example compile-time result is
					
						ObsoleteAttributeExample.cs(8,4):
   warning CS0618: 'ObsoleteAttributeExample.OldMethod()' is obsolete: 'OldMethod is
   being removed: use NewMethod in future versions.'
					
				
			
			
				System.Attribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Enum | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method | AttributeTargets.Property | AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Event | AttributeTargets.Interface | AttributeTargets.Delegate, AllowMultiple=false, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to (,  
). The compiler does not
treat an item with this attribute as an error.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified
 
that
contains suggested workarounds.
						
						The  that contains suggested workarounds.
						
							This constructor is equivalent to  ( ,  ). The compiler does
   not treat an item with this attribute as an error.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with a  that contains
   suggested workarounds and a  that indicates whether the compiler
   treats usage of the target of the current instance as an error.
						
						A  that contains suggested workarounds.
						A  that indicates whether the compiler treats usage of the target of the current instance as an error.
						
							Respectively, the  property and the  property of the new instance are initialized as
 and .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  that contains
   suggested workarounds for the target of the current instance.
						
						
							A  that contains
   suggested workarounds
   for the target of the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The current instance contains a suggested workaround message if and only if
      such a message was specified when the current instance was constructed. If
      no workaround was specified for the current instance, the value of
      this property is .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  that indicates 
 whether the compiler treats usage of the target of the current
 instance as an error.
						
						
							
								 if the 
 compiler treats usage of the target
 of the current instance
 as an error; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The default value of this property is .
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents the error that occurs when insufficient memory prevents the
      current memory allocation from succeeding.
				
				
					
						The following IL instructions throw :
						
							
								box
							
							
								newarr
							
							
								newobj
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "There was not enough memory to
   continue the execution of the program." This message takes into account the
   current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of message is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of message is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents the error that occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be
      represented by the destination type.
				
				
					In languages that detect overflow, this is the exception
      that gets thrown. For example, in C#, the  keyword is
      used to detect overflow conditions. A  exception occurs only in a
   
   context.
					
						The following IL instructions throw  :
						
							
								
      add.ovf.<signed>
							
							
								
      conv.ovf.<to type>
							
							
								conv.ovf.<to type>.un
							
							
								
      mul.ovf.<type>
							
							
								
      sub.ovf.<type>
							
							
								newarr
							
						
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
public class OverflowExample {
   public static void Main() {
      int i = 400;
      byte b = 0;
      try {
         checked { b = (byte)( i ); }
      }
      catch ( OverflowException e ) {
         Console.WriteLine( "Error caught: {0}", e );
      }
   }
}
   
					The output is
					
Error caught: System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow.
   at OverflowExample.Main()
 
				
			
			
				System.ArithmeticException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error. This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using  . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Performs operations on  instances that contain
   file or directory path information.
				
				
					 A path is a string that provides the location of a file
      or directory. A path does not necessarily point to a location on disk; for
      example, a path may map to a location in memory or on a device. Paths are
      composed of the components described below. Component names are shown in
   
   
   and the following table describes the symbols used in component definitions:
					
						
							Symbol
							Description
						
						
							 < >
							Indicates a path component.
						
						
							 { } 
							Indicates a grouping; either all components
         in a grouping are present, or none are permitted to be
         present.
						
						
							 *
							Indicates that the component or grouping that immediately precedes
         this symbol can appear zero, one, or multiple times.
						
						
							 ?
							Indicates that the component or grouping that immediately precedes
         this symbol can appear zero, or one times.
						
						
							 +
							Indicates string concatenation.
						
					
					 The components that define a path are as
   follows:
					
						: A string that
specifies one or more directory levels in a file system. If a directory name
contains
multiple levels, a  separates the levels; however, a directory name does not begin or
end with a directory separator character. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the directory
name is "foo/bar".  returns the directory name component of a path.
Note that this method does include a beginning separator character if one is
included
in the specified
path. 
					
						:
An implementation-defined constant string containing a single printable
non-alphanumeric character used to separate levels in a file system. In the
example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the directory separator character is "/". The  and  store
implementation-defined directory separator characters
.
					
						: A string that consists of the
characters at the end of a file name, from and including the last . The minimum and
maximum lengths of extension components are platform-specific. In the example
path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt
, the  is ".txt". The  method returns the
extension component of a
path.
					
						:
An implementation-defined constant string
composed of a single character that appears after the last character in the
 component indicating the beginning of the  
component. If the extension separator characteris the first character
in a , it is not interpreted as a
extension separator character If more than one extension separator
characterappears in a file name, only the last occurrence is the
extension separator character; all other occurrences are part of the file base
component In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the extension separator character
is ".". 
					
						: A string containing the

						 with the component removed. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the file base
is "bat".
The  method returns the
file base component of a
path.
					
						: A string containing all information
required to uniquely identify a file within a directory. This component is defined
as follows:
					
						<file
   base>{+<extension>}?
					
					 The file name component is commonly referred to as a
   relative file name. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the file name is "bat.txt". The 
method returns the file name component of a
path.
					
						: A string containing all
information required to uniquely identify a directory within a file
system. This component is defined as
follows:
					
						<path
   root>+<directory name>
					
					 The full directory name component is commonly referred to
   as the absolute directory name. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the full directory name is "C:/foo/bar
".
					
						
						: A string containing all
information required to uniquely identify a file within a file system. This
component is defined as
follows:
					
						<full
   directory name>+<directory separator character>+<file
   name>
					
					 The full path component is commonly referred to as the
   absolute file name. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt, the full path is "C:/foo/bar/bat.txt". The  method returns the full path
component.
					
						: A string containing all information
required to uniquely identify the highest level in a file
system. The component is defined as
follows:
					
						{<volume
   identifier>+<volume separator character>}?+<directory separator
   character>
					
					 In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt , the path root is "C:/". The 
method returns the 
component.
					
						
						: A string composed of a single alphabetic
character that uniquely defines a drive or volume in a file system. This
component is optional; on systems that do not support volume identifiers, this
component is required to be a zero length string. In the example path C:/foo/bar/bat.txt
, the path rootis "C:". In the example path, \\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt
the path root is "\\myserver\myshare". 
					
						: A
string composed of a single alphabetic character used to separate the

						 from other components in a path. This
component can appear in a path only if a volume identifier is
present This component is optional; on systems that do not
support the volume identifiercomponent, the volume separator character
component is required to be a zero length
string.
					The exact format of a path is determined by the current
   platform. For example, on Windows systems a path can start with a volume
   identifier, while this element is not present in Unix system paths. On some
   systems, paths containing file names can contain extensions. The format of an
   extension
   is platform dependent; for example, some systems limit extensions to
   three characters, while others do not. The current platform and possibly the current
   file system determine the set of characters used to separate the elements of
   a path, and the set of characters that cannot be used when specifying paths.
   Because of these differences, the fields of the  class as well as the exact behavior
   of some members of the  class are determined by the current platform and/or file
   system.
					A path contains either absolute or relative location
   information. Absolute paths fully specify a location: the file or directory can
   be uniquely identified regardless of the current location. A full path or full
   directory name component is present in an absolute path. Relative paths specify
   a partial location: the current working directory is used as the starting point
   when locating a file specified with a relative path. To determine the current working directory, call 
   .
					
					 Most members of the  class do not interact with the file system
and do not verify the existence of the file or directory specified by a path
string. 
members that modify a path string, such
as , have no effect on files and directories in the
file system. 
members do, however, validate the contents of a specified path string, and
throw  if the string contains
characters that are not valid in path strings, as defined by the current
platform and file system. Implementations are
required to preserve the case of file and directory path strings, and to be case
sensitive if and only if the current platform is case-sensitive.

				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Char
					
					
					
						

							Provides a string containing an alternate single printable 
      non-alphanumeric character used to separate directory levels in a hierarchical
      file system.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							 This field can be set to the
      same value as .
							
								
									 and  are
      both valid for separating directory levels in a path string.
								The value of this field is a backslash ('/') on Windows systems and a slash
      ('\') on Unix systems.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Changes the extension component of the specified path string.
						
						A  containing the path information to modify.
						A  containing the new extension. Specify  to remove an existing extension from .
						
							A 
containing the modified path information.
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return  unmodified.
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							The exact behavior of this
      method is platform-specific. This method checks  for invalid
      characters as defined by the current platform and file system.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates two
      path strings.
						
						A  containing the first path.
						A  containing the second path.
						
							 A  containing
 followed by .
   If one of the specified paths is a zero length string, this method returns the
   other path. If  contains an absolute path, this method returns
.
						
						
							 or  is .
						
							
								 or  contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							If  does not end with
   a valid separator character ( or ), 
   is appended to  prior
   to the concatenation.
						
						
							 The following example demonstrates using the
    method on a Windows system.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class CombineTest {
 public static void Main() {
 string path1, path2;
 Console.WriteLine("Dir char is {0} Alt dir char is {1}",
 Path.DirectorySeparatorChar,
 Path.AltDirectorySeparatorChar
 );
 path1 = "foo.txt";
 path2 = "\\ecmatest\\examples";
 Console.WriteLine("{0} combined with {1} = {2}",path1, path2 , Path.Combine(path1, 

path2));
 path1 = "\\ecmatest\\examples";
 path2 = "foo.txt";
 Console.WriteLine("{0} combined with {1} = {2}",path1, path2 , Path.Combine(path1, 

path2));
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								Dir char is \ Alt dir char is /
								foo.txt combined with \ecmatest\examples = \ecmatest\examples
								\ecmatest\examples combined with foo.txt = 
         \ecmatest\examples\foo.txt
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Char
					
					
					
						

							 Provides a string containing a single
      printable non-alphanumeric character used to separate directory levels in a hierarchical file system.
      
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							
								
									 and  are both
   valid for separating directory levels in a path string.
								The value of this field is a backslash ('\') on Windows systems and a slash ('/') on Unix systems.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the directory name component of the specified path string.
						
						A  containing the path of a file or directory.
						
							A  containing directory information for , or
 if  denotes a root directory, is 
   the empty string, or is  Returns  if path
   does not contain directory information.
						
						
							
								 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							The string returned by this method consists
      of all characters between the first and last  or  character
      in . The first separator character is included, but the last separator character is not included in
      the returned string.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method on a Windows system.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class GetDirectoryTest {
 public static void Main() {
   string [] paths = {
     @"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt",
     @"\ecmatest\examples\",
     "pathtests.xyzzy",
     @"\",
     @"C:\",
    @"\\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt"
   };
   foreach (string pathString in paths) {
     string s = Path.GetDirectoryName(pathString);
     Console.WriteLine("Path: {0} directory is {1}",pathString, s== null? "null": s);
   }
 }
}

							The output is 
							
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt directory is \ecmatest\examples
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\ directory is \ecmatest\examples
								 Path: pathtests.xyzzy directory is
								 Path: \ directory is null
								Path: C:\ directory is null
								Path: \\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt directory is \\myserver\myshare\foo\bar
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the extension component of the specified path string.
						
						A  containing the path information from which to get the extension.
						
							A  containing the extension of 
								 ,
or . If  is
, returns . If path does not have extension information, 
returns .
							The extension returned by this method includes the
      platform-specific extension separator character used to separate the extension
      from the rest of the path.
							Platforms that do not
      support this feature return  unmodified.
						
						
							
								 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
						
							The exact behavior of this method
      is platform-specific. The character used to separate the extension from the rest of the path is
      platform-specific.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method on a Windows
   system.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class GetDirectoryTest {
 public static void Main(){
   string [] paths = {
     @"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt",
     @"\ecmatest\examples\",
     "pathtests.xyzzy",
     "pathtests.xyzzy.txt",
     @"\",
     ""
   };
   foreach (string pathString in paths){
     string s = Path.GetExtension (pathString);
     if (s == String.Empty) s= "(empty string)";
     if (s == null) s= "null";
     Console.WriteLine("{0} is the extension of {1}", s, pathString);
   }
 }
}

							The output is
							
								.txt is the extension of \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt
								(empty string) is the extension of \ecmatest\examples\ 
								.xyzzy is the extension of pathtests.xyzzy 
								.txt is the extension of pathtests.xyzzy.txt 
								(empty string) is the extension of \ 
								(empty string) is the extension of 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the file name, including the extension if any, of the specified path string.
						
						A  containing the path information from which to obtain the filename and extension.
						
							A  consisting of the characters
   after the last directory character in . If the last character
   of  is a directory separator character, returns . If  is , returns
.
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return  unmodified.
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							 The directory separator characters used to determine the start of
      the file name are  and .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the behavior of the
       method on a
      Windows system.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class FileNameTest {
 public static void Main() {
   string [] paths = {"pathtests.txt",
     @"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt",
     "c:pathtests.txt",
     @"\ecmatest\examples\",
     ""
   };
   foreach (string p in paths) {
     Console.WriteLine("Path: {0} filename = {1}",p, Path.GetFileName(p));
   }
 }
}
      
							The output is 
							
								Path: pathtests.txt filename = pathtests.txt 
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt filename = pathtests.txt 
								Path: c:pathtests.txt filename = pathtests.txt 
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\ filename = 
								Path: filename = 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the file base component of the specified path string without the extension.
						
						A  containing the path of the file.
						
							A  consisting of the
   string returned by  , minus
   the platform-specific extension separator character and extension. Platforms that do not support this feature
   return 
   unmodified.
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								For additional details, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns information required to uniquely identify a
      file within a file system.
						
						A  containing the file or directory for which to obtain absolute path information.
						
							 A  containing the fully qualified (absolute) location of  .
						
						
							
								is a zero-length string, contains only white space, or contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
							The system could not retrieve the absolute path.
						
						The caller does not have the required permissions.
						
							 is  .
						The length of  or the absolute path information for  exceeds the system-defined maximum length.
						
							 The absolute path includes all information required to locate
      a file or directory on a system. The file or directory specified by  is not required to exist; however if
    does exist, the caller is required to have permission to obtain
      path information for . Note
      that unlike most members of the 
      class, this method accesses the file
      system.
						
						Requires permission to access path information. See  .
						
							 The following example demonstrates the  method on a Windows system. In
   this example, the absolute path for the current directory is c:\ecmatest\examples.
							using System; 
using System.IO; 
class GetDirectoryTest { 
 public static void Main() { 
   string [] paths = { 
     @"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt", 
     @"\ecmatest\examples\", 
     "pathtests.xyzzy", 
     @"\", 
   }; 
   foreach (string pathString in paths) 
     Console.WriteLine("Path: {0} full path is {1}",pathString, 

Path.GetFullPath(pathString));
 } 
}

							The output is 
							
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt full path is
      C:\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\ full path is C:\ecmatest\examples\
								Path: pathtests.xyzzy full path is
      C:\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.xyzzy
								Path: \ full path is C:\ 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the path root component of the specified path.
						
						A  containing the path from which to obtain root directory information
						
							A  containing the root directory of , or
 if  is 
 . Returns 
   if the specified path does not contain root information. 
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return  unmodified.
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters or is equal to  . 
						
							This method does not verify that the path exists.
      
							The exact behavior of this method is platform-specific.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  
method.
							using System;
using System.IO;
class GetPathRootTest 
{
  public static void Main() {
    string [] paths = {                                

@"\ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt",
      "pathtests.xyzzy",
      @"\",
      @"C:\",                                  

@"\\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt"
    };
    foreach (string pathString in paths) {
      string s = Path.GetPathRoot(pathString);
      Console.WriteLine("Path: {0} Path root is {1}",pathString, s== null? "null": s);
    }
  }
}

							The output is
							
								Path: \ecmatest\examples\pathtests.txt Path root is \
								Path: pathtests.xyzzy Path root is
								Path: \ Path root is \
								Path: C:\ Path root is C:\
								Path: \\myserver\myshare\foo\bar\baz.txt 
      Path root is \\myserver\myshare
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a unique temporary file name and creates a 0-byte file by
      that name on disk.
      
						
						
							 A  containing the name of the temporary file.
   
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the path information of a temporary directory.
						
						
							 A  containing the full directory name of a temporary
   directory.
							The information returned by this method is
   platform-specific. Platforms that do not support this feature return
.
						
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							On platforms that provide a mechanism for users
      to discover this information, (for example by checking an environment variable),
      implementations of the CLI return the same information as the platform-specific
      mechanism.
						
						Requires unrestricted access to environment variables. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  indicating whether the specified path includes an extension component.
						
						A  containing the path to search for an extension.
						
							
								 if 
 includes a file extension.
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return .
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  indicating whether the specified path string contains a
   path root component.
						
						A  containing the path to test.
						
							
								 if
 contains an absolute path;  
if  contains relative path information.
							Platforms that do not support this feature
   return .
						
						
							 contains one or more implementation-defined invalid characters.
						
							
								This method does not access file systems or verify the existence of the specified path. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Char
					
					
					
						

							 Provides a platform-specific separator character used to
      separate path strings in environment variables.
      
						
						
							This field is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when a directory or file name is longer than the system-defined maximum
      length.
				
			
			
				System.IO.IOException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							 This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to
   a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "The supplied path
   is too long." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property of the new instance is 
initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new
   instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property of the new instance is initialized to
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using  and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a collection that can contain different kinds of permissions and perform security
      operations.
				
				
					
						Use 
to perform operations on different permission types as
a group.
					
					The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below in EBNF format. The
   following conventions are used: 
					
						
							
								 All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal
         type.
							
						
						
							
								 All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					 The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
         
         '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
         
         '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals or a
         mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
         
         '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
         expressions.
						
						
							
         
         '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand
         non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
         non-literals or both.
						
					
					 The XML encoding of a 
instance is as follows:
					
						PermissionSet::=
						(
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						)
						|
						(
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						DnsPermissionXML ? 
						SocketPermissionXML ? 
						WebPermissionXML ? 
						EnvironmentPermissionXML ? 
						FileIOPermissionXML ? 
						ReflectionPermissionXML ?
						SecurityPermissionXML ? 
						CustomPermissionXML *
						
							
						
						)
					
					 CustomPermissionXML represents any custom permission. The XML encoding for custom permissions makes use of the following symbols:
					 ClassName is the name of the class implementing the
   permission.
					 AssemblyName is the name of the assembly that contains
   the class implementing the permission.
					 Version is the version number indicating the
   version of the assembly implementing the permission.
					 StrongNamePublicKeyToken is the strong name public key token constituting the
   strong name of the assembly that implements the permission.
					 version is version information for the custom permission. Format and content
   are defined by the author of the custom permission.
					 PermissionAttributes is any attribute and attribute value on the  element used by the 
permission to represent a particular permission state, for example,
unrestricted=
"true".
Format and content are defined by the author of the
custom permission.
					 PermissionXML is any valid XML used by the permission to
   represent permission state. Format and content are defined by the author of the custom
   permission.
					The XML encoding of a custom permission instance is as
   follows:
					
						CustomPermissionXML ::=
						
							
						
						ClassName
						
						AssemblyName
						
						
							Version
						
						
							
						
						
							StrongNamePublicKeyToken
						
						
							version
						
						(PermissionAttributes)*
						>
						(PermissionXML)?
						
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.Collections.ICollection
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class with the
 values of the specified  instance. 
						
						The  instance with which to initialize the values of the new instance, or  to initialize an empty permission set.
						
							 is not  and is not an instance of .
						
							If  is not  , the new instance is
 initialized with copies of the objects in , not references
 to those objects. If  is , the new instance contains no
 permissions.
							
								 To add a permission to an
 empty  ,
 use .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class with the
   specified
   value.
						
						
							A  value. This value is either  or  , to specify fully restricted or fully unrestricted access. 
						
						
							 is not a valid  value.
						
							
								The
      new instance contains no permissions. To add a permission to the
      new instance, use .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Adds the specified  object to
   the current instance if that permission does not already exist in the current instance.
						
						The  object to add.
						
							If  is ,
   returns  . If a permission of the same type as
 already exists in the current instance, the union of the existing 
   permission and  is added to the current instance and is returned.
						
						
							 is not a  object.
						
							
								The  is added if  is not
 and a permission of the same type as  does 
   not already exist in the current instance.
							
							
								Use this method to
   add permission objects to the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Asserts that calling code can access the resources identified by the permissions contained in the current
      instance through the code that calls this method, even if callers have not been
      granted permission to access the resource. 
						
						
							The asserting code does not have sufficient permission to call this method.
							-or-
							This method was called with permissions already asserted for the current stack frame.
						
						
							
								This method is the only way to assert multiple permissions at the same time
      within a frame because only a single assert can be active on a frame at one
      time; subsequent asserts will result in an exception.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use this method to insure that all callers can access
      a set of secured resources.
							
						
						Requires permission to perform the assertion security operation. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.PermissionSet
					
					
					
						

							Returns a new  containing copies of the objects in the current instance.
						
						
							A new  that is value equal to the current instance.
						
						
							
								This method creates
      copies of the permission objects in the current instance, and adds them to the new instance.
							
							
								This method calls
   the 
   constructor that takes a  argument,
   and passes the current instance as that parameter.
							
							
								Use this method to
   create a new  instance containing permissions that are identical to the permissions contained in
   the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies the permission objects in the current instance to the specified
      location in the specified  .
						
						The destination  .
						A  that specifies the zero-based starting position in the array at which to begin copying.
						
							 has more than one dimension.
						
							 is outside the range of allowable values for .
						
							 is .
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the  interface.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								The default
      implementation uses the (, ) method to add the value to the array.
							
							
								Override this 
      method to customize the manner in which elements are added to 
      . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Forces a  if all callers do 
   not have the permissions specified by the objects
   contained in the current instance.
						
						A caller does not have the permission specified by the current instance.
						
							
								The permission check for  begins with the
      immediate caller of the code that calls this method and continues until all
      callers have been checked or a caller has been found that is not granted the
      demanded permission, in which case a  exception is thrown. 
								If the current instance is empty, a call to  succeeds.
							
							
								Use this
   method to ensure in a single operation that all callers have all permissions contained in a permission set.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Denies access to the resources secured by the objects contained in the current instance through the
      code that calls this method.
						
						
							A previous call to  has already restricted the permissions for the current stack frame.
						
						
							This is the only way to deny multiple permissions at the
      same time within a frame because only a single deny can be active on a frame at
      one time; subsequent denies will result in an exception.
							
								This method is required to prevent
         callers from accessing all resources protected by the objects in the
         current instance even if the callers had been granted permission to access them.
								 A call to 
   is effective until the calling code returns.
							
							
								Use this method to force
   all security checks for the objects contained in the current instance to
   fail.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reconstructs the state of a  object using the specified XML
   encoding.
						
						
							A  instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a  object.
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								 does not contain an XML encoding for a  instance.
							An error occurred while reconstructing  .
						
						
							
								For the XML
      encoding for this class, see
      the  class page.
							
							
								When this call completes, the
      objects in the current instance are required to be identical to the objects in the 
      encoded in
    .
							
							
								Override this method
      to reconstruct subclasses of  .
							
							
								Applications do
      not typically call this method; it is called by the system.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							 Returns an enumerator used to iterate
      over the permissions in the current instance.
						
						
							A  object
   for the permissions of the
   set.
						
						
							
								This method is implemented to support
      the  interface, which supports the 
      interface.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Override this method to customize
      the enumerator returned by this method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance is a subset of
      the specified object.
						
						
							A  instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship. 
						
						
							
								 if the current instance is a subset of ;
   otherwise, . If the current instance is unrestricted, and
 is not, returns . If  is 
   unrestricted, returns  .
						
						
							
								The current instance is a subset  if all demands that succeed
      for the current instance also succeed for . That is, the current
      instance is a subset of  if  contains at least the
      permissions contained in the current instance.
								If this method returns  , the current instance does not
   describe a level of access to a set of resources that is not already described
   by . 
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use this method to determine if the all
   permissions contained in the current instance are also contained in
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Specifies that only the resources described by the current
      instance can be accessed by calling code, even if the code has
      been granted permission to access other resources.
						
						
							A previous call to  has already set the permissions for the current stack frame.
						
						
							
								
									 is similar to
    in that both methods cause access
      to fail where it might otherwise succeed. The difference is that  specifies permissions for which
      to refuse access, while 
									specifies the only permissions that will succeed.
								This is the only way to permit multiple permissions at the same time within a stack
      frame because only a single permit at a time can be active on a frame;
      subsequent permits will result in an exception.
							
							
								 Callers are required to
      be prevented from accessing resources not secured by the contents of the current
      instance, even if a caller has been granted permission to access such resources.
								A  is in effect until the calling
   code returns to its caller.
							
							
								Use this method to limit access to a
   specified set of resources.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  representation of the state
   of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the XML representation of the state of the current instance.
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example displays the XML that encodes the 
      state of a 
      .
							
using System;
using System.Security;
using System.Security.Permissions;

public class PermissionSetToStringExample {
  public static void Main() {

    PermissionSet ps = new PermissionSet(PermissionState.Unrestricted);
    Console.WriteLine(ps.ToString());
  }
}

			
							The output is
							<PermissionSet class="System.Security.PermissionSet" version="1"
         Unrestricted="true"/>
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing an XML encoding of the state of the
   current instance.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Override this method to return an
      object containing the XML encoding for types derived from .
							
							
								This method is called by the
      system.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.PermissionSet
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  object that is the union of the current instance and
   the specified object.
						
						A  instance to be combined with the current instance.
						
							 A new  instance that represents the
   union of the current instance and . If the current
   instance or  is unrestricted, returns a 
   instance that is unrestricted.
						
						
							The result of a call to 
								is a new 
instance that represents all the operations represented by the current instance
as well as all the operations represented by  . If either set is
unrestricted, the union is unrestricted, as well.
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use this method to
   create a  instance that contains all of the permissions
   of the current instance and  .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Represents a value specifying whether an entity, at
 creation, should have full or no access to resources.
				
				
					
						 Code access permission objects supply a constructor that takes a  value specifying that the new
 instance is either fully restricted () or unrestricted (). A fully restricted permission
 object disallows access to a resource; an unrestricted permission object allows
 full access to a resource. For example, a fully restricted  object disallows access to files
 and directories, while an unrestricted object of the same
 
 type allows full access to all
 files and directories in the file system.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.PermissionState
					
					
					None
					
						

							Specifies access to the resource protected
 by the permission is not allowed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.PermissionState
					
					
					Unrestricted
					
						

							 Specifies full access to the resource protected by the permission.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Generates
      psuedo-random numbers.
				
				
					 Instances of this class are initialized using a "seed",
      or starting value. The series of numbers
      generated by instances of the class are repeatable: given the
      same seed value,
      all instances of this class generate the same series of numbers.
					
						 The numbers generated by this class are chosen with equal
      probability from a finite set of numbers. The numbers are generated by a
      definite mathematical algorithm and are therefore not truly random, but are
      sufficiently random for practical purposes. For this reason, the numbers are
      considered to be psuedo-random.
      
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the
  class using 
 as the seed
 value.
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to ( ).
							
								When generating 
 random numbers on high performance systems, the system clock value may not
 produce the desired behavior. For details, see the (
 )
 constructor.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the  class using the specified
   seed value.
						
						A  used as the starting value for the pseudo-random number sequence.
						
							
								To construct instances that produce different random number sequences, invoke
      this constructor using different seed values such as may be
      produced by the system clock. Note, however that on high performance systems, the system clock
      may not change between invocations of the constructor, in which case the seed value
      will be the same for different instances of  . When this is the case, additional operations are required to have the seed values differ in each invocation.
   
							
						
						
							 The following example demonstrates using a
      bitwise complement operation to obtain different random numbers using a time-dependent
      seed value on high performance systems.
							using System;
class RandomTest {
    public static void Main() {
        Random rand1 = new Random();
        Random rand2 = new Random(Environment.TickCount);
        Console.WriteLine("The random number is {0}",rand1.Next());
        Console.WriteLine("The random number is {0}",rand2.Next());

        Random rdm1 = new Random(unchecked(Environment.TickCount)); 
        Random rdm2 = new Random(~unchecked(Environment.TickCount)); 
        Console.WriteLine("The random number is {0}",rdm1.Next());
        Console.WriteLine("The random number is {0}",rdm2.Next());
    }
}
   
							
								The output is 
								The random number is 1990211954
								The random number is 1990211954
								The random number is 1990211954
								The random number is 964628126
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a psuedo-random positive number less than the specified
      maximum.
						
						The upper bound of the random number to be generated.  is required to be greater than or equal to zero.
						
							A  set to a psuedo-random value greater than or equal to zero
   and less than . If  is zero, returns zero.
						
						
							 is less than zero.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								Override this method to customize
      the algorithm used to generate the return value.
							
							
								Use this method to generate a psuedo-random number
      less than the specified maximum value.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a psuedo-random number within a specified range.
						
						The lower bound of the random number returned.
						The upper bound of the random number returned.
						
							A psuedo-random number greater than or equal to  and
   less than . If  and
are equal, this value 
   is returned.
						
						
							 is greater than .
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Override this
      method to customize the algorithm used to generate the return
      value.
							
							
								Use this method to generate
      psuedo-random numbers in a specified range.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Returns a psuedo-random number between 0 and .
						
						
							A  greater than or equal to zero and less than
.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Override this method to customize the algorithm used to generate the return value.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the
    method. The output generated by this example 
      will
      vary.
							using System;
class RandomTest {
    public static void Main() {
        Random rand1 = new Random();
        for (int i = 0; i<10;i++)
        Console.WriteLine("The random number is {0}",rand1.Next());
        
    }
}
   
							The output is
							
								 The random number is
         1544196111
								 The random number is
         181749919
								 The random number is
         1045210087
								 The random number is
         1073826097
								 The random number is
         1533078806
								 The random number is
         1083151645
								 The random number is
         569083504
								 The random number is
         1711370568
								 The random number is
         578178313
								 The random number is
         409444742
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Populates the elements of a specified array of bytes with random numbers.
						
						An array of bytes to be populated with random numbers.
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							
								Each element of the array of bytes is set to a random number greater than or
 equal to zero, and less than or equal to .
							
							
								Override this method to customize
 the algorithm used to generate the return value.
							
							
								Use the
  method to populate a 
 array with random numbers.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							Returns a random number between 0.0 and 1.0.
						
						
							A  greater than or equal to 0.0, and less than 1.0.
						
						
							
								As described 
      above.
							
							
								Use this method to generate a
      psuedo-random number greater than or equal to zero, and less than
      one.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when an array with an
      incorrect number of dimensions is passed to a method.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes 
      a 
      exception.
					using System;
public class RankExample {
   public static void Main() {
      int[] oneDAry = new int[5];
      int[,] twoDAry = new int[2,3];
      for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {
         oneDAry.SetValue( i, i );
      }
      try {
         Array.Copy( oneDAry, twoDAry, 2);
      }
      catch ( RankException e ) {
         Console.WriteLine( "Error caught: {0}", e );
      }
   }
}
   
					The output is
					
Error caught: System.RankException: The specified arrays must have the same number of dimensions.
   at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Int32 sourceIndex, Array destinationArray, Int32 destinationIndex, Int32 length)
   at System.Array.Copy(Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, Int32 length)
   at RankExample.Main()
 
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a
   system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "The two arrays must
   have the same number of dimensions." This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using
. If  is , 
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance using , and the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
arguments. 
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents an 8-bit signed integer.
				
				
					The 
data type represents integer values ranging from negative 128 to positive 127;
that is, hexadecimal 0x80 to 0x7F.
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared to the specified
   .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified  represent the
   same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the
   same type and value as the current instance. If  is a null reference
   or is not an instance of , returns .
							
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
      unspecified. 
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.SByte
					
					
					127
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 127 (hexadecimal
      0X7F).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.SByte
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is -128 (hexadecimal
      0X80).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture.  for more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use  ().
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates the () method.
							using System;
public class SByteParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <SByte> {1}",
                      str,SByte.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: " 100
   " <SByte> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The 
value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture.  For more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified String converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use  (, ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, , ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  ("G",
).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by  .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
   system culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								 For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the  interface.
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal
         format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current
   system culture.
						
						
							 This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
).
							
								 This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string.  For a list of valid values, see  (,  ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(,
).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates the () method.
							using System;
public class SByteToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      SByte i = 8;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x"};
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								8
								c: $8.00
								d: 8
								e: 8.000000e+000
								f: 8.00
								g: 8
								n: 8.00
								p: 800.00 %
								x: 8
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies security actions that can be performed using declarative security.
				
				
					
						For information about using declarative security
      and security actions, see Partition II of the CLI Specification.
					
					
						Declarative security is specified using types derived
         from . The following table describes the attribute targets supported by each of the
         security actions.
						
							
								Security action
								Attribute Targets
							
							
								 Assert
								Class, Method
							
							
								 Demand
								Class, Method
							
							
								 Deny
								Class, Method
							
							
								 InheritanceDemand
								Class, Method
							
							
								 LinkDemand
								Class, Method
							
							
								 PermitOnly
								Class, Method
							
							
								 RequestMinimum
								Assembly
							
							
								 RequestOptional
								Assembly
							
							
								 RequestRefuse
								Assembly
							
						
						 For additional information on attribute targets, see .
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					Assert
					
						

							 Specifies that callers of the code performing the assert
 need not have the permissions specified by the current security attribute, and
 that a check for any such permission can stop after the code that asserted it.
 An assert can change the default behavior of a security check (such as
 that caused by a Demand, LinkDemand, etc.).
							
							This action can be applied to classes and methods.
							
								This action should only be used by code that can
 assure that its callers cannot manipulate it to abuse the asserted
 permission.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					Demand
					
						

							 Specified that all callers are required
      to have the permissions specified by the current security attribute.
							This action can be applied to classes and methods.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					Deny
					
						

							 Specifies that access to the resource or
 operation described by the current security attribute be denied to callers, even if they
 have been granted permission to access it. 
									
 causes a security check
 for the permissions specified by the current security attribute to fail even when
 it would otherwise succeed.
							
							This action can be applied to classes and methods.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					InheritanceDemand
					
						

							 
      Specifies the permissions that a derived class is required to have. When the
      target is a class, classes inheriting from the target are required to have the
      permissions specified by the current security attribute. When the target is
      a method, classes overriding the target are required to have the
      permissions specified by the current security attribute.
							This action can be applied to classes and methods. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					LinkDemand
					
						

							 Specifies that the immediate caller be required
 to have the specified permissions.
							This action can be applied to classes and methods.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					PermitOnly
					
						

							 Specifies that access is limited to only those resources 
      or operations specified by the current security attribute, even if the code has been
      granted permission to access others. A security check for a permission not
      described by the current security attribute fails regardless of whether or not
      callers have been granted this permission. 
							This action can be applied to classes and methods.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					RequestMinimum
					
						

							Specifies that the current security attribute describes the minimum permissions required for an assembly
      to run.
							This action can be applied to assemblies.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					RequestOptional
					
						

							 Specifies that the current security attribute
      describes
      optional permissions that an assembly can be granted.
							This action can be applied to assemblies.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityAction
					
					
					RequestRefuse
					
						

							 Specifies that the current security attribute
      describes resources or operations that an assembly cannot access.
							This action can be applied to assemblies.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 This is the base class for attributes used by the
 security system.
				
			
			
				System.Attribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of 
with the specified .
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that contains the security information of the
   current instance.
						
						
							A  object.
						
						
							
								Returns an instance of
      the permission type that corresponds to the current attribute. The
      returned object contains the security information of the current attribute.
							
							
								Override this
      method to create an instance of the permission type that corresponds to the
      current attribute. For example, the 
      implementation of  creates an instance of the
   
   class.
							
							
								 Security information specified
      using attributes is stored in metadata. The security information in the metadata is created using the permission object returned by
      this method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets
      full (unrestricted) permission to the resource protected by the current instance.
						
						
							
								 if full access
   to the protected resource
   is declared or is being set; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the XML object model for encoding security objects.
				
				
					The simple XML object model for an element consists of the following
 parts:
					
						
							
 
 The tag is the element name.
						
						
							
 
 The attributes are zero or more name/value attribute
 pairs on the element.
						
						
							
 
 The children are zero or more elements nested within
 <tag> and </tag>.
						
					
					 An attribute name must be at least one character,
 and cannot be  . If element-based value representation is
 used, elements with a text string that is 
 are represented in the <tag/> form; otherwise, text is
 delimited by the <tag> and </tag> tokens. Both forms
can be combined with attributes, which are shown if present.
					 The tags, attributes, and
 text are case-sensitive. The XML form contains quotation marks and
 escape sequences where necessary. String values that include characters invalid for use
 in XML result in a .
 These rules apply to all properties and methods.
					
						This class is intended to be a lightweight implementation of a simple XML
 object model for use within the security system, and not for use as a general
 XML object model.
						It is strongly suggested that properties of a security element are expressed
 as attributes, and property values are expressed as attribute values.
 Specifically, avoid nesting text within tags. For any <tag>text</tag> representation a
 representation of type <tag
 value="text"/> is usually available. Using attribute-based XML
representations aids in readability.
						For performance reasons, character validity is checked only when the element
 is encoded into XML form, and not on every set of a property or method call.
 Static methods allow explicit checking where needed. 
						This class is used only by the system; applications cannot create instances
 of the 
 type. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance.
						
						
							
								 The XML in the  returned by this method represents the state of
 a permission object. To obtain the XML schema used to encode that object, see the class page for
 the particular permission object .
								This method
 overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when
      an application does not have the permissions required to access a
      resource or perform a secured operation.
				
				
					
						 For more information about permissions and
         security, see Partition V of the CLI specification.
						The following IL instructions throw :
						
							
								call
							
							
								calli
							
							
								callvirt
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance to a system-supplied message
that describes the error, such as "A security violation has occurred." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property of the new instance
is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							 The  property of the new instance
is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of
   the new instance using  and the  property using . If  is , the
 property is initialized to the system-supplied 
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more
   information on inner exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Describes a set of security permissions applied to
      code. 
				
				
					 The 
enumeration defines the permissions secured by this class.
					 The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below
   in EBNF format. The following conventions are used: 
					
						
							
								 All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal type.
							
						
						
							
								 All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					 The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
         
         '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
         
         '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '(',')' is be used to group literals, non-literals or
         a mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
         
         '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
         expressions.
						
						
							
         
         '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand
         non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
         non-literals or both.
						
					
					 BuildVersion refers to the build version of the shipping CLI. This
   is a dotted build number such as '2412.0' . 
					ECMAPubKeyToken ::= 

					
					SecurityPermissionFlag =  |
 |  | 
 | 
					
					Each SecurityPermissionFlag literal can appear in the XML no more than once.
   For example, Flags=Assertion,Assertion is illegal.
					
						SecurityPermission ::= 
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							BuildVersion
						
						
							
						
						
							ECMAPubKeyToken
						
						
							
						
						(
						
							
						
						)
						|
						(
						
							SecurityPermissionFlag
( SecurityPermissionFlag)* )
						 | ()
						
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.CodeAccessPermission
			
			
				
					System.Security.IPermission
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class
   with the specified 
   value.
						
						
							 A  value. This value is either  or , respectively yielding fully restricted or fully unrestricted access to all security variables. 
						
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class
   with the specified 
   value.
						
						One or more  values. Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator.
						
							 is not a valid  value.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							Returns
 a  object containing the same values
 as the current instance.
						
						
							 A new 
instance containing the same values as the current instance.
						
						
							
								 The object returned by this method represents the same access to resources
 as the current instance.
								 This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reconstructs the state of a  object using the specified
 XML encoding.
						
						A  instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a  object. 
						
							 is .
						
							
								 does not contain the encoding for a  instance.
							The version number of  is not valid.
						
						
							The state of the current instance is changed to the
 state encoded in .
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see
 the 
 class page.
								This method overrides 
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns
 a  object that is the intersection of
 the current instance and the specified object. 
						
						A  object that is of the same type as the current instance to be intersected with the current instance. 
						
							A new  instance that represents the
 intersection of the current instance and . If
 the intersection is empty, or 
 is , returns . If the current
 instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If  is
 unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  . 
						
							
								The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the
 resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it represents
 the minimum permission such that any demand that passes both permissions will
 also pass their intersection.
								 This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the 
 
 interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance is a subset of
      the specified object.
						
						A  object of the same type as the current instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship with the current instance.
						
							
								 if the current instance is a subset of  ;
   otherwise,. If the current instance is unrestricted, and
 is not, returns . If  is 
   unrestricted, returns . If target is
 and the current instance was initialized with
, returns 
. If target is  and the current instance was initialized with any value
   other than , returns
 .
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  . 
						
							
								The current instance is a subset of  if the current instance
      specifies a set of accesses to resources that is wholly contained by
   . For example, a permission that represents read access to a file
      is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the file. 
								 This method overrides  and is implemented to
   support the 
   interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the XML encoding of the current
 instance.
						
						
							A  containing an XML encoding of the state of the
 current instance.
						
						
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see
 the  class page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that is the union of the
 current instance and the specified object.
						
						A  object of the same type as the current instance to be combined with the current instance. 
						
							 A new 
instance
that represents the union of the current instance and . If the current instance
or  is unrestricted, returns
a 
instance that is unrestricted. If is ,
returns a copy of the current instance using the 
method.
						
						
							 is not  and is not of type  .
						
							
								The result of a call to  is a permission
 that represents all of the access to security permissions represented by the
 current instance as well as the security permissions represented by
 . Any demand that passes either the current instance or 
 
 passes their union.
								 This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Used to apply a security action and a set of
      security permissions to program code.
				
				
					
						The security permissions are defined in the  enumeration and are specified using
      the  property. 
						 The security information declared by a
      security attribute is stored in the metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by
      the system at run-time. Security attributes are used for
      declarative security only. For imperative security, use the corresponding
      permission class, .
						The allowable  targets are
   determined by the  passed to the constructor.
					
				
				
					 In the following example, the attribute target is
      an assembly. The attribute declares that the
      ability to assert permissions
      on behalf of callers is the minimum permission required for the assembly to execute.
					
						[assembly:SecurityPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.RequestMinimum, Assertion=true)]
   
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.Permissions.CodeAccessSecurityAttribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
 with the specified  value.
						
						 A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object
   that contains the security information of the current instance.
						
						
							A new  object
   with the security information of the current instance.
						
						
							
								Applications typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the
         system.
								The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the
         metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. The
         system uses the object returned by this method to convert the security
         information of the current instance into the form stored in metadata.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets values that define the
 permissions declared by the current instance.
						
						
							 One or more  values.
 To specify multiple values in a set operation,
 use the bitwise OR operator.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Specifies a set of security permissions applied to a
    instance.
				
				
					This enumeration is used by .
					
						 is
a bit-field; specify multiple values using the bitwise OR
operator.
					For information on security, see Partition
   II of the CLI Specification.
					
						Many of these flags are powerful and
   should only be granted to highly trusted code. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					Assertion
					
						

							 Specifies the ability to assert that all of the callers 
      of the code granted this permission
      will pass the check for
      a specific permission
      or permission set.
							The ability to assert a specific permission or permission set allows code to 
      ensure that its callers do not fail with a security exception for lack of
      the specific permission or permission set asserted. 
							
								Asserting a permission is often used 
      when writing library code that accesses protected resources but itself does not
      expose these resources in any exploitable way to the calling code.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					ControlThread
					
						

							 Specifies the ability to control thread behavior.
      The operations protected include 
      and  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					Execution
					
						

							 Specifies permission for the code to run. Without this
 permission managed code cannot execute.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					NoFlags
					
						

							 Specifies that none of the permissions in this 
      enumeration are available.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					SkipVerification
					
						

							Specifies the right to skip the verification checks that
      ensure type safety and metadata correctness in an assembly. If an assembly has
      been granted this permission it will not fail with a 
      even if the assembly contains unverifiable constructs.
							
								Code that is
      unverifiable can execute without causing a  if
      this permission is granted.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Security.Permissions.SecurityPermissionFlag
					
					
					UnmanagedCode
					
						

							 Specifies the ability to call unmanaged code.
							
								
      
      Because unmanaged code potentially allows other permissions to be bypassed,
      this permission should be used with caution. It is used for applications calling native
      code using PInvoke.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines the seek reference positions.
				
				
					 The  enumeration is used by the overrides of the  method to set
   the seek reference point in a stream, which allows you to specify an offset from
   the reference point.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.SeekOrigin
					
					
					Begin
					
						

							 Indicates that the seek reference point is the beginning of a
      stream.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.SeekOrigin
					
					
					Current
					
						

							 Indicates that the seek reference point is the current position
      within a stream.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.SeekOrigin
					
					
					End
					
						

							 Indicates that the seek reference point is the first byte beyond the end of a stream.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when the execution stack overflows due to too many
      method calls.
				
				
					
						
							 is thrown for execution stack overflow errors, typically
      in the case of a very deep or unbounded recursion. 
						The localloc IL instruction throws .
					
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
public class StackOverflowExample {
   public static void recursion() { recursion(); }
   public static void Main() {
      try {
         recursion();
      }
      catch(StackOverflowException e) {
         Console.WriteLine("Error caught: {0}", e);
      }
   }
}
   
					The output is
					
						Error 
      caught: System.StackOverflowException: Exception of type
      System.StackOverflowException was thrown.
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "The requested operation caused a
   stack overflow." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class. 
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							 This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , and
   the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Abstract base class for all stream implementations.
				
				
					Streams involve three fundamental operations: 
					
						
							
         
         You can read from streams. Reading is the transfer of
         data from a stream into a data structure, such as an array of bytes.
						
						
							
         
         You can write to streams. Writing is the transfer of
         data from a data structure into a stream.
						
						
							
         
         Streams can support seeking. Seeking is the querying and modifying of the
         current position within a stream. Seek capability depends on the kind of
         backing store a stream has. For example, network streams have no unified
         concept of a current position, and therefore typically do not support seeking.
						
					
					All classes that represent streams inherit from the
 class.
   The 
   class and its subclasses provide a generic view of
   data sources and repositories, isolating the programmer from
   the specific details of the operating system and underlying devices.
					Subclasses are required to provide implementations only 
   for the synchronous read and write methods. The asynchronous read and write
   methods are implemented via the synchronous ones.  The  synchronous read and write methods
   are  and . The asynchronous read and write methods are
, , , 
   and .
					
					Depending on the underlying data source or repository, streams might support
   only some of these capabilities. An application can query a stream for its
   capabilities by using the , , and 
   properties.
					The  and  methods read and write data
in a variety of formats. For streams that support seeking, the  and
 methods, and the  and
 properties can be used to query and modify the
current position and length of a stream.
					Some stream implementations perform local buffering of the underlying data to
   improve performance. For such streams, the  method can be used to clear
   any internal buffers and ensure that all data has been written to the underlying
   data source or repository.
					Calling  on a  flushes any
buffered data, essentially calling  for you.  also releases operating system resources such as file handles, network
connections, or memory used for any internal buffering.
					If you need a  with no backing store (i.e., a bit bucket), use
 
. 
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous read operation.
						
						The  array to read the data into.
						A  that specifies the byte offset in  at which to begin writing data read from the stream.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to read from the stream.
						A  delegate to be called when the read is complete, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  that contains
   information about the asynchronous read operation, which could still
   be pending.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						The current  does not support reading.
						
							 This method starts an asynchronous read operation. To
      determine how many bytes were read and release resources allocated by this
      method, call the  method and specify the  object
      returned by this method.  The  method
      should be called exactly once for each call to .
							
							If the
    parameter is not , the method referenced by  is invoked when the asynchronous operation
      completes. The 
      object returned by this method
      is passed as the argument to the method referenced by .
							 The current position in the stream is updated when the
      asynchronous read or write is issued, not
      when the I/O operation completes.
							 Multiple simultaneous asynchronous requests render the request completion order uncertain.
							The  parameter can be any object that the caller wishes to have
   available for the duration of the asynchronous operation. This object is
   available via the  property of the object returned by this
   method. 
							
								 Use the 
property to determine whether the current instance supports
reading.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous write operation.
						
						The  array to be written to the current stream.
						A  that specifies the byte offset in  at which to begin copying bytes to the current stream.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to be written to the current stream.
						A  delegate to be called when the write is complete, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A 
that represents the asynchronous write, which could still be pending.
						
						The current  does not support writing.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							Pass the  returned by this method to  to ensure that the write completes and frees
   resources appropriately. If an error occurs during an asynchronous
   write, an exception will not be thrown until  is
   called with the  returned by this method.  If a failure is detected from the underlying OS (such as if a floppy
   is ejected in the middle of the operation), the results of the write operation are undefined.
							
							If the  parameter is not , the method
referenced by  is invoked when the asynchronous operation
completes. The  object returned by this method is passed as the argument
to the method referenced by .
							The  parameter can be any object that the caller wishes to have
available for the duration of the asynchronous operation. This object is
available via the  property of the object returned by this
method. 
							 If a stream is writable, writing at the end of
   it expands the stream.
							The current position in the stream is updated when you issue the asynchronous
   read or write, not when the I/O operation completes. Multiple simultaneous
   asynchronous requests render the request completion order
   uncertain.
							
								
									 should generally be greater than 64
   KB.
								Use the  property to
determine whether the current instance supports writing.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports reading.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports reading;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							If a class derived from  does not support reading, the following methods
   throw a  :  ,
 and  .
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports seeking.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports seeking;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							If a class derived from  does not support seeking, the following methods throw a : ,
,
, or .
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports writing.
						
						
							
								 if the stream supports writing;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							If a class derived from  does not support writing, the following methods
   throw a : , , and .
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Closes the current stream
      and releases any resources associated with the current stream.
						
						
							 Following a call to this method, other operations
      on the stream might throw exceptions. If the stream is already closed, a call
      to  throws no exceptions.
							
								If this method
      
      is called while an asynchronous read or write is pending for a stream, the
      behavior of the stream is undefined.
   
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Threading.WaitHandle
					
					
					
						

							Allocates a  object.
						
						
							A reference to the allocated .
						
						
							 When called for the first time this method
      creates a  object and returns it. On subsequent
      calls, the  method returns a reference to the same wait
      handle.
							
								
									 is useful if you implement the
      asynchronous methods and require a way of blocking in  or
    until the asynchronous operation is
      complete.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends a pending asynchronous read request.
						
						The  object that references the pending asynchronous read request.
						
							 A  that indicates the number of bytes read from the stream, 
   between 0 and the number of bytes specified via the 
								 
parameter. Streams only return
0 at the end of the stream, otherwise, they block until at
least 1 byte is available.
						
						
							 is .
						
							did not originate from a  method on the current stream.
						
							
								 blocks until the I/O operation has completed.
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous write operation.
						
						A  that references the outstanding asynchronous I/O request.
						The  parameter is .
						
							did not originate from a  method on the current stream.
						
							
								 is required to be called exactly once for every .  blocks until the write I/O operation has completed.
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Flushes the internal buffer.
						
						An I/O error occurs, such as the file being already closed.
						
							
								Implementers should use this method to move any information from an underlying buffer
      to its destination. The  method should clear the buffer, but the stream
      should not be closed. Depending upon the state of the object, the current
      position within the stream might need to be modified (for example, if the
      underlying stream supports seeking). For additional information see 
      .
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								Override  on
   streams that implement a buffer.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets the length in bytes of the stream.
						
						
							A  value representing the length of the stream in
   bytes.
						
						The stream does not support seeking.
						
							
								Use the 
property to determine whether the current instance supports
seeking.
							
							
								This property is
   read-only.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  with no backing store.
						
						
							
								
									 is used to redirect output to a stream
   that does not consume any operating system resources. When the methods of  that provide writing are invoked on 
   , they simply return, and no data is written.  also implements a  method that returns zero without reading data.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the position within the current stream.
						
						
							A  that specifies the current position within the stream.
						
						The stream does not support seeking.
						The stream is closed. 
						An I/O error has occurred.
						
							The stream is required to support seeking to get or set the
      position. Use the 
      property to determine whether the current instance supports seeking.
							
							Classes that derive from  are required to provide an implementation of
   this property. 
							
								If you intend to use a file as a backing store for a stream implementation,
      opening a file and then writing to it requires that the position be set to
      just beyond the last byte so you can append to the file. The position cannot be
      set more than one byte beyond the end of the stream. 
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Reads a sequence of bytes from the current stream and advances the position
      within the stream by the number of bytes read.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, the elements between  and  are replaced by the bytes read from the current source.
						A  that specifies the zero based byte offset in  at which to begin storing the data read from the current stream.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes to be read from the current stream.
						
							 A  that specifies the total number of bytes read into the
   buffer, or zero if the end of the stream has been
   reached before any data can be read.
						
						( +  - 1) is greater than the length of .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is less than zero.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						The current stream does not support reading.
						
							
								Use the 
property to determine whether the current instance supports
reading.
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Reads a byte from the stream and advances the position
      within the stream by one byte.
						
						
							The unsigned byte cast to a  , or -1 if at the end
   of the stream.
						
						The stream does not support reading.
						The stream is closed. 
						An I/O error has occurred.
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Use the  property to determine whether
   the current instance supports reading.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the position within the current stream.
						
						A  that specifies the byte offset relative to origin.
						A  value indicating the reference point used to obtain the new position.
						
							A  that specifies the new position within the current stream.
						
						The stream does not support seeking, such as if the stream is constructed from a pipe or console output.
						The current  is closed.
						An I/O error has occurred.
						
							
								Use the  property to determine whether
   the current instance supports seeking.
							
							
								If is negative,
the new position is required to precede the position specified by by the number of bytes specified by . If is zero,
the new position is required to be the position specified by . If
is positive, the new position is required to follow the position 
specified by by the number of bytes specified by .
							
							
								If you intend to use a file as a backing store for a stream implementation,
      you are required to override  to set the  property one byte beyond the
      end of the stream. The position
      cannot be set to more than one byte beyond the end of the stream. 
								Classes derived from  that
   support seeking are required to override this method. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Sets the length of the current stream.
						
						A  that specifies the desired length of the current stream in bytes.
						The stream does not support both writing and seeking, such as if the stream is constructed from a pipe or console output.
						The current  is closed.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								Use the 
property to determine whether the current instance supports writing, and the
 property
to determine whether seeking is supported. 
							
							
								If the specified value is less than
   the current length of the stream, the stream is truncated. If the specified
   value is larger than the current length of the stream, the stream is expanded.
   If the stream is expanded, the contents of the stream between the old and the
   new length are initialized to zeros.
							
							
								There is no default
   implementation.
							
							
								Classes derived from  are required to
support both writing and seeking for 
to work.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes a
      sequence of bytes to the current stream and advances the current position within
      the current stream by the number of bytes written.
						
						A  array containing the data to write.
						A  that specifies the zero based byte offset in  at which to begin copying bytes to the current stream.
						A  that specifies the number of bytes to be written to the current stream.
						( +  ) is greater than the length of .
						
							 is .
						
							or  is negative.
						An I/O error occurred.
						The stream does not support writing.
						
							
								Use the  property to determine whether
   the current instance supports writing.
							
							
								If the write operation is
   successful, the position within the stream advances by the number of bytes
   written. If an exception occurs, the position within the stream remains
   unchanged.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a  to the current position in the stream and advances the position within the stream by one byte.
						
						The  to write to the stream.
						The stream does not support writing.
						The stream is closed.
						An I/O error has occurred.
						
							
								Use the  property to determine whether
   the current instance supports writing.
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Implements a  that reads
   characters from a byte stream in a particular encoding.
				
				
					The  class is designed for
   character input in a particular , whereas subclasses of  are designed for byte input and output.
					
						
							 defaults to UTF-8 encoding unless specified
   otherwise, instead of defaulting to the ANSI code page for the current system.
   UTF-8 handles Unicode characters correctly and provides consistent results on localized
   versions of the operating system.
						When reading from a , it is more efficient to use a buffer that is the
same size as the internal buffer of the stream.
						By default, a  is not thread safe. For a
thread-safe wrapper, see 
.
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.TextReader
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified file name, with the specified character encoding, byte order
   mark detection option, and buffer size.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  value that indicates whether the new is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						A  that specifies the minimum buffer size, in number of 16-bit characters. If less than the minimum allowable size (128 characters), the minimum allowable size is used.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The file specified in  was not found.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							 or  is .
						
							 is less than or equal to zero.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 .
							If requested, the current constructor detects the encoding by examining the
   first three bytes of the stream. The constructor automatically recognizes UTF-8,
   little-endian Unicode, and big-endian Unicode text if the file starts with the
   appropriate byte order marks. Otherwise, the user-provided encoding is used. See
   the  method for more information.
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored on disk;
   it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For example,
   depending on the system, this class may be able to access a physical device.
								When reading from a , it is more efficient to use a buffer that is the
same size as the internal buffer of the stream.
								For information on the valid format and characters for path strings, see
. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified file name, with the specified character encoding and byte order mark detection option.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  value that indicates whether the new is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The file specified in  was not found.
						
							 is an empty string ("").
						
							 or  is  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 , and the internal buffer to the default size. 
   The default buffer size is implementation
      defined.
							
							If requested, the current constructor detects the
      encoding by examining the first three bytes of the stream. The constructor
      automatically recognizes UTF-8, little-endian Unicode, and big-endian Unicode
      text if the file starts with the appropriate byte order marks. Otherwise, the
      user-provided encoding is used. See the 
      
      method for more information.
							
								
									 is not required to be a
      file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
      streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
      a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for
      path strings, see . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified file name and with the specified character encoding.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The file specified in  was not found.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							or  is  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 , and the internal buffer to the default size. 
   The default buffer size is implementation
      defined.
							
							
								
									 is not required to be a
      file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
      streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
      a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for
      path strings, see . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   for the specified file name, with the specified byte order mark detection option.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to read.
						A  value that indicates whether the new  is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The file specified in  was not found.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to  , and the internal buffer to the default size.
      The default buffer size is implementation
      defined.
							
							 If requested, the current constructor
      detects the encoding by examining the first three bytes of the stream.
      The constructor automatically recognizes UTF-8, little-endian Unicode, and
      big-endian Unicode text if the file starts with the appropriate byte order marks.
      Otherwise, UTF-8 encoding is used. See the 
      method for more information.
							
								
									 is not required to be a
      file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
      streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
      a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for
      path strings, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified file name.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to read.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						The file specified in  was not found.
						
							 is an empty string ("").
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to , and
   the internal buffer to the default size. The default buffer size is implementation defined.
							
							
								
									 is not required to be
   a file stored on disk; it can be any part of a system that supports access via
   streams. For example, depending on the system, this class may be able to access
   a physical device.
								 For information on the valid format and characters for
   path strings, see  . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified stream, with the specified character encoding, byte order mark
   detection option, and buffer size.
						
						The  to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  value that indicates whether the new  is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						A  that specifies the minimum buffer size, in number of 16-bit characters. If  is less than the minimum allowable size (128 characters), the minimum allowable size is used.
						
							 does not support reading.
						
							or  is .
						
							is less than or equal to zero.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 parameter the  property using  .
							If requested, this constructor detects the encoding by examining
   the first three bytes of the stream. The constructor automatically recognizes UTF-8,
   little-endian Unicode, and big-endian Unicode text if the
   file starts with the appropriate byte order marks. Otherwise, the user-provided encoding is
   used. For more information, see the  method.
							
								When reading from a , it is more
efficient to use a buffer that is the same size as the internal buffer of the
stream.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified stream, with the specified character encoding and byte order mark detection option.
						
						The  to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  value that indicates whether the new  is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						
							 does not support reading.
						
							or  is  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 , the  property using  , and the internal buffer to the default size. 
      The default buffer size is implementation
      defined.
							
							If requested, this constructor detects the encoding
      by examining the first three bytes of 
      . This constructor
      automatically recognizes UTF-8, little-endian Unicode, and big-endian Unicode text if the stream starts
      with the appropriate byte order marks. Otherwise, the user-provided encoding is
      used. See the  method for more information.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified stream.
						
						The  to read.
						
							 does not support reading.
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to , the  property using  , and the internal buffer to the default size.
   The default buffer size is implementation
      dependent.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified stream, with the specified
   byte order mark detection option.
						
						The  to read.
						A  value that indicates whether the new  is required to look for byte order marks at the beginning of the stream. Specify  to enable detection of byte order marks; otherwise, specify  .
						
							 does not support reading.
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to  , the  property using , and the internal buffer to the default size.
      The default buffer size is implementation
      defined.
							
							If requested, the current constructor detects the encoding by
      examining the first three bytes of the stream. The constructor automatically recognizes
      UTF-8, little-endian Unicode, and big-endian Unicode text if
      the file starts with the appropriate byte order marks. Otherwise, UTF-8 encoding is
      used. For more information, see the  method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified stream with the specified character encoding.
						
						The  to read.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						
							 does not support reading.
						
							 or  is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using  , the  property using 
   , and the internal buffer to the default size. The default buffer size is implementation defined.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
					
						

							Gets the underlying stream.
						
						
							The underlying  which the current  instance is reading.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current instance of 
, releasing any system resources associated with it.
						
						
							 Following a call to this method, operations on the current instance might raise exceptions.
							
								This version of  is equivalent to ().
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Text.Encoding
					
					
					
						

							Gets the current character encoding that the current
    is
      using.
						
						
   The current  used by the current reader.

						
							This property is read-only.
							 The value returned
      by this property might change after the first call to a 
      method if encoding auto detection was specified to the constructor for the
      current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Allows a 
to discard its buffered data.
						
						
							
								This method is useful when reading from a stream after seeking
      to a new position. If this method is not called and the internal
      buffer is not empty, a read attempt at the new location will first
      return data that is in the buffer before returning the text at the current
      position in the stream.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple
   times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
   to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
 .
								This method calls the dispose method of the base class, ().
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the next character in the underlying stream
      without advancing the position of the 
      in the stream.
						
						
							 The next character from the character source
      as a  , or -1 if at the end of the
      stream.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								This method returns -1 is when the end of the underlying stream is reached
         because a Unicode character can contain only values between hexadecimal 0x0000
         to 0xFFFF (0 to 65535).
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Reads the next
      character from the input stream
      and advances the character position by one character.
						
						
							The next character from the character source represented
      as a  , or -1 if at the end
      of the stream.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								This method returns -1 is when the end of the underlying stream is reached
         because a Unicode character can contain only values between hexadecimal 0x0000
         to 0xFFFF (0 to 65535).
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Reads a maximum of 
characters from the current stream into ,
beginning at .
						
						A  array. When this method returns, contains the specified character array with the values between  and  replaced by the characters read from the current instance.
						A  that specifies the index of  at which to begin writing.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
						
							A  containing the number of characters that have been read, or zero if
   there are no more characters left to read. Can be less than 
   if the end
   of the stream has been reached.
						
						
							 .Length -  <  .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						
							 An I/O error occurred
							 -or-
							 the current stream is closed.
						
						
							
								This method returns after either  characters are
      read, or the end of the file is reached.  is a blocking
      version of  .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Reads a line of characters from the current stream and returns
      the data as a string.
						
						
							A  containing the next line from the input stream, or
 if the end of the input
   stream is reached.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						
							
								 This method defines a line as a sequence of
         characters followed by a carriage return (hexadecimal 0x000d), a line feed (hexadecimal 0x000a), or . The returned string does not contain the terminating
         character(s).
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Reads the stream from the current position to the
      end of the stream.
						
						
							A  containing the rest of the stream as a string, from the current
   position to the end. If the current position is at the end of the stream, returns the empty string ("").
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						
							
								This method overrides 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Implements a  wrapper that writes
   characters to a stream in a particular encoding.
				
				
					The  class is designed for character output in a particular
, 
   whereas subclasses of  are designed for byte
   input and output.
					
						 defaults to using an instance of  unless specified 
otherwise. This instance of  is constructed such that the  method returns
the Unicode byte order mark written in UTF-8. The preamble of the encoding is
added to a stream when you are not appending to an existing stream. This means
any text file you create with  has three byte order marks at
its beginning. UTF-8
handles all Unicode characters correctly and gives consistent results on
localized versions of the operating system. 
					
						By default, 
 is not thread safe. For a thread-safe wrapper, see 
.
					
				
			
			
				System.IO.TextWriter
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified file on
the specified path, using the specified encoding and buffer size.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to write to.
						A  value that determines whether data is to be appended to the file. If the file exists and is , the file is overwritten. If the file exists and is , the data is appended to the file. Otherwise, a new file is created.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  that specifies the buffer size.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						
							 is an empty string ("").
						
							 or  is .
						
							 is negative.
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						Access to  is denied.
						
							If the specified file exists, it can be either overwritten or appended to. If
      the file does not exist, this constructor creates a new file.
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 . For additional information, see .
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored on disk; it can be any part 
   of a system that supports access via streams. For example, depending on the
   system, this class may be able to access a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for path strings, see 
 . 
							
						
						Requires permission for reading and writing files. See , 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified file on
the specified path, using the specified encoding and default buffer size.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to write to.
						A  value that determines whether data is to be appended to the file. If the file exists and is , the file is overwritten. If the file exists and is , the data is appended to the file. Otherwise, a new file is created.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						Access to  is denied.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							is .
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							If the specified file exists, it can be either overwritten or appended to. If
      the file does not exist, this constructor creates a new file.
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 . For additional information, see .
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored on disk;
   it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For example,
   depending on the system, this class may be able to access a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for path strings, see 
 .
								The default buffer size may typically be around 4 KB.
							
						
						Requires permission for reading and writing files. See , 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified file on
the specified path, using the default encoding and buffer size.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to write to.
						A  value that determines whether data is to be appended to the file. If the file exists and is , the file is overwritten. If the file exists and is , the data is appended to the file. Otherwise, a new file is created.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						Access to  is denied.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							is .
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property to  whose  method returns an empty
byte array. For additional information, see  .
							If the specified file exists, it can be either overwritten or appended to. If
   the file does not exist, this constructor creates a new file.
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored on disk;
   it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For example,
   depending on the system, this class may be able to access a physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for path strings, see 
 .
								The default buffer size may typically be around 4 KB.
							
						
						Requires permission for reading and writing files. See , 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified stream, using the default
   encoding and buffer size.
						
						The  to write to.
						
							does not support writing.
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to a  whose  method returns an empty
   byte array. For additional information,
   see 
   . The  property is initialized using
 .
							
								The default buffer size may typically be
   around 4 KB.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified stream, using the specified
encoding and the default buffer size.
						
						The  to write to.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						
							 or  is .
						
							 does not support writing.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using  , and the  property
   using  . For additional information, see .
							
								The default buffer size may typically be
   around 4 KB.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class for the specified stream, using the specified
encoding and buffer size.
						
						The  to write to.
						A  that specifies the character encoding to use.
						A  that specifies the buffer size.
						
							 or  is .
						
							 is negative.
						
							 does not support writing.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property using
 , and the  property using  . For additional information, see .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class for the specified file on the specified path, using the default encoding and
   buffer size.
						
						A  that specifies the complete file path to write to.
						
							 is in an invalid format or contains invalid characters.
						The directory information specified in  was not found.
						Access to  is denied.
						
							is an empty string ("").
						
							is .
						The caller does not have the required permission.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property to 
   a  whose  method returns an empty
   byte array. For additional information, see  .
							
								
									 is not required to be a file stored on disk;
   it can be any part of a system that supports access via streams. For example,
   depending on the system, this class may be able to access a
   physical device.
								For information on the valid format and characters for 
   path strings, see 
   .
								The default buffer size may typically be around 4 KB.
							
						
						Requires permission for reading and writing files. See , 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value indicating whether the
   current  will flush its buffer to the
   underlying stream after every call to .
						
						
							
								 to force
 to flush its
   buffer; otherwise, .
						
						
							The  will do a limited amount of buffering, both
   internally and potentially in the encoder from the encoding you passed in. If
 
is set to , the data will
be flushed into the underlying stream only when the buffer is full, or when
() or  
is called.
							 Setting  to
 forces  to flush the buffered data out of the 
encoder and call  on the
stream every time 
is called.
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the underlying
      stream.
						
						
							The  the current  instance
   is writing to.
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current 
and the underlying stream.
						
						
							 This method calls 
, writing buffered data to the underlying stream. Following a call to , any operations on the current instance
might raise exceptions.
							
								This version of  is equivalent to ().
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple
   times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
   to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
.
								This method calls the dispose method of the base class, 
									
									
									.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Text.Encoding
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the  in which the output is written.
						
						
							The  specified in
   the constructor for the current instance, or 
   if an encoding was not
   specified.
						
						
							
								This property overrides the  
property.
							
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This property is required in some XML
   scenarios where a header must be written containing the encoding used by the
.
   This allows XML code to consume an arbitrary  and generate a correct XML
   header.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							
								Application code does not call this 
         method; it is automatically invoked by during garbage collection unless
         finalization by the garbage collector has been disabled. For more information,
         see , and .
								 This method overrides  . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Clears all buffers for the current writer and causes any buffered
      data to be written to the underlying stream.
						
						The current writer is closed.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Writes a character to the stream.
						
						The  to write to the underlying stream.
						
							 is  or the  buffer is full, and the contents of the buffer cannot be written to the underlying fixed size stream because the  is at the end the stream.
						The current writer is closed.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							 The specified character is written to the underlying stream unless the end
      of the stream is reached prematurely. 
							If  is ,  is
   invoked automatically.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Writes a character array to the underlying stream.
						
						A  array containing the data to write. If  is , nothing is written.
						
							 is  or the  buffer is full, and the contents of the buffer cannot be written to the underlying fixed size stream because the  is at the end the stream.
						The current writer is closed.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							The specified characters are written to the underlying stream unless the end
      of the stream is reached prematurely. 
							If  is ,  is
   invoked automatically.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Writes a sub-array of characters to the underlying stream.
						
						A  array containing the data to write.
						A  that specifies the index into  at which to begin writing.
						A  that specifies the number of characters to read from .
						buffer.Length -  < .
						
							 is .
						
							 or  is negative.
						
							 is  or the  buffer is full, and the contents of the buffer cannot be written to the underlying fixed size stream because the  is at the end the stream.
						The current writer is closed.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							 The specified
      characters are written to the underlying stream unless the end of the stream is
      reached prematurely. 
							
							If  is ,  is
   invoked automatically.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Writes a string to the stream.
						
						The  to write to the stream. If is , nothing is written.
						
							 is  or the  buffer is full, and the contents of the buffer cannot be written to the underlying fixed size stream because the  is at the end the stream.
						The current writer is closed.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							The specified  is written to the underlying stream unless the end
   of the stream is reached prematurely. 
							If  is ,  is
invoked automatically.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents an immutable series of characters.
				
				
					An  is the position of a character within a
   string. The first character in the string is at index 0. The length of a string
   is the number of characters it is made up of. The last accessible 
   of a string
   instance is 
   - 1.
					Strings are immutable; once created, the contents of a
 do not change. Combining 
   operations, such as , cannot alter existing strings.
   Instead, such operations return a new string that contains the results of the
   operation, an unchanged string, or the null value. To perform modifications to a
 use the 
 
.
					Implementations of  are required to contain
a variable-length character buffer positioned a fixed number of bytes after
the beginning of the String object.  The 
method returns
the number of bytes between the start of the String object and the character buffer. This
information is intended primarily for use by compilers, not application programmers. For additional information, see 
.
					
					
						Comparisons and searches are case-sensitive by default
      and unless otherwise specified, use the culture defined for the current thread
      to determine the order of the alphabet used by the strings. This information is
      then used to compare the two strings on a character-by-character basis. Upper
      case letters evaluate greater than their lower case equivalents.
						The following characters are considered white space when present in a
      System.String instance: 0x9, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0x20, 0xA0, 0x2000, 0x2001,
      0x2002, 0x2003, 0x2004, 0x2005, 0x2006, 0x2007, 0x2008, 0x2009, 0x200A, 0x200B,
      0x3000, and 0xFEFF.
						The null character is defined as hexadecimal 0x00.
						The () constructor is
   omitted for performance reasons. If you need a copy of a , consider using
 or 
   the 
   class.
						To insert a formatted string representation of an object
   into a string use the  methods.
   These methods take one or more arguments to be formatted and a format string.
   The format string contains literals and zero or more format
   specifications in the form {  [,  ][: 
   ]}, where:
   
						
							
								
									 is a zero-based integer 
      indicating the argument to be formatted. If the actual argument is a null
      reference, then an empty string is used in its place.
							
							
								
									 is an optional integer
      indicating the minimum width of the region to contain the formatted value of
      argument 
      . If the length of
      the string representation of the value is less than , then the
      region is padded with spaces. If  is negative, the formatted value
      is left justified in the region; if  is positive, then the value is right
      justified. If  is
      not specified, it is assumed to be zero indicating that neither padding nor
      alignment is customized. Note that if the length of the formatted value is
      greater than , then  is ignored.
							
							
								
									 is an
      optional string that determines the representation used for arguments.
      For example, an integer can be represented in hexadecimal or decimal format, or as a
      monetary value. If  is
      omitted and an argument implements the  interface, then a null reference is
      used as the  format specifier. Therefore, all implementations of
    are required to allow a null reference as
      a format specifier, and return a string containing the default representation
      of the object as determined by the object type. For additional information on
      format specifiers, see 
      .
							
						
						If an object referenced in the format string implements
, 
   then the  method of the object provides the formatting. If the
   argument does not implement , then the  method of the object provides default
   formatting, and 
   , if present, is ignored.
   For an example that demonstrates this, see Example 2.
						To include a
   curly bracket in a formatted
   string, specify the bracket twice; for example, specify "{{" to
   include "{" in the formatted string. See Example 1.
						The  class exposes the same functionality as the  methods
via  and . The primary difference is that the
 
methods return the formatted string, while the
System.Console methods write the formatted string to a stream.
					
				
				
					Example 1
					The following example demonstrates formatting numeric
      data types and inserting literal curly brackets into strings.
					using System;
class StringFormatTest {
    public static void Main() {
        decimal dec = 1.99999m;
        double doub = 1.0000000001;

        string somenums = String.Format("Some formatted numbers: dec={0,15:E} doub={1,20}", dec, doub);
        Console.WriteLine(somenums);

        string curlies = "Literal curly brackets: {{ and }} and {{0}}";
        Console.WriteLine(curlies);

        object nullObject = null;
        string embeddedNull = String.Format("A null argument looks like: {0}", nullObject);
        Console.WriteLine(embeddedNull);
    }
}
   
					The output is
					
Some formatted numbers: dec=  1.999990E+000 doub=        1.0000000001
Literal curly brackets: {{ and }} and {{0}}
A null argument looks like: 
 
					Example 2
					The following example demonstrates how formatting works if  is or is
   not implemented by an argument to the  method. Note that the format specifier
   is ignored if the argument does not implement .
					using System;
class StringFormatTest {
    public class DefaultFormatEleven {
        public override string ToString() {
            return "11 string";
        }
    }
    public class FormattableEleven:IFormattable {
        // The IFormattable ToString implementation.
        public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) {
            Console.Write("[IFormattable called] ");
            return 11.ToString(format, formatProvider);
        }
        // Override Object.ToString to show that it is not called.
        public override string ToString() {
            return "Formatted 11 string";
        }
    }

    public static void Main() {
        DefaultFormatEleven def11 = new DefaultFormatEleven ();
         FormattableEleven for11 = new  FormattableEleven();
        string def11string = String.Format("{0}",def11);
        Console.WriteLine(def11string);
        // The format specifier x is ignored.
        def11string = String.Format("{0,15:x}", def11);
        Console.WriteLine(def11string);

        string form11string = String.Format("{0}",for11);
        Console.WriteLine(form11string );
        form11string = String.Format("{0,15:x}",for11);
        Console.WriteLine(form11string);
    }
}

					The output is
					
11 string
      11 string
[IFormattable called] 11
[IFormattable called]               b
 
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Chars")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of 
.
						
						A  . 
						A  containing the number of occurrences of . 
						
							 is less than zero.
						
							If the specified number is 0,  is
   created.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using this constructor.
							using System;

public class StringExample {
 public static void Main() {
 
 string s = new String('a', 10);

 Console.WriteLine(s);            
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								aaaaaaaaaa
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of  using a specified pointer to a sequence of Unicode characters.
						
						A pointer to a null-terminated array of Unicode characters. If  is a null pointer,  is created.
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative,
      use the ( ) constructor.
							This constructor copies the sequence of Unicode characters at the specified
      pointer until a null character (hexadecimal 0x00) is reached.
							If the specified array is not null-terminated, the
      behavior of this constructor is system dependent. For example, such a situation
      might cause
      an access violation.
							
								 In C# this
      constructor is defined only in the context of unmanaged code.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of 
by copying the specified array of Unicode characters.
						
						An array of Unicode characters.
						
							If the specified array is a null reference or contains
      no elements,  is created.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of  using a specified
   pointer to a sequence of Unicode characters, the index within that sequence at
   which to start copying characters, and the number of characters to be copied to
   construct the 
   .
						
						A pointer to an array of Unicode characters.
						A  containing the index within the array referenced by  from which to start copying.
						A  containing the number of characters to copy from  to the new . If  is zero,  is created.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							
								 is a null pointer and  is not zero.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use the 
   (, , ) constructor. 
							This constructor copies Unicode characters from
   , starting at  and ending at
      ( +  - 1).
							If the specified range is outside of the memory
      allocated for the sequence of characters, the behavior of this constructor is
      system dependent. For example, such a situation might cause an access violation.
							
								 In C# this
      constructor is defined only in the context of unmanaged code.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class to the value indicated by a specified pointer to an array of
   8-bit signed integers, a starting character position within that array, a
   length, and an 
   object.
						
						A pointer to a  array.
						A  containing the starting position within .
						A  containing the number of characters within  to use. If  is zero,  is created.
						A  object that specifies how the array referenced by  is encoded.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							
								 is a null pointer and  is not zero.
						
						
							If  is a
 pointer, a  instance is constructed.
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of  using an array of Unicode characters, the index within array at which to start
   copying characters, and the number of characters
   to be copied.
						
						An array of Unicode characters.
						A  containing the index within the array referenced by  from which to start copying.
						A  containing the number of characters to copy from the  array. If  is zero,  is created.
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							The sum of  and  is greater than the number of elements in  .
						
						
							This constructor copies the sequence Unicode characters
      found at  between indexes  and
    +  - 1.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Char
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Gets the character at a specified position in the current
      instance.
						
						
							A Unicode character at the location index in the current instance.
						
						
							 is greater than or equal to the length of the current instance or less than zero.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 is the position of a character within a
   string. The first character in the string is at index 0. The length of a string
   is the number of characters it is made up of. The last accessible 
   of a string instance is its length
   - 1.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Returns a reference to the current instance of .
						
						
							A reference to the current instance of .
						
						
							
								
									 does not generate a new  instance. Use the  or  method to
      create a separate  object with the same
      value as the current instance.
								This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Compares substrings of two strings.
						
						The first  containing a substring to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring within .
						The second  containing a substring to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring within .
						A  containing the number of characters in the substrings to compare. If  is zero, then zero is returned.
						A  indicating if the comparison is case-insensitive. If  is , the comparison is case-insensitive. If  is , the comparison is case-sensitive, and upper case letters evaluate greater than their lower case equivalents. 
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of
   substrings of the two specified strings. The following table defines the
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive
   number.
							
								
									Value Type
									Condition
								
								
									 Any negative number
									The substring in  is < the substring
      in , or  is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									The substring in  == 
   the substring in
, or both  and strB are null 
   references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									The substring in  is > the substring
   in , or  is a null
   reference.
								
							
						
						
							The sum of  and  is greater than  .Length
							 -or-
							The sum of  and length is greater than  .Length
							 -or-
							
								, , or  is negative.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
						
						
							When either of the String arguments is the null reference an  shall be thrown if the corresponding index is non-zero.
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the
      empty string) to a null reference is greater than zero. The result of comparing
      two null references is zero. Upper case letters evaluate greater than their
      lower
      case
      equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the current thread to
      determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings are compared on
      a character-by-character
      basis.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates comparing substrings with and without case 
      sensitivity.
							using System;
public class StringCompareExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string strA = "STRING A";
 string strB = "string b";
 int first = String.Compare( strA, strB, true );
 int second = String.Compare( strA, 0, strB, 0, 4, true );
 int third = String.Compare( strA, 0, strB, 0, 4, false );
 Console.WriteLine( "When the string 'STRING A' is compared to the string 'string b' in a case-insensitive manner, the return value is {0}.", first );
 Console.WriteLine( "When the substring 'STRI' of 'STRING A' is compared to the substring 'stri' of 'string b' in a case-insensitive manner, the return value is {0}.", second );
 Console.WriteLine( "When the substring 'STRI' of 'STRING A' is compared to the substring 'stri' of 'string b' in a case-sensitive manner, the return value is {0}.", third );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								When the string 'STRING A' is compared to the string 'string b' in a
         case-insensitive manner, the return value is -1.
								When the substring 'STRI' of 'STRING A' is compared to the substring 'stri'
         of 'string b' in a case-insensitive manner, the return value is 0.
								When the substring 'STRI' of 'STRING A' is compared to the substring 'stri'
         of 'string b' in a case-sensitive manner, the return value is 1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Compares substrings of two
      strings.
						
						The first  to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring within .
						The second  to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring within .
						A  containing the number of characters in the substrings to compare. If  is zero, then zero is returned.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of
   substrings of the two specified strings. The following table defines the
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive
   number.
							
								
									 Value
									Meaning
								
								
									 Any negative number
									The
         substring in  is < the substring in , or
       is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									 The
         substring in  ==
         the substring in , or both
       and  are null references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									The
         substring in  is > the substring in , or
       is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							The sum of  and  is greater than  .Length .
							 -or-
							The sum of  and  is greater than  .Length .
							 -or-
							
								, , or  is negative.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
						
						
							When either of the String arguments is the null reference an  shall be thrown if the corresponding index is non-zero.
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the empty string) to a null
      reference is greater than zero. The result of comparing two null references is
      zero. Upper case letters evaluate greater than their lower case
      equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the current thread to
      determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings are compared on a character-by-character
      basis.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates comparing substrings.
							using System;
public class StringCompareExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string strA = "A string";
 string strB = "B ring";
 int first = String.Compare( strA, 4, strB, 2, 3 );
 int second = String.Compare( strA, 3, strB, 3, 3 );
 Console.WriteLine( "When the substring 'rin' of 'A string' is compared to the substring 'rin' of 'B ring', the return value is {0}.", first );
 Console.WriteLine( "When the substring 'tri' of 'A string' is compared to the substring 'ing' of 'B ring', the return value is {0}.", second );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								When the substring 'rin' of 'A string' is compared to the substring 'rin' of
         'B ring', the return value is 0.
								When the substring 'tri' of 'A string' is compared to the substring 'ing' of
         'B ring', the return value is 1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns sort order of two 
objects.
						
						The first  to compare. Can be a null reference.
						The second  to compare. Can be a null reference.
						A  indicating whether the comparison is case-insensitive. If  is , the comparison is case-insensitive. If  is , the comparison is case-sensitive, and upper case letters evaluate greater than their lower case equivalents.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   two specified strings. The following table defines the conditions under which
   the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive
   number.
							
								
									 Value
									Meaning
								
								
									 Any negative number
									
										 is < , or
    is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 == , or both 
and  are null references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										 is > , or 
is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the empty string) to a null
      reference is greater than zero. The
      result of comparing two null references is zero. Upper case letters evaluate
      greater than their lower case
      equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the
      current thread to determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings
      are compared on a character-by-character
      basis.
								
									(,
, 
) is equivalent to 
(,  
).
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates comparing strings with and without case 
      sensitivity.
							using System;
public class StringCompareExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string strA = "A STRING";
 string strB = "a string";
 int first = String.Compare( strA, strB, true );
 int second = String.Compare( strA, strB, false );
 Console.WriteLine( "When 'A STRING' is compared to 'a string' in a case-insensitive manner, the return value is {0}.", first );
 Console.WriteLine( "When 'A STRING' is compared to 'a string' in a case-sensitive manner, the return value is {0}.", second );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								When 'A STRING' is compared to 'a string' in a case-insensitive manner, the
         return value is 0.
								When 'A STRING' is compared to 'a string' in a case-sensitive manner, the
         return value is 1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Compares two  objects in a case sensitive manner.
						
						The first  to compare. Can be a null reference.
						The second  to compare. Can be a null reference.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   two specified strings. The following table defines conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number.
							
								
									 Value
									Meaning
								
								
									 Any negative number
									
										 is lexicographically < ,
      or  is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 is lexicographically == ,
   or both  and  are null references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										 is lexicographically > ,
   or  is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							 This method performs a case-sensitive operation.
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the empty string) to a null
      reference is greater than zero. The
      result of comparing two null references is zero. Upper case letters evaluate
      greater than their lower case equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the
      current thread to determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings
      are compared on a character-by-character basis.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Compares two specified  objects based
   on the code points of
   the contained Unicode characters.
						
						The first  to compare.
						The second  to compare.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   two specified strings. The following table defines the conditions under which
   the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number.
							
								
									Permission
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									
										 is < , or 
   is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 == , or both 
and  are null references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										 is > , or 
is a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the
      empty string) to a null reference is greater than zero. The result of comparing
      two null references is zero. Upper case letters evaluate greater than
      their lower case equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the current thread to
      determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings are compared
      on a character-by-character basis.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Compares substrings of two specified 
objects based
on
the code points of the contained Unicode characters.
						
						The first  to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring in .
						The second  to compare.
						A  containing the starting index of the substring in .
						A  containing the number of characters in the substrings to compare.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   two specified strings. The following table defines the conditions under which
   the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive number.
							
								
									Value Type
									Condition
								
								
									 Any negative number
									The substring in  is < the
      substring in , or  is a null reference.
								
								
									 Zero
									The substring in  ==
   the substring in
, or both  and  are null 
   references.
								
								
									 Any positive number
									The substring in  is > the substring
   in , or  is a null
   reference.
								
							
						
						
							 The sum of  and  is greater than  .Length
							 -or-
							 The sum of  and  is greater than  .Length
							 -or-
							
								, , or is negative.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
							 -or-
							
								 is  and  is non-zero.
						
						
							When either of the String arguments is the null reference an  shall be thrown if the corresponding index is non-zero.
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the empty string) to a null reference is
      greater than zero. The result of comparing two null references is zero. Upper
      case letters evaluate greater than their lower case equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the current thread to determine the ordering
      of individual characters. The two strings are compared on a
      character-by-character basis.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared 
      to the specified object.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value
   that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to
 
. The following table defines the
conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a positive
number.
							
								
									Value
									Condition
								
								
									 Any negative number
									The current instance is lexicographically <
      .
								
								
									 Zero
									The current instance is lexicographically ==
      .
								
								
									
										 Any positive number
									
									
										The current instance is lexicographically >
            , or  is a null
               reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a .
						
							
								 is required to be a 
object.
							
								The result of comparing any  (including the
   empty string) to a null reference is greater than zero. The result of comparing
   two null references is zero. Upper case letters evaluate greater than their
   lower case equivalents.
								The method uses the culture of the current thread to
   determine the ordering of individual characters. The two strings are compared on
   a character-by-character
   basis.
								 This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Concatenates the  representations of two specified objects.
						
						The first  to concatenate.
						The second  to concatenate.
						
							The concatenated  representation of the values of
 and .
						
						
							
								 is used in place of any null argument.
							This version of  is equivalent to ( .ToString(),
.ToString () ).
							
								 If either of the
   arguments is an array reference, the method concatenates a string representing
   that array, instead of its members (for example,  )[].
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating two objects.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( 'c', 32 );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated Objects are: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated Objects are: c32
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates the  representations of three specified objects, in order provided.
						
						The first  to concatenate.
						The second  to concatenate.
						The third  to concatenate.
						
							The concatenated  representations of the values of
, , and .
						
						
							 This method concatenates the values returned by
      the  methods on every argument.  is used in place of any null argument.
							This version of  is equivalent to
( .(), 
.(), 
. () ).
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating three objects.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( 'c', 32, "String" );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated Objects are: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated Objects are: c32String
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates the  representations of the elements in an
   array of 
   instances.
						
						An array of  instances to concatenate.
						
							The concatenated  representations of the values of the
   elements in .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 This method concatenates the values returned by
      the  methods on every
      object in the  array.  is
      used in place of any null reference in the array.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating an array of objects.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( 'c', 32, "String" );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated Object array is: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated Object array is: c32String
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates two specified instances of .
						
						The first  to concatenate.
						The second  to concatenate.
						
							A  containing the concatenation of  and
.
						
						
							
								 is used in place of any null argument.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating two strings.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( "one", "two" );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated strings are: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated strings are: onetwo
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates three specified instances of .
						
						The first  to concatenate.
						The second  to concatenate.
						The third  to concatenate.
						
							A  containing the concatenation of , , and
.
						
						
							
								 is used in place of any null argument.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating three strings.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( "one", "two", "three" );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated strings are: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated strings are: onetwothree
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates the elements of a specified array.
						
						An array of  instances to concatenate.
						
							 A  containing the concatenated elements of .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 is used in place of any null reference in the array.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates concatenating an array of strings.
							using System;
public class StringConcatExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = String.Concat( "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" );
 Console.WriteLine( "The concatenated String array is: {0}", str );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The
      concatenated String array is: onetwothreefourfive
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Creates a new instance of  with the same value as a specified
   instance of .
						
						The  to be copied.
						
							A new  with the same value as
.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							The following example demonstrates copying strings.
							using System;
public class StringCopyExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string strA = "string";
 Console.WriteLine( "The initial string, strA, is '{0}'.", strA );
 string strB = String.Copy( strA );
 strA = strA.ToUpper();
 Console.WriteLine( "The copied string, strB, before strA.ToUpper, is '{0}'.", strB );
 Console.WriteLine( "The initial string after StringCopy and ToUpper, is '{0}'.", strA );
 Console.WriteLine( "The copied string, strB, after strA.ToUpper, is '{0}'.", strB );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The initial string, strA, is 'string'.
								The copied string, strB, before strA.ToUpper, is 'string'.
								The initial string after StringCopy and ToUpper, is 'STRING'.
								The copied string, strB, after strA.ToUpper, is 'string'.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies a specified number of characters from a specified
      position in the current 
      instance to
      a specified position in a specified array of Unicode characters.
						
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to copy.
						An array of Unicode characters.
						A  containing the index of an array element in  to copy.
						A  containing the number of characters in the current instance to copy to .
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								, , or  is negative 
							-or- 
							
								 is greater than the length of the substring from  to the end of the current instance 
							-or- 
							
								 is greater than the length of the subarray from  to the end of 
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates copying characters from a string to a 
      Unicode character array.
							using System;
public class StringCopyToExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = "this is the new string";
 Char[] cAry = {'t','h','e',' ','o','l','d'};
 Console.WriteLine( "The initial string is '{0}'", str );
 Console.Write( "The initial character array is: '" );
 foreach( Char c in cAry)
 Console.Write( c );
 Console.WriteLine( "'" );
 str.CopyTo( 12, cAry, 4, 3 );
 Console.Write( "The character array after CopyTo is: '" );
 foreach( Char c in cAry)
 Console.Write( c );
 Console.WriteLine("'");
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The initial string is 'this is the new string'
								The initial character array is: 'the old'
								The character array after CopyTo is: 'the new'
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 A constant string representing the empty string.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							This field is a string of length zero, "".
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  value that indicates whether the ending characters of the current
   instance match the specified .
						
						A  to match.
						
							
								 if the end of the current instance
   is equal to ;  if  is not
   equal to the end of the current instance or is longer than the
   current instance.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 This method compares 
with the substring at
the end of the current instance that has a same length as 
							
							 The comparison
   is case-sensitive.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates determining whether the current instance 
      ends with a specified string.
							using System;
public class StringEndsWithExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = "One string to compare";
 Console.WriteLine( "The given string is '{0}'", str );
 Console.Write( "The given string ends with 'compare'? " );
 Console.WriteLine( str.EndsWith( "compare" ) );
 Console.Write( "The given string ends with 'Compare'? " );
 Console.WriteLine( str.EndsWith( "Compare" ) );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The given string is 'One string to compare'
								The given string ends with 'compare'? True
								The given string ends with 'Compare'? False
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified
      object have the
      same value.
						
						A .
						
							
								 if  is a  and its value is
   the same as the value of the current instance; otherwise,
.
						
						The current instance is a null reference.
						
							 This method checks for value equality. This comparison is case-sensitive.
							
								 This method
      overrides  .
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates checking to see if an object is equal to 
      the current instance.
							using System;
public class StringEqualsExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = "A string";
 Console.WriteLine( "The given string is '{0}'", str );
 Console.Write( "The given string is equal to 'A string'? " );
 Console.WriteLine( str.Equals( "A string" ) );
 Console.Write( "The given string is equal to 'A String'? " );
 Console.WriteLine( str.Equals( "A String" ) );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The given string is 'A string'
								The given string is equal to 'A string'? True
								The given string is equal to 'A String'? False
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether two specified  objects have the
   same value.
						
						A  or a null reference.
						A  or a null reference.
						
							
								if the value of  is the
   same as the value of ; otherwise, .
						
						
							 The comparison
      is case-sensitive.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates checking to see if two strings are 
      equal.
							using System;
public class StringEqualsExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string strA = "A string";
 string strB = "a string";
 string strC = "a string";
 Console.Write( "The string '{0}' is equal to the string '{1}'? ", strA, strB );
 Console.WriteLine( String.Equals( strA, strB ) );
 Console.Write( "The string '{0}' is equal to the string '{1}'? ", strC, strB );
 Console.WriteLine( String.Equals( strC, strB ) );
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The string 'A string' is equal to the string 'a string'? False
								The string 'a string' is equal to the string 'a string'? True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Replaces the format specification in a specified  with the textual
   equivalent of the value of a corresponding  instance in a specified array.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						A  array containing the objects to be formatted.
						
							A  containing a copy of  in which the format
   specifications have been replaced by the  equivalent of the corresponding
   instances of  in .
						
						
							 or is a null reference.
						
							
								 is invalid.
							 -or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of the  array.
						
						
							If an object referenced in the format string is a null
      reference, an empty string is used in its place. 
							
								 This version of
       is
      equivalent to ( null, ,  ). For more
      information on the format specification see the 
      class
      overview.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							
using System;
public class StringFormat {
   public static void Main() {
      Console.WriteLine( String.Format("The winning numbers were {0:000} {1:000} {2:000} {3:000} {4:000} today.", 5, 10, 11, 37, 42) );
      Console.WriteLine( "The winning numbers were {0, -6}{1, -6}{2, -6}{3, -6}{4, -6} today.", 5, 10, 11, 37, 42 );
 }
}

							The output is
							
The winning numbers were 005 010 011 037 042 today.
The winning numbers were 5     10    11    37    42     today.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces the format specification in a provided  with a specified
   textual equivalent of the value of a specified  instance.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						A  to be formatted.
						
							A copy of  in which the
   first format specification has been replaced by the formatted  equivalent of the
.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							 -or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (1).
						
						
							
								 This version of
       is
      equivalent to (  , , [] {} ). For more information on the format
      specification see the  class overview.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							
using System;
public class StringFormat {
 public static void Main() {
 Console.WriteLine(String.Format("The high temperature today was {0:###} degrees.", 88));
 Console.WriteLine("The museum had {0,-6} visitors today.", 88);
 }
}

							The output is
							
The high temperature today was 88 degrees.
The museum had 88     visitors today.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces the format specification in a specified  with the textual equivalent of the value of two
   specified 
   instances.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						A  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						A  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						
							A  containing a copy of  in which the format
   specifications have been replaced by the  equivalent of  and
.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 is invalid.
							 -or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (2).
						
						
							If an object referenced in the format string is a null
      reference, an empty string is used in its place.
							
								 This version of
       is
      equivalent to ( ,
      ,  {, } ).
      For more information on the format specification see the  class
      overview.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class StringFormat {
  public static void Main() {
  Console.WriteLine( String.Format("The temperature today oscillated between {0:####} and {1:####} degrees.", 78, 100) );
  Console.WriteLine( String.Format("The temperature today oscillated between {0:0000} and {1:0000} degrees.", 78, 100) );
  Console.WriteLine( "The temperature today oscillated between {0, -4} and {1, -4} degrees.", 78, 100 );
   }
}

							The output is
							
The temperature today oscillated between 78 and 100 degrees.
The temperature today oscillated between 0078 and 0100 degrees.
The temperature today oscillated between 78   and 100  degrees.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces the format specification in a specified  with the textual
   equivalent of the value of three specified  instances.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						The first  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						The second  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						The third  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						
							A  containing a copy of  in which the first, second,
   and third format specifications have been replaced by the  equivalent of
, , and .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 is invalid.
							 -or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (3).
						
						
							If an object referenced in the format string is a null
      reference, an empty string is used in its place. 
							
								 This version of
       is
      equivalent to ( ,
      ,  {, ,
      } ). For more information on the format specification see the
       class
      overview.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							
using System;
public class StringFormat {
   public static void Main() {
      Console.WriteLine(String.Format("The temperature today oscillated between {0:###} and {1:###} degrees. The average temperature  was {2:000} degrees.", 78, 100, 91));
      Console.WriteLine("The temperature today oscillated between {0, 4} and {1, 4} degrees. The average temperature was {2, 4}  degrees.", 78, 100, 91);
   }
}

							The output is
							
The temperature today oscillated between 78 and 100 degrees. The average temperature was 091 degrees.
The temperature today oscillated between   78 and  100 degrees. The average temperature was   91 degrees.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Replaces the format specification in a specified  with the
   culture-specific textual equivalent of the value of a corresponding  instance in a
   specified array. 
						
						A  interface that supplies an object that provides culture-specific formatting information. Can be a null reference.
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						A  array to be formatted.
						
							A  containing a copy of  in which the format
   specifications have been replaced by the  equivalent of the corresponding
   instances of  in  .
						
						
							 or  is a null reference.
						
							
								 is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted () is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of the  array.
						
						
							If an object referenced in the format string is a null
      reference, an empty string is used in its place.
							The  parameter string is embedded with
   zero or more format specifications of the form, { [,  ][:
 ]}, where is a zero-based integer indicating 
   the argument to be formatted,  is an optional integer indicating the
   width of the region to contain the formatted value, and  is
   an optional string of formatting codes. 
   For more information on the format specification see the  class
   overview.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.CharEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							Retrieves an object that can iterate through the individual
      characters in the current instance.
						
						
							A  object.
						
						
							 This method is required by programming languages
      that support the  interface to iterate through members of a
      collection.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							 The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								 This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified
      Unicode character in the current instance.
						
						A Unicode character.
						
							A  containing a 
   positive value equal to the index of the first occurrence of 
   character in the current instance; otherwise, -1 if  was not found.
						
						
							 This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified Unicode character
      in the current instance, with the search starting from a specified index.
						
						A Unicode character.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						
							 A  containing a
   positive value equal to the index of the first occurrence of
 in the current instance; otherwise, -1 if  was not found.
						
						
							 is less than zero or greater than the length of the current instance.
						
							 This method is case-sensitive. 
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  
method.
							using System;
public class StringIndexOf {
 public static void Main() {
 String str = "This is the string";
 Console.WriteLine( "Searching for the index of 'h' starting from index 0 yields {0}.", str.IndexOf( 'h', 0 ) );
 Console.WriteLine( "Searching for the index of 'h' starting from index 10 yields {0}.", str.IndexOf( 'h', 10 ) );
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Searching for the index of 'h' starting from index 0 yields 1.
								Searching for the index of 'h' starting from index 10 yields -1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified Unicode character in the
      current instance, with the search over the specified range starting
      at the provided index.
						
						A Unicode character.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
							 A  containing a 
   positive value equal to the index of
   the first occurrence of  in the current instance; otherwise, -1 if

was not found.
						
						
							
								 or  is negative
							 -or-
							
								 +  is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
						
							The search begins at  and continues until
 +  - 1 is reached. The character at 
 +  is not included in the search.
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified
    in the current instance.
						
						The  to seek.
						
							A  that indicates the result of the search for
 in the current instance as follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the first substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         
         .
									
										
   was found.
								
								
									 
      0
									
										 is equal to  .
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 The search begins at the first character of the current instance. The search is
      case-sensitive, culture-sensitive, and the culture of the current thread
      is
      used.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  
method.
							using System;
public class StringIndexOf {
 public static void Main() {
 String str = "This is the string";
 Console.WriteLine( "Searching for the index of \"is\" yields {0,2}.", str.IndexOf( "is" ) );
 Console.WriteLine( "Searching for the index of \"Is\" yields {0,2}.", str.IndexOf( "Is" ) );
 Console.WriteLine( "Searching for the index of \"\" yields {0,2}.", str.IndexOf( "" ) );
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Searching for the index of "is" yields 2.
								Searching for the index of "Is" yields -1.
								Searching for the index of "" yields 0.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified
    in the current instance, with
      the search starting from a specified index.
						
						The  to seek.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						
							A  that indicates the result of the search for
 in the current instance as follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the first substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         .
									
										 was found.
								
								
									
										
									
									
										 is  .
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
						
							 This method is
      case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified
    in the current
      instance, with the search over the specified range starting at the provided index.
						
						The  to seek.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
							A  that indicates the result of the search for
 in the current instance as follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the first substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         .
									
										 was found.
								
								
									
										
									
									
										 is  .
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is negative
							 -or-
							
								 +  is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
						
							 The search begins at  and continues
   until  +  - 1 is reached. The character at
 +  is
   not included in the
   search.
							 This method is
   case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reports the index of the first occurrence in the current
      instance of any character in a specified array of Unicode
      characters.
						
						 An array of Unicode characters.
						
							The index of the first occurrence of an element of  in the
   current instance; otherwise, -1 if no element of  was found.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of any element in a specified array
      of Unicode characters in the current instance, with the search starting from a
      specified index.
						
						An array of Unicode characters.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						
							A  containing a positive value equal to the index of the
   first occurrence of an element of  in the current instance;
   otherwise, -1 if no element of 
   was found.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is greater than the length of the current instance
						
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the first occurrence of any element in a specified Array
      of Unicode characters in the current instance, with the search over the
      specified range starting from the provided index.
						
						An array containing the Unicode characters to seek.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
							A  containing a positive value equal to the index of
   the first occurrence of an element of  in the current instance;
   otherwise, -1 if no element of  was found.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is negative.
							-or-
							
								 +  is greater than the length of the current instance. 
						
						
							The search begins at  and continues
   until  +  - . The character at
 +  is not included in the search.
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  equivalent to the current instance with a specified
 inserted at the specified position.
						
						A  containing the index of the insertion. 
						The  to insert. 
						
							A new  that is equivalent to the current string with
 inserted at index 
							
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance. 
						
						
							In the new string returned by this method, the first
      character of  is at  and all characters in the
      current string from  to the end are inserted in the new
      string after the last character of .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Retrieves the system's reference to a specified . 
						
						A . 
						
							 The  reference to .
   
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							 Instances of each unique literal string constant
      declared in a program, as well as any unique instance of  you add
      programmatically are kept in a table, called
      
      the "intern pool".
      
							 The intern pool conserves string storage. If a literal
      string constant is assigned to several variables, each variable is set to
      reference the same constant in the intern pool instead of referencing several
      different instances of  that
      
      have identical values.
      
							 This method looks up a specified string in the intern
      pool. If the string exists, a reference to it is returned. If it does not exist,
      an instance equal to the specified string is added to the intern pool and a
      reference that
      
      instance is returned.
      
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
using System.Text;
public class StringExample {
 public static void Main() {

     String s1 = "MyTest"; 
        String s2 = new StringBuilder().Append("My").Append("Test").ToString(); 
        String s3 = String.Intern(s2);

        Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(s1, s2));    //different
        Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(s1, s3));    //the same
    }
}

							The output is
							
								False
								True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Retrieves a reference to a specified . 
						
						A . 
						
							 A  reference to  if it is in the system's
   intern pool; otherwise, a null reference.
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							Instances of each unique literal string constant
      declared in a program, as well as any unique instance of  you add
      programmatically are kept in a table, called the "intern pool". 
							The intern pool conserves string storage. If a literal
      string constant is assigned to several variables, each variable is set to
      reference the same constant in the intern pool instead of referencing several
      different instances of  that have identical values. 
							
								 This method
      does not return a  value, but can still be used where a 
      is needed.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method.
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringExample {
    public static void Main() {

        String s1 = new StringBuilder().Append("My").Append("Test").ToString(); 

        Console.WriteLine(String.IsInterned(s1) != null);
    }
}

							The output is
							
								True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Concatenates the elements of a specified  array, inserting
   a separator string between each element pair and yielding
   a single concatenated string.
						
						A . 
						A  array. 
						
							 A  consisting of the elements of  separated
   by instances of the 
   string.
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class StringJoin {
 public static void Main() {
 String[] strAry = { "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" };
 Console.WriteLine( String.Join( " :: ", strAry ) );
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Red :: Green
   :: Blue
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Concatenates a specified separator 
between the elements of a
specified 
array, yielding a
single concatenated string.
						
						A . 
						A  array. 
						A  containing the first array element in  to join. 
						A  containing the number of elements in  to join. 
						
							 A  consisting of the strings in  joined by
. Returns  if  is zero,  has no
   elements, or  and all the elements of  are
.
						
						
							 plus  is greater than the number of elements in .
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class StringJoin {
 public static void Main() {
 String[] strAry = { "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" };
 Console.WriteLine( String.Join( " :: ", strAry, 1, 2 ) );
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Green ::
   Blue
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified
   
   within the current instance.
						
						A  .
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						
							A  that indicates the result of the search for 
in the current instance as follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the last substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         .
									
										 was found.
								
								
									
										
									
									
										 is Empty.
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
						
							 is less than zero or greater than or equal to the length of the current instance. 
						
							 This method searches for the last occurrence of the
      specified  between the start of the string and the indicated index.
							 This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified
   
   in the provided range of
   the current instance.
						
						The substring to search for.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
   A  that indicates the result of the search for 
   in the current instance as follows:
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the last substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         .
									
										 was found.
								
								
									
										
									
									
										 is  .
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							
								 -  is smaller than -1.
						
						
							The search begins at  and continues
   until  - 
   + 1.
							 This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified
    within
      the current instance.
						
						A  .
						
   A  that indicates the result of the search for 
   in the current instance as follows:
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A
         positive number equal to the index of the start of the last substring in
         the current instance that is equal to 
         .
									
										 was found.
								
								
									 0
									
										 is
.
								
								
									 -1
									
										 was not found.
								
							
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 The search is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified character in the provided range of the current instance.
						
						A Unicode character to locate.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
							 A  containing the index of the last occurrence of  in the
   current instance if found between  and ( -
 + 1); otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							
								 -  is less than -1.
						
						
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified character within the current instance.
						
						A Unicode character to locate.
						A  containing the index in the current instance from which to begin searching.
						
							 A  containing the index of the last occurrence of  in the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is less than zero or greater than the length of the current instance.
						
							 This method searches for the last occurrence of the specified character between the start of the string and the indicated index.
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  
method.
							using System;
public class StringLastIndexOfTest {
   public static void Main() {
      String str = "aa bb cc dd";
      
      Console.WriteLine( str.LastIndexOf('d', 8) );
      Console.WriteLine( str.LastIndexOf('b', 8) );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								-1
								4
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified character
      within the current instance.
						
						The Unicode character to locate. 
						
							 A  containing the index of the last occurrence of 
in the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of any element of a specified array of characters in the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters. 
						
							A  containing the index of the last occurrence of any element of
 in the current instance, if found; otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							 This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of any element of a specified array of characters in the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters. 
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching. 
						
							A  containing the index of the last occurrence of any element of  in the
   current instance, if found; otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
						
							
								 is less than zero or greater than or equal to the length of the current instance.
						
						
							 This method searches for the last occurrence of the specified
      characters between the start of the string and the indicated index.
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the index of the last occurrence of any of specified characters in the provided range of the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters.
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start searching.
						A  containing the range of the current instance at which to end searching.
						
							A  containing the index of the last occurrence of any element of
 if found between  and ( -
 + 1); otherwise, -1.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							
								 -  is smaller than -1.
						
						
							The search begins at  and continues
   until  -  + 1. The character at
 -  is not included 
   in the search.
							 This
   method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the number of characters in the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the number of characters in the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  property.
							using System;
public class StringLengthExample {
 public static void Main() {
 string str = "STRING";
 Console.WriteLine( "The length of string {0} is {1}", str, str.Length );
 }
}

							The output is
							
								The length
   of string STRING is 6
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value indicating whether the two
   specified string values are equal to
   each other.
						
						
						The first  to compare.
						The second  to compare.
						
							
								 if  and 
represent the same string value; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value indicating whether the two string
   values are not equal to
   each other.
						
						
						The first  to compare.
						The second  to compare.
						
							
								 if  and  do not
   represent the same string value; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Right-aligns the characters in the current instance, padding with spaces on the left,
      for a specified total length.
						
						A  containing the number of characters in the resulting string.
						
							A new  that 
   is equivalent to the current instance right-aligned and padded on the left with as
   many spaces as needed to create a length of . If  is less than the length of the current instance, returns a new
 that is identical 
   to the current instance.
						
						
							 is less than zero.
						
							
								 A space in Unicode
      format is defined as the hexadecimal value 0x20.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Right-aligns the characters in the current instance, padding on the left with a specified
      Unicode character, for a specified total length.
						
						A  containing the number of characters in the resulting string. 
						A  that specifies the padding character to use.
						
							A new  that is equivalent to the current instance right-aligned
   and padded on the left with as many  characters as needed to
   create a length of  . If  is less than the length of the current
   instance, returns a new  that is identical
   to the current instance.
						
						
							 is less than zero.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Left-aligns the characters in the current instance, padding on the right with a specified Unicode character,
      for a specified total number of characters.
						
						A  containing the number of characters in the resulting string. 
						A  that specifies the padding character to use.
						
							A new  that is equivalent to the current instance left aligned and
   padded on the right with as many  characters as needed to
   create a length of . If  is less than the length of the current instance, returns a new
 that is identical 
   to the current instance.
						
						
							 is less than zero.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Left-aligns the characters in the current instance, padding with spaces on the right, for a
      specified total number of characters.
						
						A  containing the number of characters in the resulting string.
						
							A new  that is equivalent to this instance left aligned and
   padded on the right with as many spaces as needed to create a length of
. If  is less than the length of the current
   instance, returns a new  that is identical
   to the current instance.
						
						
							is less than zero.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Deletes a specified number of characters from the current
      instance beginning at a specified index.
						
						A  containing the index of the current instance from which to start deleting characters.
						A  containing the number of characters to delete.
						
							 A new  that is equivalent to the current instance without the
   specified range characters.
						
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							
								 plus  is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces all instances of a specified substring within
      the current instance with another specified string. 
						
						A  containing the string value to be replaced. 
						A  containing the string value to replace all occurrences of . Can be a null reference. 
						
							 A  equivalent to the current instance with all occurrences of
 replaced with . If the replacement value is a 
   null reference, the specified substring is removed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Replaces all instances of a specified Unicode character
      with another specified Unicode character. 
						
						The Unicode character to be replaced. 
						The Unicode character to replace all occurrences of . 
						
							 A  equivalent to the current instance with all occurrences of
 replaced with .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String[]
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Returns substrings of the current instance that are
      delimited by the specified characters.
						
						A  array of delimiters. Can be a null reference.
						
							A  array containing the results of the split operation as
   follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A single-element array containing the
         current instance.
									None of the elements of 
   are contained in the current instance.
								
								
									 A
      multi-element  array, each element of which is a substring of the
      current instance that was delimited by one or more characters in
      
									
									At least one element of  is contained in the current
   instance.
								
								
									A multi-element  array, each
   element of which is a substring of the current instance that was delimited
   by white space characters.
									The current instance contains white space characters and
 is a null reference or an empty 
   array.
								
							
						
						
							
								 is returned for any substring where two delimiters are
   adjacent or a delimiter is found at the beginning or end of the current
   instance.
							Delimiter characters are not included in the
   substrings.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String[]
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns substrings of the current instance that are delimited by the specified characters. 
						
						An array of Unicode characters that delimit the substrings in the current instance, an empty array containing no delimiters, or a null reference.
						A  containing the maximum number of array elements to return.
						
							A  array containing the results of the split operation as
   follows:
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 A single-element array containing the
         current instance.
									None of the elements of  are
      contained in the current instance.
								
								
									 A
      multi-element  array, each element of
      which is a substring of the current instance that was delimited by one or
      more characters in 
									
									At least one element of  is
   contained in the current instance.
								
								
									 A
      multi-element  array, each element of
      which is a substring of the current instance that was delimited by white
      space characters.
									The current instance contains white space
      characters and  is a null reference or an empty
      array.
								
							
						
						
							 is negative.
						
							
								 is returned for any substring where two delimiters are
   adjacent or a delimiter is found at the beginning or end of the current
   instance.
							Delimiter characters are not included in the
   substrings.
							If there are more substrings in the current instance than the
   maximum specified number, the first  -1 elements of the array
   contain the first  - 1 substrings. The remaining characters in the
   current instance are returned in the last element of the array.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value that indicates whether the start of the current instance
   matches the specified .
						
						A  . 
						
							
								 if the start of the current
   instance is equal to ;  if  is
   not equal to the start of the current instance or is longer than the current
   instance.
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							 This method compares  with the substring
   at the start of the current instance that has a length of
.Length. If .Length is greater than the length of 
   the current instance or the relevant substring of the current instance is not
   equal to , this method returns ; otherwise,
   this method returns 
   .
   
							 The
   comparison is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Retrieves a substring from the current instance, starting from a specified index, continuing for a specified
      length.
						
						A  containing the index of the start of the substring in the current instance.
						A  containing the number of characters in the substring.
						
							A  containing the substring of the current instance with 
   the specified length that begins at the specified position. Returns  if  is equal to the length of
   the current instance and length is zero.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance.
							 -or-
							
								 or  is less than zero.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Retrieves a substring from the current instance, starting from a specified index.
						
						A  containing the index of the start of the substring in the current instance.
						
							A  equivalent to the substring that begins at
 of the current 
   instance. Returns 
   if  is equal to the length of the current instance.
						
						
							 is less than zero or greater than the length of the current instance.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Char[]
					
					
					
						

							Copies the characters in the current instance to a Unicode character array. 
						
						
							 A  
array whose elements are the individual characters of
the current instance. If the current instance is an empty string, the array returned by this method is empty
and has a zero length.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Char[]
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies the characters in a specified substring in the current instance to a Unicode character array. 
						
						A  containing the index of the start of a substring in the current instance. 
						A  containing the length of the substring in the current instance. 
						
							A  array whose elements are the
 number of characters in the current instance, starting from the
   index  in the current instance. If the specified length is
   zero, the entire string is copied starting from the beginning of the current
   instance, and ignoring the value of . If the current instance
   is an empty string, the returned array is empty and has a zero length.
						
						
							
								 or  is less than zero. 
							 -or- 
							
								 plus  is greater than the length of the current instance. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a copy of this  in lower case.
						
						
							A  in lower case..
						
						
							 This method takes into account the culture of the
      current
      thread.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value
   of the current instance.
						
						
							The current .
						
						
							
								 This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns this instance of ; no
   actual conversion is performed.
						
						(Reserved) A  interface implementation which supplies culture-specific formatting information.
						
							This .
						
						
							
								 is reserved, and does not
   currently participate in this operation.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a copy of the current instance with all elements
      converted to
      upper case, using default properties.
						
						
							A new  
in upper case.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							 Removes all occurrences of a set of characters provided
      in a character  from the beginning and
      end of the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters. Can be a null reference.
						
							A new  equivalent to the current instance with the characters
   in  removed from its beginning and end. If 
   is a null reference, all of the white space characters are removed from the
   beginning and end of
   the current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Removes all occurrences of white space characters from the beginning and
      end of the current instance.
						
						
							A new  equivalent to the current instance after
   white space characters
   are removed from its
   beginning and end.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							 Removes all occurrences of a set of characters specified
      in a Unicode character  from the
      end of the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters. Can be a null reference.
						
							A new  equivalent to the current instance with characters in
 removed from its end. If  is a null reference, white space
   characters are removed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							 Removes all occurrences of a set of characters specified in a Unicode character array from the
      beginning of the current instance.
						
						An array of Unicode characters or a null reference.
						
							A new  equivalent to the current instance with the characters
   in  removed from its beginning. If  is a
   null reference, white space
   characters are removed.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

   Represents a mutable string of characters.

				
					This class represents string-like objects that are
      mutable. After a  object has been created, it can be directly modified by
      removing, replacing, or inserting characters. This contrasts the  class, which
      represents an immutable string of characters.
					The  of an instance of the  class is
   the maximum number of characters it can hold in the currently allocated space.
   The  will dynamically allocate more space when it is
   required.
					Unlike most types in the Base Class Library, the arguments to  members
are assumed to be passed as  /  arguments
(passed by reference). Normally arguments
are  arguments (passed by value) unless explicitly declared
as  or /
.
					
					
						An instance of  is said to be "immutable" because its
   value cannot be modified once it has been created. Methods on  that appear to
   modify a 
   instance actually return a new instance containing the modification. The  class
   provides methods that actually modify the contents of a string-like object.
						Relational operators only perform reference comparisons
   (unless overloaded by a particular language compiler). Despite this restriction,
   relational operators can be used to compare  objects that are assigned literal
   values. Their values are immutable and can't change, so a reference comparison
   is sufficient. Because  instances are mutable, they should not be compared with
   relational operators.
						For performance reasons a  might
allocate more memory than needed. The amount of memory allocated is
implementation specific.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Chars")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new, empty instance of the 
class.
						
						
							 The new instance of  represents a string equal to . The 
is set to the default capacity.
							
								 The default value
   of the 
   property is implementation dependent.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class, with the specified  as its value.
						
						A  containing the string value of the new instance of .
						
							
								 The  of
   the new instance is implementation defined.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new, empty instance of the  class, with a specified

.
						
						A  containing the starting number of characters allowed in the  . 
						
							 If the specified capacity is less than the default
      capacity, the  of the new instance of  is set to
      the default value. The  will dynamically allocate more space when it is
      required.
      
							 The new  is initialized to represent an empty
   string.
   
							
								 The default value
   of the 
   property is implementation dependent.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Appends multiple copies of a character to the end of the 
      current 
      .
      
						
						The  to be appended.
						A  containing the number of times to append  . 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is less than zero.
						
							This method appends  copies of the specified character to
   the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of an array of Unicode characters to the
      end of the current instance.
						
						The  array to be appended.
						A  containing the index in  at which the subarray starts. 
						A  containing the number of characters to copy from  . 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference, and  and  are not both zero.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							The sum of  and  is greater than the length of .
						
						
							This method appends with the specified range of characters from the
    array to the current instance. If  is a null
      reference, and both  and  are zero, no
      changes are made.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends a copy of a string to the end of the current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends the  string to the
   current instance. If  is a null reference, no changes are
   made.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Appends a copy of an array of Unicode characters, specified by a starting
      index and length, of a specified  to the end of the current instance.
						
						The  from which the substring will be taken. 
						A  containing the index in  from which to start copying.
						A  containing the number of characters to copy from  . 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference, and  and  are not both zero.
						
							
								 or  is less than zero. 
							 -or- 
							The sum of  and  is greater than the length of  . 
						
						
							This method appends the specified range of characters in
      the  string to the current instance. If  is a null
      reference and  and  are both zero, no changes
      are made.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						A  to be appended. 
						
							 The current instance after the operation has
      occurred.
      
						
						
							 This method appends
   .ToString()
      to the current instance.
							The 
of the current instance is increased as necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to
      the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a Unicode character to the end of the
      current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends the specified character to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							 The current instance after the operation has occurred.
      
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a 
to the end of the current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a 
to the end of the current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to
   the end of the current instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							 The current instance after the operation has
      occurred.
      
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to
      the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This method appends
   .ToString() to
      the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This method appends
   .ToString() to
      the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of a  to the end of the current
   instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This method appends
   .ToString() to
      the current instance.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Appends the string representation of an object to the end of the current
      instance.
						
						The  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends
   .ToString() to the current instance. If  is a
      null reference, no changes are made.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Appends the string representation of all of the
      characters in a  to the end of the
      current instance.
      
						
						The array of  to be appended. 
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							This method appends all of the characters in the specified array to the
      current instance in the same order as they appear in . If
    is a null reference no changes are made.
							The  of the current instance is increased as
   necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Appends the specified string to the current instance, with
      the format specifications in that string being replaced with the appropriately formatted
      string values of the specified objects.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						The first  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						The second  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						The third  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method appends the formatted copy of the specified 
      string to the current instance. If an object referenced in the format string is
    
   , an empty string is used in its place.
							
								 This version of
 is equivalent to (
 , ,

{} ). For more information on the format specification, see the

class overview. 
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest {
  public static void Main() {

     StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("The high ");
     Console.WriteLine( sb.AppendFormat("temperature today was {0} {1} {2}.", "very", "very", "high") ); 
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The high
      temperature today was very very high.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Appends the specified string to the current instance, with the format specifications in that string being replaced
      with the string values of the specified array of objects, formatted in
      accordance with the formatting object returned by the specified .
						
						A  that supplies a formatting object that provides culture specific formatting information. Can be a null reference.
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						 A  array to be formatted.
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 or  is a null reference.
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method appends the formatted copy of the specified
      string to the current instance. If an object referenced in the format string is
   
   , an empty string is used in its place.
							The format parameter is embedded with zero or more format
   specifications of the form, { [, 
   ][:  ]}, where  is a zero-based
   integer indicating the argument to be formatted, 
   is an optional
   integer indicating the width of the region to contain the formatted value, and
 is an optional string of formatting codes.
    For more information on the format
      specification see the 
      class overview.
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest {
  public static void Main() {

     string a = "very";
     string b = "very";
     string c = "high";

     StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("The high ");
     Console.WriteLine(sb.AppendFormat(null, "temperature today was {0}, {1} {2}.", a, b, c) ); 
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The high
      temperature today was very, very high.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Appends the specified string to the current instance, with the
      format specifications in that string being replaced with the appropriately formatted string values of
      the elements in the specified array.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						 A  array to be formatted.
						
							 The current instance after
      operation has occurred.
						
						
							 or  is a null reference.
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method appends the formatted copy of the specified
      string to the current instance. If an object referenced in the format string is
   
   , an empty string is used in its place.
							
								 This version of
 is equivalent to ( 
 , ,  ). For more
   information on the format specification see the 
   class overview. 
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest {
  public static void Main() {

     string [] strings = {"very", "very", null, "high"};

     StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("The high ");
     Console.WriteLine( sb.AppendFormat("temperature today was {0}, {1} {2}{3}.", strings) ); 
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The high
      temperature today was very, very high.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Appends the specified string to the current instance, with the format
      specifications in that string being replaced with the appropriately formatted
      string values of the specified objects.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						The first  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						The second  to be formatted. Can be a null reference.
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method appends the formatted copy of the specified 
      string to the current instance. If an object referenced in the format string is
    
   , an empty string is used in its place.
							
								 This version of
 is equivalent to (
 , ,

{, } ). For more information on the format
specification, see the  class overview.
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest {
  public static void Main() {

     StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("The high ");
     Console.WriteLine( sb.AppendFormat("temperature today was {0} {1}.", "very", "high") ); 
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The high temperature today was very high.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Appends the specified string to the current instance, with the format
      specifications in that string being replaced with the appropriately formatted
      string value of the specified object.
						
						A  containing zero or more format specifications.
						A  to be formatted.
						
							The current instance after the operation has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method appends the formatted copy of the specified string to the current
      instance.
							
								 This version of  is equivalent to (
 , ,  
{} ). For more information on the format specification, see the
 
class overview. 
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest {
  public static void Main() { 
     
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("The high ");
      Console.WriteLine( sb.AppendFormat("temperature today was {0, 6}.", 88) ); 
  }
}
      
							The output is
							The high temperature today was     88.
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the maximum number of characters that can be contained in the
      memory allocated by the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the maximum number of characters that can be contained in the memory
   allocated by the current instance.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than .
						
							The  property does not affect the string value of the current
   instance. The  will dynamically
   increase the  and allocate
   more space when it is required.
							
								 For performance
   reasons a  might allocate more memory than needed. The amount of
   memory allocated is implementation specific. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Char
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the character at a specified position in the current
      instance.
						
						
							A  containing the Unicode character at location  in the current instance.
						
						
							
								 is greater than or equal to the length of the current instance.
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							
								 is the position of a character within the
. The first character in the string is at index 0. 
   The length of a string is the number of characters it contains. The last
   accessible character of a  instance is at the index 
   - 1.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ensures that the capacity of the current instance is at least a specified
      value.
						
						A  containing the minimum capacity to ensure. 
						
							A  equal to the
   new  of the current instance.
						
						
							 is less zero. 
						
							If the specified value is less than the current
   , no changes are made and
    remains the same.
							
								 For performance
      reasons, the new  might
      be larger than the specified value. The amount of memory allocated by this
      method is implementation specific.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and a specified  have 
 the same value.
						
						A .
						
							
								 if the current instance and  have the same 
 value; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a string object into the current instance at a
      specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance 
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This method inserts 
into the current instance at the specified location. Existing characters are
shifted to make room for the new text, and  is
adjusted as necessary.
							If  is
 or a null reference, the  is
not changed.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  value into the current
   instance at a specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  value to be inserted. 
						
							 The current instance after insertion has occurred.
      
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is
      adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Inserts multiple copies of a
      string into the current instance at a specified index.
      
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert.
						The  to be inserted.
						A  containing the number of times the string is to be inserted. 
						
							 The current instance after insertion has occurred.
      
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance 
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts the  string  times
   into the current instance at the specified location. Existing characters are
   shifted to make room for the new text, and  is adjusted as necessary.
							If  is
 or a null reference, the  is
not changed. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   (, ).
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
   
   is adjusted as
   necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at a
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							 The current instance after insertion has occurred.
      
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a Unicode character into the current
      instance at a specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is
      adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of an array of Unicode characters into the
      current instance at a specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert.
						The  array to be inserted.
						
							 The current instance after insertion has occurred.
      
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance 
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This method inserts all of the characters in the specified array into the
      current instance in the same order as they appear in . Existing characters are shifted to make room for
      the new text, and  is
      adjusted as necessary.
							If  is empty or a null reference, the  is
   not changed.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Inserts the string representation of a subarray
      of Unicode characters into the current instance at a specified index.
      
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert.
						The  array from which to get the characters to be inserted. 
						A  containing the starting index within .
						A  containing the number of characters to insert from .
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							 is a null reference, and  and  are not both zero.
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance or less than zero.
							-or-
							
								 or  is less than zero or their sum is greater than the length of .
						
						
							This method inserts the specified range of characters from 
array into the current instance in the same order as they appear in
. Existing 
characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
 is adjusted as necessary.
							If  is an empty array or a null reference and
 and  are both zero, the  is 
not changed. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of an object into the current instance at a
      specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is
      adjusted as necessary.
							If  is a null reference, the  is
   not changed.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at a
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted.
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   (, ).
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is
      adjusted as necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   (, ).
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is
      adjusted as necessary.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to insert. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   (, ).
							 This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
   
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance 
							 -or- 
							
								 is less than zero. 
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Inserts the string representation of a  into the current instance at the
   specified index.
						
						A  containing the index at which to insert. 
						The  to be inserted. 
						
							The current instance after insertion has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is greater than the length of the current instance
							-or-
							
								 is less than zero
						
						
							This method inserts
   .ToString() into the current instance at the specified
      location. Existing characters are shifted to make room for the new text, and
    is adjusted as necessary.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the length of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the length of the current instance.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than 0 or greater than .
						
							 If the specified length is less than the current length,
      the  is truncated to the specified length. If the specified
      length is greater than the current length, the end of the string value of the
    is
      padded with
      spaces.
      
							 If the specified length is greater than the current
    ,  is set to the
      specified
      length.
      
							
								 A space in Unicode format is defined as the
      hexadecimal value
      0x20.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Removes a specified range of characters from the current instance.
						
						A  containing the index at which to begin removal.
						A  containing the number of characters to be removed. 
						
							 The current instance after removal has occurred.
      
						
						
							
								 or  is less than zero 
							-or-
							The sum of  and  is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
						
							 This method removes the specified range of characters from the current
      instance. The characters at ( + ) are moved to
   , and the string value of the current instance is shortened
      by .
							
								The 
    method can be used
      to remove all instances of a string from a . 
							
						
						
							using System;
using System.Text;

public class StringBuilderTest  {
   public static void Main()  {
   
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0123456789");
      Console.WriteLine(sb);
      sb.Remove(3, 4);
      Console.WriteLine(sb);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								0123456789
								012789
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces all instances of a specified character in a specified range with
      another specified character.
						
						The  to replace. 
						The  with which to replace  . 
						A  containing the index from which to start replacing .
						A  containing the length of the range in which to replace  . 
						
							The current instance after substitution has occurred.
						
						
							The sum of  and  is larger than the length of the current instance 
							-or-
							
								 or  is less than zero.
						
						
							This method substitutes each occurrence of  in the specified range of the
   current instance with .
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces all instances of a specified character in the current instance with
      another specified character.
						
						The  to replace.
						The  with which to replace  . 
						
							The current instance after substitution has occurred.
						
						
							This method substitutes each occurrence of  in the current instance with
.
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Replaces all instances of a specified string in a 
      specified range with another specified string.
						
						A  containing the string value to replace.
						A  containing the string value with which to replace . Can be a null reference.
						A  containing the location from which to start replacing .
						A  containing the length of the range in which to replace .
						
							The current instance after substitution has occurred.
						
						
							
								 is a null reference.
						
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							The sum of  and  is greater than the length of the current instance.
						
						The length of  is zero.
						
							This method substitutes each occurrence of  in the specified range of the
   current instance with . 
   If  is  , instances of  are
   removed.
							
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

   Replaces all instances of a specified string with
   another specified string
						
						A  containing the string value to replace. 
						A  containing the string value with which to replace . Can be a null reference. 
						
							 The current instance after substitution has
      occurred.
      
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						The length of  is zero.
						
							 This method substitutes each occurrence of  in the
   current instance with . 
   If  is  , instances of 
   are removed.
							
							This method is case-sensitive.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of a substring of the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the index at which the substring begins. 
						A  containing the length of the substring. 
						
							A new  representing the characters in the specified range.
						
						
							
								 or  is less than zero. 
							 -or- 
							The sum of  and  is greater than the length of the current instance. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A  representing the current instance.
						
						
							This method overrides .
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Implements a 
that reads from a string.
				
			
			
				System.IO.TextReader
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   that
   reads from the specified string.
						
						The  to be initialized to.
						
							 is .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the 
.
						
						
							Following a call to  , other  methods on the current instance will throw an exception.
							
								This version of  is equivalent to ().
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases system resources used by the current 
      instance.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple
times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the next available character but does not advance the reader's position
      in the underlying string.
						
						
							The next character to be read as a  , or -1 if no more characters are
   available.
						
						The current reader is closed.
						
							The current position of the  is not changed by this operation.
							
								This method returns -1 is when the end of the underlying string is reached
      because a Unicode character can contain only values between hexadecimal 0x0000
      to 0xFFFF (0 to 65535).
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Reads a block of characters from the input string.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, contains the specified character array with the values between  and  replaced by the characters read from the current source.
						A  that specifies the starting index in the buffer.
						A  that specifies the number of characters to read.
						
							 A  containing the total number of characters read into the
   buffer, or zero if the end of the underlying string has been reached.
						
						
							 is .
						( +  ) > 
							Length.
						
							
								< 0
							
							
								 or-
							
								 < 0.
						
						The current reader is closed.
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Reads the next character from the input string and advances the character position by one character.
						
						
							The next character from the underlying string as a 
    , or -1 if no more
      characters are available.
						
						The current reader is closed.
						
							
								This method returns -1 is when the end of the underlying string is reached
         because a Unicode character can contain only values between hexadecimal 0x0000
         to 0xFFFF (0 to 65535).
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Reads a line from the underlying string.
      
						
						
							 A  containing the next line from the underlying string, or

if the end of
the underlying string is reached.

						
						The current reader is closed.
						There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						
							 A line is defined as a
      sequence of characters followed by a carriage return (0x000d), a line feed (0x000a),
      or a carriage return immediately followed by a line feed. The resulting string
      does not contain the terminating character(s).
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the underlying string
      from the current position to the end.
						
						
							 A  containing the content from the current position to the end of the underlying
   string.
						
						The current reader is closed.
						There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

   Implements a  that writes information to a string.

			
			
				System.IO.TextWriter
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							A new  is automatically created and associated with the
   new  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified format
   provider.
						
						A  object that defines formatting.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class that
   writes to the specified .
						
						The  to write to.
						
							 is .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class that writes to the specified
 and has the specified format provider.
						
						The  to write to.
						A  object that defines formatting.
						
							 is .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current  instance.
						
						
							
								This version of  is equivalent to ().
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and 
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method 
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple 
times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Text.Encoding
					
					
					
						

							Gets the  in which the output is written.
						
						
							The  in which the output is written.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This property is required in some XML 
      scenarios where a header must be written containing the encoding used by the
   . 
      This allows XML code to consume an arbitrary  and generate a correct XML
      header.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.StringBuilder
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the underlying 
.
						
						
							 The underlying 
.
						
						
							 This method returns either the  that was passed to the
   constructor, or the  that was automatically
   created.
   
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a string containing the characters written to
      the current  instance
      so far.
      
						
						
							 The  containing the characters written to the
   current  instance.
   
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a string to the current instance of the 
   .
						
						The  to write. If  is , nothing is written.
						The writer is closed.
						
							
								This method
      overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes the specified region of a character array to this
      instance of the .
						
						The  array to read data from.
						A  that specifies the index at which to begin reading from  .
						A  that specifies the maximum number of characters to write.
						
							 is .
						
							
								 < 0
							 -or-
							
								 < zero.
						
						( +  ) > 
							Length.
						The writer is closed.
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a character to the current instance of the 
.
						
						The  to write.
						The writer is closed.
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when a method requires the
      caller to own the lock on a given  , and the method is
      invoked by a caller that does not own that lock.
      
				
				
					
						 is
   thrown if the , , or  methods
   are invoked for a specified object, but the caller does not own the lock on that
   object. is also thrown when the  method is
   called to release the lock on an object, but the caller does not own the lock on
   that object.
   
					To acquire the lock on an object, use . To release the
lock on an object, use .
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class. 
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as
   "Synchronization method was invoked from an unsynchronized block of code." This
   message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class. 
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. 
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied 
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							 The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class. 
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. 
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  . 
						
							This constructor initializes the  property
   of the new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied 
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					
						 is the base class for all exceptions defined by the
   system.
				
				
					This class is provided as a means to differentiate between
      exceptions defined by the system versus exceptions defined by applications.
       For more information on
         exceptions defined by applications, see .
					
					
						
							 does not
      provide information as to the cause of the Exception. In most scenarios,
      instances of this class should not be thrown. In cases where this class is
      instantiated, a human-readable message describing the error should be passed to
      the constructor.
					
				
			
			
				System.Exception
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the
error, such as "A system error has occurred." This message takes into account
the current system culture.
							The  property is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance using . If  is ,
the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message
provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. The  property is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current Exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance using , and the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the 
system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
arguments. 
							
								For information on
   inner exceptions, see 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents an object that can read a sequential series of
      characters.
				
				
					
						 is designed for character
   input, whereas the  is designed for byte input and the

class is designed for reading from a
string.
					By default, a  is not thread safe. For information on creating a
thread-safe 
, see  .
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the  class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current  instance and releases any system
   resources associated with it.
						
						
							
								After a call to  , any IO operation on the current
      instance might throw an exception.
							
							
								This method is equivalent to (
).
							
							
								Use this method to
   close the current instance and free any resources associated with
   it.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and 
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method 
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple 
times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.TextReader
					
					
					
						

							Provides a  with no data to read from.
						
						
							Reading from the  text reader is similar to reading from the end of a
   stream:
							
								
									
										()
      and  methods
      return -1
								
								
									
										
										
										[], , 
										 and  methods return zero
								
								
									
										 and  methods return
   .
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Reads the next character without changing the state of the reader
      or the character source.
						
						
							The next character to be read, or -1 if no more characters are
      available.
						
						An I/O error has occurred.
						
							 The position of the 
in the source is not changed by this operation.
							
								As described above.
							
							
								The default implementation
   returns -1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Reads at most the specified number of characters from the current character source, and writes them to the provided
      character array.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, contains the specified character array with the values between  and ( +  -1) replaced by the characters read from the current source.
						A  that specifies the place in  at which to begin writing.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of characters to read. If the end of the stream is reached before of characters is read into  , this method returns. 
						
							A  containing the number of characters that were read, or zero if there were no more
   characters left to read. Can be less than  if the end of the stream
   has been reached. 
						
						
							 is .
						( +  ) > 
							Length.
						
							
								0
							
							
								 or-
							
								 0.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								
is a blocking version of this method.
							
								The provided character array can
   be changed only in the specified range.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Reads the next character from the character source and advances the character
      position by one character.
						
						
							The next character from the character source represented
      as a  , or -1 if at the end
      of the stream.
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								The default implementation
      returns -1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Reads a
      specified number of characters from the current stream into a
      provided character array.
						
						A  array. When this method returns, contains the specified character array with the values between  and  replaced by the characters read from the current source.
						A  that specifies the index in  at which to begin writing.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
						
							 A  containing the number of characters that were read, or
   zero if there were no more characters left to read. Can be
   less than  if the end of the stream has been reached.
						
						
							 is .
						( +  - 1) > 
							Length.
						
							
								0
							
							
								 or-
							
								 0.
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							 The method blocks until either the specified number of
      characters are read, or no more characters are available in the source.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Reads a line of characters
      from the current character source.
						
						
							A  containing the next line from the input stream, or
 if all lines have
   been read. The returned string does not
   contain the line terminating character.
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						
						The number of characters in the next line is larger than .
						
							 A line is defined as a sequence
      of characters followed by a carriage return (0x000d), a line feed (0x000a), , or the end of stream marker.
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Reads all characters from the current position in the
      character source
      to the end of the source.
						
						
							 A string containing all characters from the current
      position to the end of the character
      source.
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						There is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer for the returned string.
						The number of characters from the current position to the end of the underlying stream is larger than .
						
							
								As
      described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.TextReader
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Creates a thread-safe wrapper around the specified
   
   instance.
						
						The  to synchronize.
						
							 A thread-safe  .
						
						The  parameter is .
						
							This method returns a  instance that wraps around the specified  instance and restricts concurrent
   access to it by multiple threads.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 
      Represents a writer that can write a sequential series of characters.
				
				
					
						 is designed for character output, whereas the
 
class is designed for byte input and output.
					
						By default, a  is not thread safe. See  for a
thread-safe wrapper. 
					
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with
   the specified format provider.
						
						A  object that supplies a formatting object.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current  instance and releases any system
   resources associated with it.
						
						
							
								After a call to  , any operation on the current instance 
      might throw an exception.
								This version of  is equivalent to ().
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and 
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							When the  parameter is , this method 
   releases all resources held by any managed objects that this 
   references. This method invokes the  method of each
   referenced object.
							
								
									 may be called multiple 
times by other objects. When overriding (), be careful not
to reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Text.Encoding
					
					
					
						

							Gets the  in which the output is written.
						
						
							The  in which the output
   is written.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This property is required in some XML scenarios where a
      header must be written containing the encoding used by the . This
      allows XML code to consume an arbitrary  and generate a
      correct XML header.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Writes any buffered data to the underlying device and
      clears all buffers for the current  instance.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This method is not
      implemented in this abstract class.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.IFormatProvider
					
					
					
						

							Gets an object that provides formatting for the current instance
						
						
							A  object for a specific culture, or the formatting of the
   current culture if no other culture is specified.
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the line terminator string used by the
      current  .
						
						
							A  containing the line terminator string for the current  .
						
						
							The default line terminator string is 
.
							The line terminator string is written to the text stream
   whenever one of the  methods is called. In order for text written by the
 to be readable by a  , only "\n" or  
should be used as terminator strings. If  is set to
, the default newline character is used instead.
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.IO.TextWriter
					
					
					
						

							Provides a 
object without a backing store.
						
						
							Use  to redirect output to a stream that will not
   consume any operating system resources.
							When a  method is invoked on , the call simply returns, and no data is actually written
to any backing store.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.TextWriter
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Creates a thread-safe wrapper around the specified
   
   instance.
						
						The  to synchronize.
						
							 A thread-safe  .
						
						
							 is .
						
							 This method returns a class that wraps around the
      specified  instance and restricts concurrent
      access to it by multiple threads.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							 Writes a formatted string to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The array of objects referenced from the format string.
						
							
								 is .
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to 
								Length .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (, )).
							
								If a specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The first object referenced in the format string.
						The second object referenced in the format string.
						The third object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
							-or-
							An object referenced in the string is .
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (3).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
, , )).
							
								If a specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The first object referenced in the format string.
						The second object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
							-or-
							An object referenced in the string is .
						
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (2).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
, )).
							
								If a specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out the format string to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						An object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
							-or-
							An object referenced in the string is .
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (1).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
)).
							
								If the specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified object to the text stream.
						
						The object to write. If  is , nothing is written.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString()).
							
								As described
   above.
							
							The default implementation uses
   the () method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a specified  to the text stream.
						
						The  to write. If  is , nothing is written.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (.ToByteArray()).
							
								This method does
   not search the specified  for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a)
   and replace them with 
   .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text stream.
						
						The  to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString ()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text stream.
						
						The  to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text stream.
						
						The  to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text
      stream.
						
						
						The  to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This version of  is equivalent to (
. 
() ).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text
      stream.
						
						The  to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
. 
() ).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a  to the text stream.
						
						
						The  to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString ()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a
      specified  to the text stream.
						
						The  to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
. 
()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified 
value to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToString ()).
							
								As
   described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes a subarray of characters to the text stream.
						
						The character array from which characters are read.
						Starting index in the buffer.
						The number of characters to write.
						
							 is .
						( +  ) > 
							Length.
						
							0 or  < 0.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								This method does not search the
      specified array for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a) and
      replace them with .
							
							
								As
      described
      above.
							
							The default implementation uses
      the ([]) method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a character array to the text stream.
						
						The  array to write to the text stream. If  is , nothing is written.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, 0,
.Length ).
							
								This method does not search the
   specified array for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a) and
   replace them with .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a character to the text stream.
						
						The  to write to the text stream.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								This method is not
      implemented in this abstract class.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a line
   terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (.ToString()).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a
   line terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( . ()
   ).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by
   a line terminator to the text stream.
						
						
						The  value to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This version of  is equivalent to ( .ToString ()
   ).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a line
   terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (.ToString()).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a  value
   followed by a line terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( .ToString ()
   ).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes a sub-array of characters from a specified character array, followed by a line terminator to
      the text stream.
						
						The  array from which characters are read.
						A  that specifies the index in  at which to begin reading.
						A  that specifies the maximum number of characters to write.
						
							 is .
						( +  ) > .Length.
						
							
								 0
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
, , ) followed by ().
							
								This method does not search the
   specified array for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a) and
   replace them with .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a specified character array followed by a line terminator to
      the text stream.
						
						The  array from which data is read. If  is  , only the line terminator is written.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
) followed by ().
							
								This method does not search the
   specified array for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a) and
   replace them with .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a specified character followed by a line terminator to the text
      stream.
						
						The  to write to the text stream.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
 ) followed by ().
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Writes a line terminator to the text stream.
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (.ToCharArray()).
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a
   line terminator to the text stream.
						
						
						The  value to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use 
   ().
							This version of  is equivalent to ( .ToString ()
   ).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes a specified  followed by a line terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  to write. If  is  , only the line terminator is written.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
.ToByteArray() ).
							The line terminator string is defined by the  property.
							
								This method does not search the
   specified 
   for individual newline characters (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with
.
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified object followed by a line
      terminator to the text stream.
						
						The object to write. If  is  , only the line terminator is written.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( .ToString()
   ).
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a line
   terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (.ToString()).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string followed by a line
      terminator to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
							-or-
							An object referenced in the string is .
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (1).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (, )).
							
								If the specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string followed by a line
      terminator to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The first object referenced in the format string.
						The second object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
							-or-
							An object referenced in the string is .
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (2).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
, )).
							
								If the specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string followed by a line
      terminator to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The first object referenced in the format string.
						The second object referenced in the format string.
						The third object referenced in the format string.
						
							
								 is .
						
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the number of provided objects to be formatted (3).
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
, , )).
							If the value of any object parameter is null, it is treated as an empty string.
							
								If the specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As
   described above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
							
								
									ParamArrayAttribute
									1
									System.ParamArrayAttribute
									RuntimeInfrastructure
								
							
						
					
					
						

							Writes out a formatted string followed by a line
      terminator to the text stream.
						
						A  containing the format string.
						The array of objects referenced from the format string.
						
							 or  is .
						An I/O error occurred.
						
							The format specification in  is invalid.
							-or-
							The number indicating an argument to be formatted is less than zero, or greater than or equal to 
								Length.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( (,
)).
							
								If the specified object is not referenced in the format string, it is
      ignored.
								This method does not search the specified  for individual newline characters
   (hexadecimal 0x000a) and replace them with .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Writes the text representation of a specified  value followed by a line
   terminator to the text stream.
						
						The  value to write.
						 An I/O error occurred.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (.ToString()).
							
								As described
   above.
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a sequential
      thread of execution. 
				
				
					 A process may create
      and execute one or more threads to execute a portion of the program
      code associated with the process. A  delegate is used to specify
      the program code
      executed by a thread.
					Some operating systems might
      not utilize the concepts of threads or preemptive scheduling. Also, the concept
      of "thread priority" might not exist at all or its meaning may vary, depending on
      the underlying operating system. Implementers of the 
      
      type are required to describe their threading policies,
      including what thread priority means, how many threading priority
      levels exist, and
      whether scheduling is preemptive.
					 For the duration of its existence, a thread is always in one
      or more of the states defined by . A scheduling priority level, as defined
      by  , can be requested for a thread, but it might
      not be honored
      by the operating system.
					If an unhandled exception is thrown in the code executed by a thread created
      by an application, a  event is raised ( is set to ), and the thread
      is terminated; the current process is not terminated.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  delegate that references the methods to be invoked when the new thread begins executing. 
						
							is  . 
						
							
								
									To schedule the thread for execution, call .
								
							
							
								Until  is called, the thread's state includes .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Raises a  in the thread on which it is
   invoked to begin the process of terminating the thread. In all but the most extraordinary situations, calling this method will terminate
   the thread.
   
						
						A  that contains application-specific information, such as state, 
							which can be used by the thread being aborted.
						
						
							
								Caller does not have  security permission for this thread.
							
						
						
							The object passed as the 
parameter can be obtained by accessing the
 
property.
							
								For details on
   aborting threads, see 
   ().
							
						
						Requires permission to control the thread to be aborted. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Raises a  in the thread on
   which it is invoked to begin the process of terminating the thread. In all but
   the most extraordinary situations, calling this method will terminate
   the thread.
   
						
						
							
								Caller does not have  security permission for the thread to be aborted.
							
						
						
							 When this method is invoked on a thread, the system
      throws a  in the
      thread to abort it. Invoking  on a thread is similar
      to arranging for the target thread to throw a . Because, unlike other
      exceptions, a  is sent to another thread, the exception might
      be delayed. A  is required to be delayed if and while the
      target thread is executing any of the following:
      
							
								
									
         
         unmanaged code
								
								
									
         
         a catch handler
								
								
									
         
         a finally clause
								
								
									
         
         a filter clause
								
								
									
         
         a type initializer
								
							
							A thread abort proceeds as follows:
							
								
									
										 An abort begins at the earliest of the following
         times:
										 a. when the thread transitions from unmanaged to managed code execution; 
										 b. when the thread finishes the outermost currently executing catch handler; 
										 c. immediately if the thread is running managed code outside of any catch handler, finally clause, filter clause or type initializer 
									
								
								
									
										 Whenever an outermost catch handler finishes
            execution, the 
            is rethrown unless the thread being
            aborted has called  since the call to .
            
									
								
								
									
										 When all finally blocks have been called and the
               thread is about to transition to any unmanaged code which executed before the
               first entry to managed code, 
               is called so that a return to managed code will consider the abort to have been successfully processed.
               
									
								
							
							 Unexecuted  blocks
      are executed before the thread is aborted; this includes any finally block that
      is executing when the exception is thrown. The thread is not guaranteed to abort
      immediately, or at all. This situation can occur if a thread does an unbounded
      amount of computation in the finally blocks that are called as part
      of the abort procedure, thereby indefinitely delaying the abort. To ensure a thread has aborted, invoke 
      on the thread after calling  . 
							 If  is called on a thread that has not been
   started, the thread aborts when  is called. If the target thread is blocked or sleeping in managed code and is not inside any of the code blocks that are required to delay an abort, the thread is resumed and immediately aborted.
							 After 
is invoked on a thread, the state
of the thread includes . After the thread has
terminated as a result of a successful call to , the state of the thread includes
 and 
. 
							
								With sufficient permissions, a
   thread that is the target of a  can cancel the abort using
   the 
   method. For an example that demonstrates calling the  method, see 
   .
							
						
						Requires permission to control the thread to be aborted. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Threading.Thread
					
					
					
						

							
								Gets a 
instance that represents the currently executing thread.
							
						
						
							 An instance of  representing the current thread.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Releases the resources held by this instance.
 
						
						
							
								Application code
 does not call this method; it is automatically invoked during garbage
 collection.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.AppDomain
					
					
					
						

							Returns an object representing the application domain in
      which the current thread is executing.
						
						
							A  object that represents the current application domain.
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value
   indicating the execution status of the current thread.
   
						
						
							
								
if this thread has been started, and has not terminated; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							Typically, this property returns true unless the  of the thread contains  or . However, due to atomicity issues or additional implementation-defined thread states, there may be times when the thread has started but has not terminated, yet the thread state has not been updated.  In these cases,  is permitted to be true even if the  contains  or .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets a 
value indicating whether a thread is a background thread.
						
						
							
								if the thread is or is to become
   a background thread; otherwise, .
   
						
						 The thread has reached the  state. 
						
							The default value of this property is . The property value can be changed before
   the thread is started and before it terminates.
							
								A thread is either
   a background thread or a foreground thread. Background threads are identical to
   foreground threads except for the fact that background threads do not
   prevent a process from terminating. Once all foreground threads belonging to a
   process have terminated, the execution engine ends the process by invoking
 on any background threads that
   
   are
   still alive. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Blocks the calling thread until the thread on which this method
      is invoked terminates.
      
						
						The caller attempted to join a thread that is in the  state. 
						
							
								Use this method to
      ensure a thread has terminated. The caller will block indefinitely if the thread
      does not
      terminate.
							
							
								 cannot be invoked on a thread that is in the  state.
							This method changes the state of the calling thread to include . 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Blocks the calling thread until the thread on which this method is invoked terminates or the specified time
      elapses.
      
						
						A  set to the amount of time to wait for the thread to terminate. Specify  milliseconds to wait indefinitely. 
						
							
								if the thread has terminated;
 if the thread has not terminated after the amount 
   of time specified by 
   has elapsed.
						
						The value of  is negative and is not equal to  milliseconds, or is greater than  milliseconds.
						The caller attempted to join a thread that is in the  state. 
						
							This method converts to milliseconds,
   tests the validity of the converted value, and calls ().
							
								If  milliseconds is specified for
, this method 
behaves identically to  (),
except for the return value.
							
							
								 cannot be invoked on a thread that is in the  state.
							This method changes the state of the current thread to include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Blocks the calling thread until the thread on which this method is invoked terminates or the specified time elapses.
      
						
						A  containing the number of milliseconds to wait for the thread to terminate. 
						
							
								if the thread has terminated;  if the
   thread has not terminated after 
   has elapsed.
						
						The value of  is negative and is not equal to  .
						The caller attempted to join a thread that is in the  state. 
						
							
								If  is specified for , this method
   behaves identically to 
   (), except for the return value.
							
							
								 cannot be invoked on a thread
that is in the  state.
							This method changes the state of the calling thread to include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Guarantees that all subsequent loads or stores from the current thread will not access memory until after all previous loads and stores from the current thread have completed, as observed from this or other threads.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or
      sets the name of
      the thread.
      
						
						
							A  containing the
   name of the thread, or  if no name
   was set.
						
						A set operation was requested, and the  property has already been set.
						
							This property is write-once. Once this property has been 
      set to a non-null value, attempts to set this property to a new value cause an exception.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					
						

							
								
      Gets or sets a value indicating the scheduling priority of a thread.
							
						
						
							 A  value.
   
						
						 The thread is in the  state.
						The value specified for a set operation is not a valid  value. 
						
							A thread can be assigned any one of the following
      priority values:
							
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
							
							 The default value is .
							Operating systems are not required to honor the priority
   of a thread.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Cancels a  requested for the current thread.
						
						
							 was not invoked on the current thread.
						
							Caller does not have  security permission for the current thread.
						
						
							 This method cannot be called by untrusted code.
      
							 When a call is made to 
to destroy a thread, the system throws a .  is a special
exception that can be caught by application code, but is rethrown at the end of
the catch block unless is called.
cancels the request to 
abort, and prevents the 
from terminating the thread.
						
						Requires permission to control the current thread. See .
						
							For an example that demonstrates calling 
      this method, see  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Blocks the current thread for the specified number of milliseconds.
      
						
						A  containing the number of milliseconds for which the thread is blocked. Specify zero to indicate that this thread should be suspended temporarily to allow other waiting threads to execute. Specify  to block the thread indefinitely. 
						The value of  is negative and is not equal to  .
						
							The thread will not be scheduled for execution by
      the operating system for the amount of time specified. This method changes the
      state of the thread to include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Blocks the current thread for a specified time.
      
						
						A  set to the amount of time for which the current thread will be blocked. Specify zero to indicate that this thread should be suspended temporarily to allow other waiting threads to execute. Specify  milliseconds to suspend the thread indefinitely. 
						The value of  is negative and is not equal to  milliseconds, or is greater than  milliseconds.
						
							This method converts to milliseconds,
   tests the validity of the converted value, and calls ().
							The thread will not be scheduled for execution by the operating system
   for the amount of time specified. This method changes the state of the thread to
   include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Causes the operating system to consider the thread ready 
      to be scheduled for execution.
						
						There is not enough memory available to start the thread.
						This method was invoked on a  thread reference.
						The thread has already been started. 
						
							Calling  removes the  state from the
 of the thread.
							 Once a thread is started,
   the operating system can schedule it for execution. When the thread begins executing, the 
   delegate supplied to the constructor for the thread invokes its
   methods.
							 Once the thread terminates, it cannot be restarted with another call to .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates creating a thread and starting it.
							using System;
using System.Threading;
public class ThreadWork {
  public static void DoWork() {
    for (int i = 0; i<3;i++) {
         Console.WriteLine ("Working thread ...");
         Thread.Sleep(100);
    }
  }
}
class ThreadTest{
  public static void Main() {
    ThreadStart myThreadDelegate = new ThreadStart(ThreadWork.DoWork);
    Thread myThread = new Thread(myThreadDelegate);
    myThread.Start();
    for (int i = 0; i<3; i++) {
        Console.WriteLine("In main.");
        Thread.Sleep(100);
    }
  }
}
   
							One possible set of output is
							
								In main. 
								Working thread ... 
								In main. 
								Working thread ... 
								In main. 
								Working thread ... 
							
							 Note that the sequence of the output statements is not guaranteed to be identical across systems. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					
						

							
								Gets a value containing the
      states of the current thread.
							
						
						
							 A combination of one or more  values, which indicate
   the state of the current thread.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							A thread is running if the value returned by this property does not include  and does not include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.UIntPtr
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IntPtr
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile read from the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory from which to read.
						
							A  containing the value at the specified address after any pending writes.
						
						
							The value at the given address is atomically loaded with acquire semantics, meaning that the read is guaranteed to occur prior to any references to memory that occur after the execution of this method in the current thread. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the load IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Performs a volatile write to the specified address.
						
						A  that specifies the address in memory at which to write.
						A  that specifies the value to write.
						
							The value is written atomically to the specified address with release semantics, meaning that the write is guaranteed to happen after any references to memory that occur prior to the execution. It is recommended that  and  be used in conjunction. Calling this method affects only this single access; other accesses to the same location are required to also be made using this method or  if the volatile semantics are to be preserved. This method has exactly the same semantics as using the volatile prefix on the store IL instruction, except that atomicity is provided for all types, not just those 32 bits or smaller in size. For additional information, see Partition I of the CLI Specification.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Thrown by the system when a call is made to
   .
				
				
					 Instances of this exception type can only
      be created by the system.
					When a call is made to 
to terminate a thread, the system throws a  in the target
thread.  is a
special exception that can
be caught by application code, but is rethrown at the end of the catch block
unless  is called. When the
 
exception is raised, the system executes any blocks for the target thread. The finally blocks are executed even if
 is called. If the abort is successful, 
the target thread is left in the  and
 states.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates aborting a thread.
      The thread that receives the  uses the  method to cancel the abort request and
      continue executing.
					using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Security.Permissions;

public class ThreadWork {
  public static void DoWork() {
    try {
      for (int i=0; i<100; i++) {
        Console.WriteLine("Thread - working."); 
        Thread.Sleep(100);
      }
    }
    catch (ThreadAbortException e) {
      Console.WriteLine("Thread - caught ThreadAbortException - resetting.");
      Thread.ResetAbort();
    }
    Console.WriteLine("Thread - still alive and working."); 
    Thread.Sleep(1000);
    Console.WriteLine("Thread - finished working.");
  } 
}

class ThreadAbortTest{
  public static void Main() {
    ThreadStart myThreadDelegate = new ThreadStart(ThreadWork.DoWork);
    Thread myThread = new Thread(myThreadDelegate);
    myThread.Start();
    Thread.Sleep(100);
    Console.WriteLine("Main - aborting my thread.");
    myThread.Abort();
    myThread.Join();
    Console.WriteLine("Main ending."); 
  }
}
   
					The output is 
					
						Thread - working.
						Main - aborting my thread.
						Thread - caught ThreadAbortException - resetting.
						Thread - still alive and working.
						Thread - finished working.
						Main ending.
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Gets an object that contains application-specific
      information related to the thread abort.
      
						
						
							A .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The object returned by this property is specified via the
    parameter of . This property returns
    if no
      object was specified, or the  method with no parameters was
      called. The exact content and usage
      of this object is application-defined; it is typically used to convey
      information that is meaningful to the thread being aborted.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the scheduling priority of a .
   
				
				
					
						
values specify the relative scheduling priority of
threads.
					Operating systems are not guaranteed to support
   preemptive scheduling. Also, the concept of "thread priority" may not exist at
   all or its meaning may vary, depending on the underlying operating system.
   Implementers of this type are required to describe how the notion of thread
   priority maps to operating system priority. For more information about threads,
   see the 
   class. 
					 The 
property sets and returns the priority value information for a thread.
Applications can request a scheduling priority for a thread by setting the
 property to the appropriate 

value. The
default thread priority is 
.
					
						A thread cannot be scheduled if it is in the  state or
the  state.

					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					AboveNormal
					
						

							 Threads with this priority may be scheduled after threads
      with  priority and before those with  priority.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					BelowNormal
					
						

							Threads with this priority may be scheduled
      after threads with  priority, and before those with 
      priority.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					Highest
					
						

							
								Threads with this priority may be scheduled before threads with any
      other priority.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					Lowest
					
						

							
								Threads with
      this priority may be scheduled after threads with any other
      priority.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadPriority
					
					
					Normal
					
						

							Threads with this priority may be scheduled after threads with  priority and before those with 
priority.
							Threads have  priority by
default.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines the shape of methods that are called when
      a  is started.
      
				
				
					
						A new instance of
      the  class is created using a constructor that
      takes a  delegate as its only parameter. When  is invoked and the thread begins
      executing, all of the methods in the invocation list of the specified delegate
      are invoked in the execution
      context of the thread. If a method in the invocation list receives an unhandled
      exception, the thread is terminated, but not the process that contains the thread.
					
					
						For an example that
   demonstrates creating a 
   delegate, see .
					
				
			
			
				System.Delegate
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
			
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the execution states of a .
				
				
					
						
defines the set of possible execution states for threads. Once a thread is
created, it is in one or more of these states until it terminates. Not all
combinations of  values are valid; for example,
a thread cannot be in both the  and 
states.
					The following table shows the actions that cause a thread to
   change state.
					
						
							Action
							ThreadState after Action
						
						
							 The
      thread is created
							Unstarted
						
						
							
								 is invoked on the thread
							Running
						
						
							 The thread calls 
							
							WaitSleepJoin
						
						
							 The thread calls  to wait
   on an object
							WaitSleepJoin
						
						
							 The thread calls  to wait for
   another thread to terminate
							WaitSleepJoin
						
						
							 The
      
   delegate methods finish executing
							Stopped
						
						
							 Another thread requests
      the thread to 
							
							AbortRequested
						
						
							 The thread accepts a  request
							Aborted
						
					
					In addition to the states noted above, there is also the  state, which indicates whether the thread is
running in the background or foreground.
					The current state of a thread can be retrieved from the  property,
whose value is a combination of the 
values. Once a thread has reached the  state, it cannot change to any other state. 
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					Aborted
					
						

							The thread represented by an instance of  has terminated as a result of a call to . A thread in this
   state is also in the  state.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					AbortRequested
					
						

							The  method has been invoked on the thread, but the thread
 has not yet received the pending  that will attempt to terminate it.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					Background
					
						

							The thread represented by an instance of  is being
 executed as a background thread, as opposed to a foreground thread. This state is controlled by setting the 
 
 property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					Running
					
						

							The thread represented by an instance of  has been started and has not terminated.
							To determine if a thread 
   is running, check that its state does not include  and does not include .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					Stopped
					
						

							The thread represented by an instance of 
has terminated.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					Unstarted
					
						

							The  method 
has not been invoked on the thread.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Threading.ThreadState
					
					
					WaitSleepJoin
					
						

							The thread represented by an instance of  is
 blocked as
 a result of
 a call to , , or .
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents errors that occur when a method is invoked on
 a  and the
 thread is in a  that is
 invalid for the method.
				
				
					Once a thread is created, it is in one or more states, as defined
 by , until it
 terminates.  is
 thrown by methods that cannot perform the requested operation due to
 the current state of
 a thread. For example, calling 
 on a thread that has terminated results in a  exception.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
 a  exception to be thrown.
					using System;
using System.Threading;
public class ThreadWork {
 public static void DoWork() {
 Console.WriteLine("Working thread..."); 
 }
}

class ThreadStateTest{
 public static void Main() {
 ThreadStart myThreadDelegate = new ThreadStart(ThreadWork.DoWork);
 Thread myThread = new Thread(myThreadDelegate);
 myThread.Start();
 Thread.Sleep(0);
 Console.WriteLine("In main. Attempting to restart myThread.");
 try {
 myThread.Start();
 }
 catch (ThreadStateException e) {
 Console.WriteLine("Caught: {0}", e.Message);
 }
 
 }
}
 
					The output is 
					
						Working thread... 
						In main. Attempting to restart myThread.
						Caught: Thread is running or terminated. Cannot restart.
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new
   instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as "The
   requested operation cannot be performed on the thread due to its current state."
   This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The  property 
of the new instance is initialized to 

.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. 
						
							This constructor initializes the  property
   of the new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to 
   the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							 The  property of the new
instance is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture. 
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling 
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property
   of the new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to 
   the system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no
   arguments. 
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

   Contains a constant used to specify an infinite amount
   of time.

			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 A constant used to specify an infinite waiting period.
 
						
						
							 The value of this
 constant is -1.
							
								For threading methods that accept a timeout
 parameter, such as  and  , this value is used to suppress method behavior that would normally occur due to
 elapsed time. 
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides a mechanism for executing methods at specified intervals.
      
				
				
					A  delegate
   is used to specify the methods associated with a  . The methods do
   not execute in the thread that created the timer; they execute in a separate thread that is automatically
   allocated by the system. The timer delegate
   is specified when the timer is constructed, and cannot be changed.
					When creating a timer, the application specifies an
   amount of time to wait before the first invocation of the delegate methods (due time), and an amount
   of time to wait between subsequent invocations (period). A timer invokes its methods once
   when its due time elapses, and invokes its methods once per
   period thereafter. These values may be changed, or the timer disabled using the 
   
   method.
					 When a timer is no longer needed, use the 
method to free the resources held by the timer.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates the features of the 
class.
					using System;
using System.Threading;

class TimerExampleState {
    public int counter = 0;
    public Timer tmr;
}

class App {
   public static void Main() {
    TimerExampleState s = new TimerExampleState();

    // Create the delegate that invokes methods for the timer.
    TimerCallback timerDelegate = new TimerCallback(CheckStatus);

    // Create a timer that waits one second, then invokes every second.
    Timer timer = new Timer(timerDelegate, s,1000, 1000);
    
    // Keep a handle to the timer, so it can be disposed.
    s.tmr = timer;

    // The main thread does nothing until the timer is disposed.
    while (s.tmr != null)
        Thread.Sleep(0);
    Console.WriteLine("Timer example done.");
   }
   // The following method is called by the timer's delegate.

   static void CheckStatus(Object state) {
    TimerExampleState s = (TimerExampleState) state;
    s.counter++;
          Console.WriteLine("{0} Checking Status {1}.",DateTime.Now.TimeOfDay, s.counter);
        if (s.counter == 5) {
        // Shorten the period. Wait 10 seconds to restart the timer.
        (s.tmr).Change(10000,100);
        Console.WriteLine("changed...");
    }
        if (s.counter == 10) {
        Console.WriteLine("disposing of timer...");
        s.tmr.Dispose();
        s.tmr = null;
    }
   }
}

					An example of some output is
					
						10:51:40.5809015 Checking Status 1.
						10:51:41.5823515 Checking Status 2.
						10:51:42.5838015 Checking Status 3.
						10:51:43.5852515 Checking Status 4.
						10:51:44.5867015 Checking Status 5.
						changed...
						10:51:54.5911870 Checking Status 6.
						10:51:54.6913320 Checking Status 7.
						10:51:54.7914770 Checking Status 8.
						10:51:54.8916220 Checking Status 9.
						10:51:54.9917670 Checking Status 10.
						disposing of timer...
						Timer example done.
					
					The exact timings returned by this example will vary.
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.
						
						A  delegate.
						A  containing application-specific information relevant to the methods invoked by , or .
						A  containing the amount of time to delay before  invokes its methods, in milliseconds. Specify  to prevent the timer from starting. Specify zero to start the timer immediately.
						A  containing the time interval between invocations of the methods referenced by  in milliseconds. Specify  to disable periodic signaling.
						
							 or  is negative and is not equal to . 
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							
								 invokes its methods once after  elapses, and then invokes
   its methods each time the  time interval elapses.
							If  is zero,
 performs 
its first invocation immediately. If  is
,  
does not invoke its methods; the timer is disabled, but may be re-enabled using
the 
method.
							If is zero
or  and
 is not ,  
invokes its methods exactly once; the periodic behavior of the timer is
disabled, but may be re-enabled using the 
method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the class.
						
						A  delegate.
						A  containing application-specific information relevant to the methods invoked by , or  .
						A  set to the amount of time to delay before  invokes its methods. Set the value to  milliseconds to prevent the timer from starting. Specify zero to start the timer immediately.
						A  set to the time interval between invocations of the methods referenced by  . Set the value to  milliseconds to disable periodic signaling.
						The number of milliseconds in the value of  or  is negative and not equal to , or is greater than .
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							The  delegate invokes its methods
   once after  elapses, and then invokes its
   methods each time the  time interval
   elapses.
							If  in milliseconds, is zero,
 performs its first invocation immediately. If  is  
, no method invocation occurs. The timer is disabled, but may be re-enabled using
the 
method.
							
If is zero or  milliseconds and  is not , 
invokes its methods exactly once. The periodic behavior of the timer is
disabled, but may be re-enabled using the 
method.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							
								
									
									
										
										
											
											
												Changes the
   start time and interval between method invocations for a timer.
										
									
								
							
						
						A  containing the amount of time to delay before the delegate specified at  construction time invokes its methods, in milliseconds. Specify  to prevent the timer from restarting. Specify zero to restart the timer immediately.
						A  containing the time interval between invocations of the methods referenced by the delegate specified at  construction time in milliseconds. Specify  to disable periodic signaling.
						
							
								
if the current instance has not been disposed; otherwise, . 
						
						
							 or  is negative and is not equal to  .
						
							The delegate specified at  construction time invokes its methods once after  elapses, and
   then invokes its methods each time the  time interval elapses.
							If  is zero, the
delegate specified at 
construction time performs its next invocation
immediately. If  is 
, no method invocation occurs. The timer is disabled, but may be re-enabled by
calling this method and specifying a non-negative value for
 
.
							
If is zero or  and  is not , the
delegate specified at 
construction time invokes its methods exactly once. The periodic
behavior of the timer is disabled, but may be re-enabled by calling this method
and specifying a positive value for 
.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							
								
									
									
										Changes the start time and
   interval between method invocations for a timer.
								
							
						
						A  set to the amount of time to delay before the delegate specified at  construction time invokes its methods. Specify  milliseconds to prevent the timer from restarting. Specify zero to restart the timer immediately. 
						A  set to the time interval between invocations of the methods referenced by the delegate specified at  construction time. Specify  milliseconds to disable periodic signaling. 
						
							
								 if the current instance has
   not been disposed; otherwise, .
   
						
						
							The delegate specified at  construction time invokes its methods once after  elapses, and
   then invokes its methods each time the  time interval elapses.
							If  in milliseconds,
is zero, the delegate specified at  construction time performs its
next invocation immediately. If  is  milliseconds, no method invocation occurs. The timer is disabled, but may be re-enabled by
calling this method and specifying a non-negative value for 
.
							
If is zero or  milliseconds and  is not
 milliseconds, the delegate specified at  
construction time
invokes its methods exactly once. The periodic behavior of the timer is
disabled, but may be re-enabled by calling this method and specifying a positive
value for 
.

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases the resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							
								This method is
 implemented to support the 
 interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Releases the resources held by the current instance.
      
						
						Specifies a  to be signaled when the timer has been disposed of. 
						
							
								if the call succeeds;
   otherwise, .
   
						
						
							 is .
						
							 When this method completes, the  specified by  is
   signaled.
   
							This method calls  to prevent the garbage collector from finalizing the
current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases the resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							
								Application code does not call this method; it is 
         automatically invoked by during garbage collection unless finalization by the
         garbage collector has been disabled. For more information, see ,
         and .
								 This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines the shape of methods that are called by an instance of
      the  class.
      
				
				A  containing application-specific information relevant to the methods invoked by instances of this delegate, or  . 
				
					A  delegate invokes its
   methods once after the start time elapses, and continues invoking its methods
   once per period until the  method is called. The start time for a  is passed in the 
   parameter of the  constructors, and the period
   is passed via the  parameter. 
					
					
						For an example that
   demonstrates creating and using a 
   delegate, see the 
   class.
					
				
			
			
				System.Delegate
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
			
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents an interval of time.
				
				
					The  structure represents an interval of time with values
   ranging from  to  100-nanosecond .
					
						The value of a  is represented internally as a number
   of 100-nanosecond ticks. Both the specification of a number of ticks and the
   value of a  can be positive or negative.
						A  can be represented as a string in the format
"[-]d.hh:mm:ss.ff" where "-" is an optional sign for negative  values, the "d" component is
days, "hh" is hours, "mm" is minutes, "ss" is seconds, and "ff" is fractions of
a second. For example, a  initialized with 1013
ticks would
be represented as "11.13:46:40", which is 11 days, 13 hours, 46 minutes, and 40
seconds.
						Due to a varying number of days in months and years, the
   longest unit of time that is used by this structure is the day.
					
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new  with the
   specified number of ticks.
						
						A  that specifies the number of ticks with which to initialize the new  .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new  with the
   specified numbers of hours, minutes, and seconds.
						
						A  that specifies the number of hours with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of minutes with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of seconds with which to initialize the new .
						The parameters specify a  value less than  or greater than .
						
							The specified , , and
 are converted to ticks, and that value is used to initialize 
   the new .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new  with the specified numbers of days,
   hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds.
						
						A  that specifies the number of days with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of hours with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of minutes with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of seconds with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of milliseconds with which to initialize the new .
						The parameters specify a  value less than  or greater than .
						
							The specified , ,
, , and  are converted to 
   ticks, and that value is used to initialize the new .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new  with the specified numbers of days,
   hours, minutes, and seconds.
						
						A  that specifies the number of days with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of hours with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of minutes with which to initialize the new .
						A  that specifies the number of seconds with which to initialize the new .
						The parameters specify a  value less than  or greater than .
						
							The specified , ,
, and  are converted to ticks, and that value is 
   used to initialize the new .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Adds the specified  to the current instance.
						
						A  instance to add to the current instance.
						
							A  that represents the value of the current instance plus
   the value of .
						
						The sum of the value of the current instance and the value of  is less than  or greater than .
						
							This example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanAddExample {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan(Int32.MaxValue);
      Console.WriteLine("The value of the timespan 'ts' is {0}", ts);
      Console.WriteLine("ts.Add(ts) = {0}", ts.Add(ts));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								The value of the timespan 'ts' is 00:03:34.7483647
								ts.Add(ts) = 00:07:09.4967294
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of two 
structures.
						
						The first  to compare.
						The second  to compare.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of
 as compared to . The following table defines the 
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Value
									Condition
								
								
									 Any
      negative
      number
									
										 < .
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 == .
								
								
									 Any
      positive
      number
									
										 >
.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Value
									Condition
								
								
									 Any
      negative
      number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any
      positive
      number
									
										Current instance > , or
    is a null reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							
								 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the number days represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  represents the days component of the current instance. See  for a more detailed description of the days
   component.
							
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanPropertiesExampleOne {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12+3456789);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Days: {0}", ts.Days );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40.3456789
								Days: 11
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  whose value is the absolute value of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A 
whose value is
the absolute value of the current instance.
						
						The value of the current instance is .
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanDurationExample {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan(Int32.MinValue);
      Console.Write("The absolute value of TimeSpan {0} ", ts);
      Console.WriteLine("is {0}", ts.Duration());
   }
}

							The output is
							
								The absolute
   value of TimeSpan -00:03:34.7483648 is 00:03:34.7483648
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two  structures represent the same type and value.
						
						The first instance of  to compare for equality.
						The second instance of  to compare for equality.
						
							
								 if  and 
represent the same value; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified  represent the
   same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the
   same type and value as the current instance. If  is
   a null reference or is not a , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of days where the
   specification is accurate to the nearest millisecond.
						
						A  that specifies the number of days with which the new  is initialized.
						
							A  that represents .
						
						The  represented by  is greater than  or less than .
						
							 is equal to .
						
							
								 will only be considered accurate to the
   nearest millisecond. 
							If  is ,
a  with
the value  is returned. If  is , a 
with the value  is returned. 
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of hours where the
   specification is accurate to the nearest millisecond.
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of hours with which the new  is initialized.
						
						
							A  that represents .
						
						The  represented by  is greater than  or less than .
						
							 is equal to .
						
							
								 will only be considered accurate to the
   nearest millisecond.
							If  is ,
a  with
the value  is returned. If  is , a 
with the value  is returned.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of milliseconds
   where the specification is accurate to the nearest millisecond.
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of milliseconds with which the new  is initialized.
						
						
							A  that represents .
						
						The  represented by  is greater than  or less than .
						
							 is equal to .
						
							
								 will only be considered accurate to the nearest
   millisecond.
							If  is , a  with the value  is
returned. If  is , a  with the value  is
returned.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of
   minutes where the specification is accurate to the nearest millisecond.
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of minutes with which the new  is initialized.
						
						
							A  that represents .
						
						The  represented by  is greater than  or less than .
						
							 is equal to .
						
							
								 will only be considered accurate to the nearest
   millisecond.
							If  is , a  with the value  is
returned. If  is , a  with the value  is
returned.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of seconds where
   the specification is accurate to the nearest millisecond.
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of seconds with which the new  is initialized.
						
						
							A  that represents .
						
						The  represented by  is greater than  or less than .
						
							 is equal to .
						
							
								 will only be considered accurate to the
   nearest millisecond.
							If  is ,
a  with
the value  is returned. If  is ,
a  with
the value  is returned.
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that represents the specified number of ticks.
						
						A  that specifies the number of ticks with which the new  is initialized.
						
							A  with a value of .
						
						
							This method is equivalent to the ()
   constructor.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
value containing a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							 The algorithm used to generate
      the hash code is unspecified. 
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of hours represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  between 0 and 23 inclusive, that represents
   the hours component of the current instance. See  for a
   more detailed description of the hours component.
							
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanPropertiesExampleOne {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12+3456789);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Hours: {0}", ts.Hours );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40.3456789
								Hours: 13
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  whose value is the maximum value for the 
 type.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							This field is a  containing  ticks,
   the maximum  value. The string representation of this value is
   positive 10675199.02:48:05.4775807.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of milliseconds represented by the current instance.
						
						
							 A  between 0 and 999 inclusive, that represents
   the fractional seconds component of the current instance converted to
   milliseconds. See  for a more
   detailed description of the fractional seconds component.
							
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanPropertiesExampleOne {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12+3456789);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Milliseconds: {0}", ts.Milliseconds );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40.3456789
								Milliseconds: 345
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of minutes represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  between 0 and 59 inclusive, that represents
   the minutes component of the current instance. See  for
   a more detailed description of the minutes component.
							
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanPropertiesExampleOne {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12+3456789);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Minutes: {0}", ts.Minutes );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40.3456789
								Minutes: 46
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  whose value is the minimum value for the 
 type.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							This field is a  containing  ticks,
   the minimum  value. The string representation
   of this value is negative 10675199.02:48:05.4775808.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  with the same absolute value but opposite sign as the current
 instance.
						
						
							A  with the same absolute value but with the opposite sign as the current instance.
						
						The value of the current instance is .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds the values of two  instances.
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							A  whose value is the sum of the values of  and
.
						
						The sum of  and  is less than  or greater than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of one  is equal to the
   value of another .
						
						The first 
						
						The second 
						
						
							
								 if the values of  and
 are equal; otherwise, .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value one  is greater than the value of another
.
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							
								 if the value of  is
   greater than the value of ; otherwise, .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of one  is greater than or equal to the value
   of another .
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							
								 if the value of  is
   greater than or equal to the value of ; otherwise,
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of one  is unequal to the value of another
.
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							
								 if the values of  and
 are unequal; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of one  is less than the value of another 
.
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							
								 if the value of  is 
 less than the value of ; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of one  is less than or equal to the value of 
 another .
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							
								 if the value of  is 
 less than or equal to the value of ; otherwise,
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Subtracts the value of one  from the value
   of another .
						
						The first .
						The second .
						
							A  whose value is the result of the value of 
minus the value of .
						
						The value of  subtracted from  is less than  or greater than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  whose value is the negated value of a
   specified .
						
						A  whose value will be negated.
						
							A  with the same absolute value but the opposite sign as
.
						
						
							 equals .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified instance of .
						
						A .
						
							
								
								.
						
						
							This method returns 
								.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						
							A  containing the value to convert.  contains a time interval in the following form:
							[ws][-][d.]hh:mm:ss[.ff][ws]
							 Items in square brackets ('[' and']') are optional. Colons and periods (':' and'.') are literal characters. For details on the remaining symbols, see the description section.
						
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is in an invalid format.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than .
							-or-
							At least one of the hours, minutes, or seconds components is outside its valid range.
						
						
							The symbols used in the parameter description for 
    are as follows:
							
								
									Item
									Description
								
								
									 ws
									White space (zero or more space and/or tab
            characters).
								
								
									 "-"
									Minus sign, indicating a negative time interval.
								
								
									 "d"
									Days.
								
								
									 "hh"
									Hours, ranging from 0 to 23 inclusive.
								
								
									 "mm"
									Minutes, ranging from 0 to 59 inclusive.
								
								
									 "ss"
									Seconds, ranging from 0 to 59 inclusive.
								
								
									 "ff"
									Fractional seconds, from 1 to 7 decimal digits
            inclusive.
								
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to obtain a 
   .
							using System;
public class TimeSpanParseExample {
   public static void Main() {
      String str = "    -5.12:34:56.789     ";
      TimeSpan ts = TimeSpan.Parse(str);
      Console.WriteLine(@"The string ""{0}""", str); 
      Console.WriteLine("parses to TimeSpan {0}", ts);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
The string "    -5.12:34:56.789     "
parses to TimeSpan -5.12:34:56.7890000
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of seconds represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  between 0 and 59 inclusive, that represents
   the seconds component of the current instance. See  for
   a more detailed description of the seconds component.
							
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanPropertiesExampleOne {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12+3456789);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Seconds: {0}", ts.Seconds );
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40.3456789
								Seconds: 40
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Subtracts the value of the specified  from the value of the current
   instance.
						
						A  whose value to subtract from the value of the current instance. 
						
							A  whose value is equal to the value of the current
   instance minus the value of .
						
						The difference between the value of the current instance and  is less than  or greater than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets the number of ticks represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  specifying the 
   number of ticks represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					864000000000
					
						

							 Represents the number of ticks in 1 day.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 864 billion
      (8.64x1011 ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					36000000000
					
						

							 Represents the number of ticks in 1 hour.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 36 billion
      (3.6x1010 ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					10000
					
						

							 Represents the number of ticks in 1
      millisecond.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 10 thousand
      (104 ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					600000000
					
						

							 Represents the number of ticks in 1 minute.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 600 million
      (6x108 ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					10000000
					
						

							Represents the number of ticks in 1 second.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 10 million
      (107 ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as follows:
							[-][d.]hh:mm:ss[.ff]
							Items in square brackets ('[' and ']') are included
   provisionally: '-' is included if and only if the current instance is negative;
   "d." and ".ff" are included if and only if those components are non-zero. Colons
   and periods (':' and '.') are literal characters. Other components are as follows.
							
								
									Component
									Description
								
								
									 "-"
									Minus sign, indicating a negative time
         interval.
								
								
									 "d"
									Days.
								
								
									 "hh"
									Hours, ranging from 0 to 23 inclusive.
								
								
									 "mm"
									Minutes, ranging from 0 to 59 inclusive.
								
								
									 "ss"
									Seconds, ranging from 0 to 59 inclusive.
								
								
									 "ff"
									Fractional seconds.
								
							
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan tsOne = new TimeSpan(1, 23, 45, 54, 321);
      TimeSpan tsTwo = new TimeSpan(0, 23, 45, 54, 0);
      Console.Write("TimeSpan one, with d. and .ff: ");
      Console.WriteLine("{0}", tsOne.ToString());
      Console.Write("TimeSpan two, without d. and .ff: ");
      Console.WriteLine("{0}", tsTwo.ToString());
   }
}

							The output is
							
								TimeSpan one, with d. and .ff: 1.23:45:54.3210000
								TimeSpan two, without d. and .ff: 23:45:54
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the value of the current instance expressed in days.
						
						
							A  that specifies the total number of days represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property converts the value of the
      current instance from ticks to days. This number may include whole and
      fractional days.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanTotalUnitsProperties{
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("TotalDays: {0}", ts.TotalDays);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40
								TotalDays: 11.5740740740741
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the value of the current instance expressed in hours.
						
						
							A  that specifies the total number of hours represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only. 
							
								This property converts the value of the
      current instance from ticks to hours. This number may include whole and
      fractional hours.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanTotalUnitsProperties{
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("TotalHours: {0}", ts.TotalHours);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40
								TotalHours: 277.777777777778
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							Gets the value of the current instance expressed in milliseconds.
						
						
							A  that specifies the total number of milliseconds represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only. 
							
								This property converts the value of the
      current instance from ticks to milliseconds. This number may include whole and
      fractional milliseconds.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanTotalUnitsProperties{
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("TotalMilliseconds: {0}", ts.TotalMilliseconds);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40
								TotalMilliseconds: 1000000000
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the value of the current instance expressed in minutes.
						
						
							A  that specifies the total number of minutes represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only. 
							
								This property converts the value of the
      current instance from ticks to minutes. This number may include whole and
      fractional minutes.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanTotalUnitsProperties{
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("TotalMinutes: {0}", ts.TotalMinutes);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40
								TotalMinutes: 16666.6666666667
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the value of the current instance expressed in seconds.
						
						
							A  that specifies the total number of seconds represented by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only. 
							
								This property converts the value of the
      current instance from ticks to seconds. This number may include whole and
      fractional seconds.
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates using the  property.
							using System;
public class TimeSpanTotalUnitsProperties{
   public static void Main() {
      TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan((Int64)10e12);
      Console.WriteLine(ts.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("TotalSeconds: {0}", ts.TotalSeconds);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								11.13:46:40
								TotalSeconds :1000000
							
						
					
					1
					ExtendedNumerics
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.TimeSpan
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  whose value is 0.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							This field is a  whose value is 0 ticks. This provides a convenient source for 0 in  calculations.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Provides information about a type.
				
				
					 The  class is abstract, as is the 
class and its subclasses , , ,
and .  and 
are subclasses of . The runtime
provides non-public implementations of these classes.  For example,  is typed
as returning a  object. The
returned object is actually an instance of the non-public runtime type that
implements  .
					
					A conforming CLI program which is written to run on only the Kernel profile 
   cannot subclass .  This only applies
   to conforming programs not conforming implementations.
					
					 A  object that represents a type is unique; that is, two
 object 
references refer to the same object if and only if they represent the same type.
This allows for comparison of 
objects using reference
equality.
					
						 An instance of 
can represent any one of the following
types:
						
							
								
      
      Classes
							
							
								
      
      Value types
							
							
								
      
      Arrays
							
							
								
      
      Interfaces
							
							
								
      
      Pointers
							
							
								
      
      Enumerations
							
						
						The following table shows what members of a base class are returned by the
   methods that return members of types, such as  and
.
						
							
								
									Member Type
									Static
									Non-Static
								
								
									 Constructor
									No
									No
								
								
									 Field
									No
									Yes. A field is always
         hide-by-name-and-signature.
								
								
									 Event
									Not applicable
									 The common type system rule is
         that the inheritance of an event is the same as that of
         the accessors that implement the event.
         Reflection treats events as hide-by-name-and-signature.
								
								
									 Method
									No
									Yes. A method (both virtual and non-virtual)
         can be hide-by-name or hide-by-name-and-signature.
								
								
									 Nested Type
									No
									No
								
								
									 Property
									Not applicable
									 The common type system
         rule is that the inheritance is the same as that of the
         accessors that implement the property. Reflection treats
         properties as hide-by-name-and-signature.
								
							
						
						For reflection, properties and events are hide-by-name-and-signature. If a
   property has both a get and a set accessor in the base class, but the derived
   class has only a get accessor, the derived class property hides the base class
   property, and the setter on the base class will not be accessible. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
				System.Reflection.MemberInfo
				Reflection
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the  class.
   
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Reflection.Assembly
					
					
					
						

							Gets the  that the type is declared in. 
						
						
							A  instance that describes assembly containing the current type.
						
						
							
								This property is read-only.
							
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the fully qualified name of the type represented by 
      the current instance
      including the name of the assembly from which the  was loaded.
						
						
							A  containing the 
   fully qualified name of the type represented by the current instance,
   including the name of the assembly from which the  was loaded.
						
						
							
								 
         This property is read-only.
								Compilers emit the simple name of a nested class, and reflection constructs a 
         mangled name when queried, in accordance with the following conventions.
								
									
										Delimiter
										Meaning
									
									
										 Backslash (\)
										Escape character.
									
									
										 Comma (,)
										Precedes the Assembly name.
									
									
										 Plus sign (+)
										Precedes a nested class.
									
									
										 Period (.)
										Denotes namespace identifiers. 
									
								
								
									For example, the fully qualified name for a class might look like this: 
									TopNamespace.SubNameSpace.ContainingClass+NestedClass,MyAssembly 
									If the namespace were TopNamespace.Sub+Namespace, then the string would
            have to precede the plus sign (+) with an escape character (\) to prevent
            it from being interpreted as a nesting separator. Reflection
            emits this string as follows:
									TopNamespace.Sub\+Namespace.ContainingClass+NestedClass,MyAssembly
									A "++" becomes "\+\+", and a "\" becomes "\\".
								
								Type names are permitted to include trailing characters that denote
         additional information about the type, such as whether the type is a reference
         type, a pointer type or an array type. To retrieve the type name without these
         trailing characters, use t.GetElementType().ToString(), where 
      is the type.
								Spaces are significant in all type name components except the assembly
      name. In the assembly name, spaces before the ',' separator are significant, but
      spaces after the ',' separator are ignored.
							
							
								The name returned by this method can be persisted and later used to load the .
   To search for and load a , use  either with the type name only or with
   the assembly qualified type name.  with the type name only will look for
   the 
   in the caller's assembly and then in the System assembly.  with the
   assembly qualified type name will look for the  in any assembly.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Reflection.TypeAttributes
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the attributes associated with the type represented 
      by the current instance.
						
						
							A  object representing the attribute set of the .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							Gets the base  of the current  .
						
						
							A  object 
   representing the type from which the current  directly inherits, or
 
if the current  represents the  class.
						
						
							
								 This property is read-only.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
property.
							using System;
class TestType {
 public static void Main() {
 Type t = typeof(int);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} inherits from {1}", t,t.BaseType);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								System.Int32
   inherits from System.ValueType
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							Gets the type that declares the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							The  object for
   the class that declares the type represented by the current
   instance. If the type is a nested type, this property returns the enclosing type; otherwise, returns
   the current instance.
						
						
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the
    property. 
							using System;
using System.Reflection;

public abstract class DeclaringTypeTest{
   public abstract class MyClassA {
      public abstract int m(); 
   }
   public abstract class MyClassB : MyClassA {
   }
   public static void Main() { 
      Console.WriteLine("Declaring type of m is {0}",
         typeof(MyClassB).GetMethod("m").DeclaringType);
   }
}
   
							 The output is 
							
								Declaring type of m is DeclaringTypeTest+MyClassA 
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Reflection.Binder
					
					
					
						

							Gets the default binder used by the system.
						
						
							The default  used by the system.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							Reflection models the accessibility rules of the common
      type system. For example, if the caller is in the same assembly, the caller does
      not need special permissions for internal members. Otherwise, the caller needs
   
   . This is consistent with lookup of members that
   are protected, private, and so on. 
							
								The general principle is that  
typically performs only widening coercions,
which never lose data. An example of a widening coercion is coercing a
value that is a 32-bit signed integer to a value that is a 64-bit signed integer.
This is distinguished from a narrowing coercion, which may lose data. An
example of a narrowing coercion is coercing a 64-bit signed integer to a 32-bit
signed integer. 
							
							The following table lists the coercions performed by the default binder's implementation of
.
							
								
									Source Type
									Target Type
								
								
									 Any type
									Its base type.
								
								
									 Any type
									The interface it implements.
								
								
									 Char
									Unt16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 Byte
									Char, Unt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 SByte
									Int16, Int32, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 UInt16
									UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 Int16
									Int32, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 UInt32
									UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 Int32
									Int64, Single, Double
								
								
									 UInt64
									Single, Double
								
								
									 Int64
									Single, Double
								
								
									 Single
									Double
								
								
									 Non-reference
									By-reference.
								
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Char
					
					
					
						

							 Specifies the character that separates elements in the fully qualified name
      of a 
      .
						
						
							This field is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							 Returns an empty array of type  .
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							The empty  array returned by this field is used to specify that 
   lookup methods in the  class, such as  and ,
   search for members that do not take parameters. For example, to locate the public instance constructor that takes no
   parameters, invoke  ( | , , ,
).
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines if the underlying system type of the current  is the same as the
   underlying system type of the specified .
						
						The  whose underlying system type is to be compared with the underlying system type of the current .
						
							
								 if the underlying system type of  is the same
   as the underlying system type of the current ; otherwise, .
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the fully qualified name of the type represented by 
      the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the fully qualified name of the .
						
						
							
								For example, the
      fully qualified name of the C# string type is "System.String".
							
							
								This property is
      read-only.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
property.
							using System;
class TestType {
 public static void Main() {
 Type t = typeof(Array);
 Console.WriteLine("Full name of Array type is {0}",t.FullName);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Full name of
   Array type is System.Array
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the number of dimensions in the current .
						
						
							A  containing the number of dimensions in the  current
.
						
						The current  is  not an array.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.TypeAttributes
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived type implements the 
property and returns the attributes specified for the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  value that signifies the attributes of the
   type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							
								This property is read-only.
								This method returns a  value that indicates the attributes set in
      the metadata of the type represented by the current
      instance.
							
							
								Use this property to determine the
   visibility, semantics, and layout format of the type represented by the
   current. Also use this property to determine if the type represented by
   the current instance has a special name.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a constructor defined in the type represented by the current
      instance. The parameters of the constructor match the specified argument types
      and modifiers, under the specified binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns null. 
						
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the constructor to be returned.
						
						The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
							A  object that reflects the constructor
   that matches the specified criteria. If an exact match does not exist,
 will attempt to coerce the parameter types specified in 
 to select a match. If  is unable to select a 
   match, returns  . If the type represented by the current
   instance is contained in a loaded assembly, the constructor that matches the
   specified criteria is not public, and the caller does not have sufficient
   permissions, returns .
						
						
							
								 is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   constructors to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public constructors
      in the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public
      constructors (that is, private and protected constructors) in the
      search.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a public instance constructor defined in the type represented by the
      current instance. The parameters of the constructor match the specified argument
      types.
						
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the constructor to be returned. Specify  to obtain a constructor that takes no parameters.
						
						
							A  object representing the public instance
   constructor whose parameters match exactly the types in  , if found;
   otherwise, . If the type represented by the current
   instance is contained in a loaded assembly, the constructor that matches the
   specified criteria is not public, and the caller does not have sufficient
   permissions, returns . 
						
						
							
								 is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( | , ,
, ).
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of the public constructors defined in the type represented
      by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the public constructors
   defined in the type represented by the current instance. If no public
   constructors are defined in the type represented by the current instance,
   returns an empty array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( | ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of constructors defined in the type represented by the
      current instance, under the specified binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the constructors that
   are defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the
   constraints of . If  and  are specified, this array
   includes the type initializer if it is defined. If no constructors meeting the
   constraints of  are defined in the type represented by the
   current instance, returns an empty array. If the type represented by the current
   instance is contained in a loaded assembly, the constructors that match the
   specified criteria are not public, and the caller does not have sufficient
   permission, returns  .
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   constructors to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public constructors
      in the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public
      constructors (that is, private and protected constructors) in the
      search.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MemberInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the default members
   defined in the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects reflecting the default members of the
   type represented by the current instance. If the type represented by the current
   instance does not have any default members, returns an empty array.
						
						
							
								The members returned
      by this method have the 
      attribute.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							Returns the element type of the current 
.
						
						
							A  that represents 
   the type used to create the current instance if the current
   instance represents an array, pointer, or an argument
   passed by reference. Otherwise, returns 
   .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method.
							using System;
class TestType {
 public static void Main() {
 int[] array = {1,2,3};
 Type t = array.GetType();
 Type t2 = t.GetElementType();
 Console.WriteLine("{0} element type is {1}",array, t2.ToString());

 TestType newMe = new TestType();
 t = newMe.GetType();
 t2 = t.GetElementType();
 Console.WriteLine("{0} element type is {1}", newMe, t2==null? "null" : t2.ToString());
 }
}

							The output is
							
								System.Int32[] element type is System.Int32
								TestType element type is null
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.EventInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object reflecting the public event that has the
   specified name and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the public event to be returned.
						
							A  object 
   reflecting the public event that is named
 and is defined in the type represented by the current instance, if 
   found; otherwise, .
						
						
							 is .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( ,  |  |  ).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.EventInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object reflecting the event that has the
   specified name, is defined in the type represented by the current instance, and
   matches the specified binding constraints.
						
						A  containing the name of the event to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns null. 
						
						
							A  object reflecting the event that is named
, is defined in the type represented by the current instance, and 
   matches the constraints of . If an event
   matching these criteria is not found, returns . If the event is not
   public, the current instance represents
   a type from a loaded assembly, and the caller does not have sufficient
   permission, returns .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The following  are used to define which
   events to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public events in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public
      events(that is, private and protected events) in the search.
								
							
							The following  value can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the events
      declared on the type, not events that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.EventInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the public events
   defined in the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the public events
   defined in the type represented by the current instance. If no public events
   are defined in the type represented by the current instance, returns an empty
   array.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								This version of  is
   equivalent to ( |  | ).
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.EventInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the events that are
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the specified
   binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns null. 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the events that are
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the
   constraints of  . If no events match
   these constraints, returns an empty array. If the type reflected by the current
   instance is from a loaded assembly and the caller does not have permission to
   reflect on non-public objects in loaded assemblies, returns only public
   events.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   events to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public events in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public
      events (that is, private and protected events) in the
      search.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.FieldInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object reflecting the field that has the
   specified name, is defined in the type represented by the current instance, and
   matches the specified binding constraints.
						
						A  containing the name of the field to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object reflecting the field that is named
, is defined in the type represented by the current instance, and 
   matches the constraints of . If a field matching these criteria
   cannot be found, returns . If the field is not public, the current type is
   from a loaded assembly, and the caller does not have sufficient permission,
   returns .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The following  are used to define which
   fields to include in the search:
							
								
									
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      Specify  to include public fields in
      the search.
								
								
									
      Specify  to include non-public fields
      (that is, private and protected fields) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the fields
   declared in the type, not fields that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.FieldInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object reflecting the field that has the
   specified name and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the field to be returned.
						
							A  object reflecting the field that is named
 and is defined in the type represented by the current instance, if 
   found; otherwise, . If the selected field is non-public, the type represented by the
   current instance is from a loaded assembly and the caller does not have
   sufficient permission to reflect on non-public objects in loaded assemblies,
   returns .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							This version of  is equivalent to (
,  |  |  ).
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.FieldInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the public fields
   defined in the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the public fields
   defined in the type represented by the current instance. If no public fields
   are defined in the type represented by the current instance, returns an empty
   array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (  |  |  ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.FieldInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the fields that are
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the specified
   binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the fields that are
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the
   constraints of  . If no fields match
   these constraints, returns an empty array. If the type represented by the
   current instance is from a loaded assembly and the caller does not have
   sufficient permission to reflect on non-public objects in loaded assemblies,
   returns only public fields.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   fields to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or  in
      order to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public fields in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public fields
      (that is, private and protected fields) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the fields
      declared in the type, not fields that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of a type in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides 
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the specified interface,
      specifying whether to do a case-sensitive search.
						
						A  containing the name of the interface to return.
						
							 A  where indicates that the name search is to be done case-insensitively, and  performs a case-sensitive search.
						
						
							A  object representing
   the interface with the specified name, implemented or inherited by the type
   represented by the instance, if found; otherwise, .
						
						
							 is . 
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Searches for the interface with the specified name.
      
						
						A  containing the name of the interface to get. 
						
							 A  object
   representing the interface with the specified name, implemented or inherited by
   the current , if found; otherwise, .
   
						
						
							 is . 
						
							 The search for  is case-sensitive.
   
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns all interfaces implemented or inherited by the
      type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects representing the interfaces implemented or
   inherited by the type represented by the current instance. If no interfaces are
   found, returns an empty  array.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MemberInfo[]
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the members defined in
   the type represented by the current instance that have the specified name
   and match the specified binding constraints.
						
						A  containing the name of the member to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the members
   named , are defined in the type represented by the current instance
   and match the constraints of  .
   If no members match these constraints, returns an empty array.
   If the selected member is non-public, the type reflected by the current instance is from a
   loaded assembly and the caller does not have sufficient permission to reflect on
   non-public objects in loaded assemblies, returns  .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members
   declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MemberInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the public members that
   have the specified name and are defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the members to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the public members that
   are named  and are defined in the type represented by the current instance. If no public
   members with the specified name are defined in the type represented by the
   current instance, returns an empty array.
						
						
							 is . 
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( ,  |  |  ).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MemberInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the members that are
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the specified
   binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the members
   defined in the type represented by the current instance that match the
   constraints of  . If no members match these constraints,
   returns an empty array. If the type represented by the current instance is from
   a loaded assembly and the caller does not have sufficient permission to reflect
   on non-public objects in loaded assemblies, returns only public members.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MemberInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the public members
   defined in the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the public members
   defined in the type represented by the current instance. If no public members
   are defined in the type represented by the current instance, returns an empty
   array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ( |  | ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the method that matches the
   specified criteria and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the method to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the method to be returned.
						
						The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
							A  object that reflects
   the method defined in the type represented by the current instance that
   matches the specified criteria. If no method matching the specified criteria is found, returns
 . If the 
   selected method is non-public, the type reflected by
   the current instance is from a loaded assembly, and the caller
   does not have permission to reflect on non-public objects in loaded assemblies,
   returns .
						
						More than one method matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is .
							-or-
							At least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the method that has the
   specified name and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the method to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object
   that reflects the method that is defined
   in the type represented by the current instance and matches the specified
   criteria, if found; otherwise, .
						
						More than one method matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							 is .
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  ,
, , ).
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public method that
   has the specified name and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the public method to be returned.
						
							A  object reflecting the public method that is
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and has the specified
   name, if found; otherwise, .
						
						More than one method matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							 is . 
						
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | , ,
, ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public method defined in
   the type represented by the current instance that has the specified name and parameter
   information.
						
						A  containing the name of the public method to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the method to be returned.
						
						
							A  object reflecting
   the public method defined in the type represented by the current instance
   that matches the specified criteria. If no public method matching the specified criteria
   is found, returns  . 
						
						More than one method matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is .
							-or-
							At least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | , ,
, ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public method that
   has the specified name and is defined in the type represented by the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing the name of the public method to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the method to be returned.
						
						The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
							A  object reflecting the public method that is
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and matches the
   specified criteria, if found; otherwise, .
						
						More than one method matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is .
							-or-
							At least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The default binder does not process
       . 
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							This version of  is equivalent to  ( ,  | | , , , ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the methods defined in the type
   represented by the current instance that match the specified binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects reflecting the methods defined in the type
   represented by the current instance that match the constraints of
 . If no such methods found, returns an 
   empty array. If the type represented by the current instance is from a loaded
   assembly and the caller does not have permission to reflect on non-public
   objects in loaded assemblies, returns only public methods.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								As described above.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.MethodInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns the public methods defined in the type represented by the current
      instance.
						
						
							An array of  objects reflecting the public methods defined in the
   type represented by the current instance under the constraints of
. If no methods matching the constraints are found, returns an 
   empty array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (  |  |  ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the public nested type defined in the type represented by the current instance
						
						A  containing the name of the public nested type to return. Specify the unqualified name of the nested type. For example, for a type B nested within A, if typeA represents the type object for A, the correct invocation is typeA.GetNestedType("B"). 
						
						
							A  object
   representing the public nested type with the specified
   name, if found; otherwise, .
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							This version of  is equivalent to (, ).
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a nested types defined in the type represented by the current instance that match the specified binding constraints.
						
						A  containing the name of the nested type to return. Specify the unqualified name of the nested type. For example, for a type B nested within A, if typeA represents the type object for A, the correct invocation is typeA.GetNestedType("B").
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object representing the nested type that
   matches the specified criteria, if found; otherwise, . If the selected nested
   type is non-public, the current instance represents a type contained in a loaded
   assembly and the caller does not have sufficient permissions, returns
 
.
						
						
							 is . 
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns all the public types nested within the current .
						
						
							An array of  objects representing all public types nested within the type
   represented by the current instance, if any. Otherwise, returns an empty  array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ().
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns an array containing the nested types defined in
      the type represented by the current instance that match the specified binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects representing all types nested within the type
   represented by the current instance that match the specified binding constraints,
   if any. Otherwise, returns an empty  array. If the type reflected by the current instance is
   contained in a loaded assembly, the type that matches the specified criteria is
   not public, and the caller does not have sufficient permission, returns only
   public types.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the properties
   defined for the type represented by the current instance that match the specified
   binding constraints.
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							An array of  objects that reflect the properties
   defined in the type represented by the current instance and match the
   constraints of  . If no matching properties are found,
   returns an empty array. If the type represented by the current instance is from
   a loaded assembly and the caller does not have permission to reflect on
   non-public objects in loaded assemblies, returns only public properties.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								A property is considered by
   reflection to be  if it has at least one accessor that is
 . Otherwise, the property is not
.
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo[]
					
					
					
						

							Returns an array of  objects that reflect the public properties
   defined in the type represented by the current instance.
						
						
							An array of  
objects that reflect the public properties defined in the type
represented by the current instance. If no public properties are found, returns
an empty array.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
 |  |  ).
							A property is considered by reflection
   to be  if it has at least one accessor that is
. Otherwise, the property is considered to be not 
.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public property
   defined in the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified search
   criteria.
						
						A  containing the name of the public property to be returned.
						A  object that represents the type of the public property to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the indexer to be returned. Specify  for a property that is not indexed.
						
						
							A  object
   reflecting the public property defined in the type represented by
   the current instance that matches the specified criteria. If no matching property is
   found, returns  . 
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							 has more than one dimension.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | ,
, , , 
).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							Different programming languages use different syntax to 
   specify indexed properties. Internally, this property is referred to by the name
   "Item" in the metadata. Therefore, any attempt to retrieve an indexed
   property using reflection is required to
   specify this internal name in order for the  to be returned correctly.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public property defined
   in the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified search
   criteria.
						
						A  containing the name of the public property to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the indexer to be returned. Specify  to obtain a property that is not indexed.
						
						
							A  object reflecting the public property defined
   on the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified
   criteria. If no matching property is found, returns  .
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | ,
, , , 
).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							Different programming languages use different syntax to 
   specify indexed properties. Internally, this property is referred to by the name
   "Item" in the metadata. Therefore, any attempt to retrieve an indexed property
   using reflection is required to
   specify this internal name in order for the  to be returned correctly.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  
object that reflects the public property defined in the type represented by the current
instance that matches the specified search criteria.
						
						A  containing the name of the property to be returned.
						A  object that represents the type of the property to be returned.
						
							A  object reflecting the public property defined 
   on the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified
   criteria. If no matching property is found, returns  .
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | ,
, , , 
).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the public
   property defined in the type represented by the current instance that has the specified
   name.
						
						A  containing the name of the property to be returned.
						
							A  object reflecting the public property defined 
   on the type represented by the current instance that has the specified name. If
   no matching property is found, returns  . 
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,  |  | ,
, , , 
).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the property defined
   in the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified search
   criteria.
						
						A  containing the name of the property to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A 
object reflecting the property defined in the type represented by
the current instance that matches the specified criteria. If no matching property is
found, returns  . If the type reflected by the current
instance is contained in a loaded assembly, the property that matches the
specified criteria is not public, and the caller does not have sufficient
permission, returns .
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							This version of  is equivalent to (, ,
, , , 
).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that reflects the property
   defined in the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified search
   criteria .
						
						A  containing the name of the property to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						A  object that represents the type of the property to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the indexer to be returned. Specify  to obtain a property that is not indexed.
						
						The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
							A  object
   reflecting the property that is defined in the type represented by the
   current instance and matches the specified criteria. If no matching property is
   found, returns  . If the type reflected by the current
   instance is contained in a loaded assembly, the property that matches the
   specified criteria is not public, and the caller does not have sufficient
   permission, returns .
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ,
, , ).
							The search for  is case-sensitive.
							 Different programming languages use different syntax to
   specify indexed properties. Internally, this property is referred to by the name
   "Item" in the metadata. Therefore, any attempt to retrieve an indexed property
   using reflection is required to specify this internal
   name in order for the  to be returned correctly.
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Reflection.PropertyInfo
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class implements the 
    
   method and returns a  object that reflects the property defined
   in the type represented by the current instance that matches the specified search
   criteria.
						
						A  containing the name of the property to be returned.
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified, this method returns  . 
						
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						A  object that represents the type of the property to be returned.
						
							An array of  objects. The elements in the array are of the same number, in the same order, and represent the same types as the parameters for the indexer to be returned. Specify  to obtain a property that is not indexed.
						
						The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
							A  object representing the property that matches the
   specified search criteria, if found; otherwise, . If the type reflected by the current
   instance is from a loaded assembly, the matching property is not
   public, and the caller does not have permission to reflect on non-public
   objects in loaded assemblies, returns .
						
						More than one property matching the specified criteria was found.
						
							
								 or  is , or at least one of the elements in  is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
						
						
							The following  are used to define which
   members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								 Different
   programming languages use different syntax to specify indexed properties.
   Internally, this property is referred to by the name "Item" in the metadata.
   Therefore, any attempt to retrieve an indexed property using reflection is required to
   specify this internal name in order for the  to be returned correctly.

							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the 
with the specified name, optionally performing a case-sensitive search
and throwing an exception if an error occurs while loading the .
						
						A  containing the name of the  to return.
						
							 A . Specify  to throw a  if an error occurs while loading the . Specify  to ignore errors while loading the .
						
						
							 A . Specify to perform a case-insensitive search for  Specify  to perform a case-sensitive search for  .
						
						
							The  with the specified name, if found; otherwise, . If the
   requested type is non-public and the caller does not have permission to reflect non-public objects
   outside the current assembly, this method returns .
						
						
							 is .
						A type initializer was invoked and threw an exception.
						
							 is  and an error was encountered while loading the selected .
						
							
								 can be a simple
   type name, a fully qualified name, or a complex name that includes an assembly
   name. 
									
   returns a fully qualified type name including nested types
   and the assembly name. 
							
							If  includes only the name of the , this method searches in the
calling object's assembly, then in the mscorlib.dll assembly. If
 
is fully qualified with the partial or complete assembly name, this
method searches in the specified assembly.
							
								
									
								
								 The following table shows calls to
 for various types.
								
									
										To Get
										Use
									
									
										 An
         unmanaged pointer to 
										
										
											Type.GetType("MyType*")
										
									
									
										 An
         unmanaged pointer to a pointer to 
										
										
											Type.GetType("MyType**")
										
									
									
										 A
         managed pointer
         or
         reference to 
										
										
											Type.GetType("MyType&"). Note that unlike pointers, references are
      limited to one level.
									
									
										 A parent class and a nested class
										
											Type.GetType("MyParentClass+MyNestedClass")
										
									
									
										 A one-dimensional array with a lower bound of 0
										
											Type.GetType("MyArray[]")
										
									
									
										 A one-dimensional array with an unknown lower bound
										
											Type.GetType("MyArray[*]")
										
									
									
										 An n-dimensional array
										A comma (,) inside the brackets a total of n-1
      times. For example, System.Object[,,] represents a three-dimensional
 
array.
									
									
										 A
      two-dimensional array's array
										
											Type.GetType("MyArray[][]")
										
									
									
										 A rectangular two-dimensional array with unknown lower bounds
										
											Type.GetType("MyArray[*,*]")or Type.GetType("MyArray[,]")
										
									
								
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the  with the specified name, optionally throwing an
   exception if an error occurs while loading the  .
						
						A  containing the case-sensitive name of the  to return.
						
							A . Specify  to throw a  if an error occurs while loading the . Specify  to ignore errors while loading the .
						
						
							The  with the specified name, if found; otherwise,  . If the
   requested type is non-public and the caller does not have permission to reflect non-public objects
   outside the current assembly, this method returns  .
						
						
							 is . 
						A type initializer was invoked and threw an exception.
						
							 is  and an error was encountered while loading the .
						
							This method is equivalent to (, , 
).
							
								 can be a simple
type name, a fully qualified name, or a complex name that includes an assembly
name specification. If  includes only the name of the , this method searches in the
calling object's assembly, then in the mscorlib.dll assembly. If
 
is fully qualified with the partial or complete assembly name, this method
searches in the specified assembly.
							
								
									 can return a fully
qualified type name including nested types and the assembly name. For complete
details, see (, , ). 
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public objects. See 
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the  with the specified name.
						
						A  containing the case-sensitive name of the  to return.
						
							The  with the specified name, if found; otherwise, . If the
   requested type is non-public and the caller does not have permission to reflect
   non-public objects outside the current assembly, this method returns
.
						
						
							 is . 
						A type initializer was invoked and threw an exception.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, ,
).
							
								 can be a simple
type name, a type name that includes a namespace, or a complex name that
includes an assembly name specification. If  includes only the name of the , this method
searches in the calling object's assembly, then in the mscorlib.dll assembly. If
 
is fully qualified with the partial or complete assembly name, this method
searches in the specified assembly.
							
								
									 can return a fully qualified type name including
   nested types and the assembly name. For complete details, see (, , ).
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the types of the objects in the specified array.
      
						
						An array of objects whose types are to be returned. 
						
							 An array of  objects representing the types of the corresponding
   elements in . If a requested type is not public
   and the caller does not have permission to
   reflect non-public objects outside the current assembly, the corresponding element in the
   array returned by this method will be .
   
						
						
							 is . 
						The type initializers were invoked and at least one threw an exception. 
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Type
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets the  referenced by the specified type handle.
						
						The  object that refers to the desired .
						
							The  referenced by the specified .
						
						
							 is .
						The requested type is non-public and outside the current assembly, and the caller does not have the required permission.
						A type initializer was invoked and threw an exception.
						
							The handles are valid only in the application domain in which they were obtained. 
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public objects. See 
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.RuntimeTypeHandle
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the handle for the  of the specified object.
						
						The object for which to get the type handle.
						
							The  for the  of the specified .
						
						
							The handle is valid only in the application domain in which it was obtained. 
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the type represented by the 
   current instance encompasses or refers
   to another type; that is, whether the current  is an array, a pointer, or is passed by reference.
						
						
							
								 if the  is an array, a pointer, or is passed by reference; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								For example, (" []").HasElementType returns
, but (" ").HasElementType returns
.  also returns
 for "Int32*" and "Int32&".
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class, implements the  property and
   determines whether the current  encompasses or
   refers to another type; that is,
   whether the current  is an array, a pointer, or is passed by
   reference.
						
						
							
								 if the  is an array, a pointer, or is passed by reference; otherwise, . 
						
						
							
								For example, 
    ("System.Int32[]").HasElementTypeImpl returns
   , but  ("System.Int32").HasElementTypeImpl returns
   .  also returns  for "System.Int32*" and "System.Int32&".
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Invokes the specified member, using the specified binding constraints
      and matching the specified argument list and culture.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the constructor or method to invoke, or property or field to access. If the type represented by the current instance has a default member, specify  to invoke that member. For more information on default members, see  .
							
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified,  |  is used by default. 
						
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						A  on which to invoke the member that matches the other specified criteria. If the matching member is  , this parameter is ignored.
						An array of objects containing the arguments to pass to the member to be invoked. The elements of this array are of the same number and in the same order by assignment-compatible type as specified by the contract of the member to be bound. Specify an empty array or  for a member that has no parameters.
						
							The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
						
							A 
containing the return value of the invoked member. If the invoked member does
not have a return value, returns a  containing  .
						
						
							
								
								 is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							-or-
							
								 is not a valid  value.
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a constructor and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a method that is not a type initializer or instance constructor, and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a field, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a property, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and at least one of , , , , or .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains and at least one of  or .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and  has more than one element.
						
						A field or property matching the specified criteria was not found.
						A method matching the specified criteria was not found.
						The requested member is non-public and the caller does not have the required permission.
						The member matching the specified criteria cannot be invoked on .
						The member matching the specified criteria threw an exception.
						More than one member matches the specified criteria.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (
, , , , , 
, ,  ). 
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
						
							 For an example that demonstrates
    , see (
   , ,
   , , [], [], , []).
      
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Invokes the specified member, using the specified binding constraints and
      matching the specified argument list.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the constructor or method to invoke, or property or field to access. If the type represented by the current instance has a default member, specify  to invoke that member. For more information on default members, see  .
							
						
						A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified,  |  is used by default.
						
							A  object that defines a set of properties and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use the  .
						
						A  on which to invoke the member that matches the other specified criteria. If the matching member is  , this parameter is ignored.
						An array of objects containing the arguments to pass to the member to be invoked. The elements of this array are of the same number and in the same order by assignment-compatible type as specified by the contract of the member to be bound. Specify an empty array or  for a member that has no parameters.
						
							A 
containing the return value of the invoked member. If the invoked member does
not have a return value, returns a  containing  .
						
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							-or-
							
								 is not a valid  value.
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a constructor and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a method that is not a type initializer or instance constructor, and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a field, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a property, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and at least one of , , , , or .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and at least one of  or .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and  has more than one element.
						
						A field or property matching the specified criteria was not found.
						A method matching the specified criteria cannot be found.
						The requested member is non-public and the caller does not have the required permission.
						The member matching the specified criteria cannot be invoked on .
						The member matching the specified criteria threw an exception.
						More than one member matches the specified criteria.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ,
, , , , 
).
							
								For a demonstration of the use of
, see the example for ( 
, , 
, , [], [], , []).
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Invokes or
      accesses a member defined on the type represented by the current instance
      that matches the specified binding criteria.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the constructor or method to invoke, or property or field to access. If the type represented by the current instance has a default member, specify  to invoke that member. For more information on default members, see  .
							
						
						
							A bitwise combination of  values that control the binding process. If zero is specified,  |  is used by default.
							
						
						A  that defines a set of properties, and enables the binding, coercion of argument types, and invocation of members using reflection. Specify  to use.
						A  on which to invoke the member that matches the other specified criteria. If the matching member is  , this parameter is ignored.
						An array of objects containing the arguments to pass to the member to be invoked. The elements of this array are of the same number and in the same order by assignment-compatible type as specified by the contract of the member to be bound if and only if  is . If  is not , the order of the elements in  corresponds to the order of the parameters specified in . Specify an empty array or  for a member that takes no parameters.
						
							The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
						
							The only defined value for this parameter is  .
						
						An array of  objects containing the names of the parameters to which the values in  are passed. These names are processed in a case-sensitive manner and have a one-to-one correspondence with the elements of . Specify an empty array or  for a member that takes no parameters. Specify  to have this parameter ignored.
						
							A 
containing the return value of the invoked or accessed member. If the member
does not have a return value, returns a  containing  .
						
						
							
								 is .
						
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							-or-
							
								 is not a valid  value.
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a constructor and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be invoked is a method that is not a type initializer or instance constructor, and  is not specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a field, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							The member to be accessed is a property, and neither  nor  is specified in .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and at least one of , , , , or .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains both  and .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and at least one of  or .
							-or-
							
								 contains  and  has more than one element.
							-or-
							
								.Length > .Length .
							-or-
							At least one element in  is .
							-or-
							At least one element in  is not assignment-compatible with the corresponding parameter in .
						
						A field or property matching the specified criteria was not found.
						A method matching the specified criteria cannot be found.
						The requested member is non-public and the caller does not have the required permission.
						The member matching the specified criteria cannot be invoked on .
						The member matching the specified criteria threw an exception.
						More than one member matches the specified criteria.
						
							
								 calls a constructor or a method , gets or sets a property , gets or sets a field, or gets or sets an element of an array.
							 The binder finds all of the matching members. These
   members are found based upon the type of binding specified by  . The  is
   responsible for selecting the method to be invoked. The default binder selects
   the most specific match. The set of members is then filtered by name, number of
   arguments, and a set of search modifiers defined in the binder. After the member is selected, it is invoked or accessed.
   Accessibility is checked at that point. Access restrictions are ignored for fully trusted code; that is, private constructors, methods, fields, and properties can be accessed and invoked via reflection whenever the code is fully trusted.
							The following  are used to define which
members to include in the search:
							
								
									
      Specify either  or 
      to get a return value other than .
								
								
									
      Specify  to include public members in
      the search.
								
								
									
      Specify  to include non-public members
      (that is, private and protected members) in the search.
								
							
							The following  values can be used to change how the
search works:
							
								
									
										 to search only the members 
      declared in the type, not members that were simply inherited.
								
								
									
										 to ignore the case of
   .
								
							
							
								For more information, see .
							
							
								Each parameter in the  array is assigned the value in the
   corresponding element in the  array. If the length of  is
   greater than the length of , the remaining argument values
   are passed in order.
								A member will be found only
   if the number of parameters in the member declaration equals the number of
   arguments in the args array (unless default arguments are defined on the
   member). Also, The type of each argument is required to be convertible by
   the binder to the type
   of the parameter. 
								It is required that the caller specify values for  as
follows:
								
									
										
											Action
											BindingFlags
										
										
											 Invoke a constructor. 
											
												. This
      flag is not valid with the other flags in this table. If this flag is
      specified,  is ignored. 
										
										
											 Invoke a method. 
											
												. This
   flag if not valid with , , or . 
										
										
											 Define a field value. 
											
												. This
   flag is not valid with , , or .
										
										
											 Return a field value. 
											
												. This
   flag is not valid with , , or .
										
										
											 Set a property. 
											
												. This
   flag is not valid with , , or .
										
										
											 Get a property.
											
												. This
   flag is not valid with , , or .
										
									
								
								
									For more information, see  .
								
							
							
								
									 can be used to invoke methods with
   parameters that have default values. To bind to these methods,  must be specified. For a parameter that has a
   default value, the caller can supply a value or supply 
   
   to use the default value.
								
									 can be used to set a field to a
particular value by specifying  . For example, to set a public instance field named F on class C, where F is a string, the value is set using the following statement:
								
									typeof(C).InvokeMember("F", BindingFlags.SetField, null, C, new Object{
   "strings new value"}, null, null, null);
								
								 A string array F can be initialized as follows:
								
									typeof(C).InvokeMember("F", BindingFlags.SetField, null, C, new Object{new
      String[]{"a","z","c","d"}, null, null, null);
								
								 Use  to set the value of an element in an array by specifying the index of the value and the new value for the element as follows:
								
									typeof(C).InvokeMember("F", BindingFlags.SetField, null, C, new Object{1,
   "b"}, null, null, null);
								
								The preceding statement changes "z" in array
   F to "b". 
							
						
						Requires permission to retrieve information on non-public members of types in loaded assemblies. See .
						
							The following example demonstrates the use of  to
   construct a , obtain its  property, invoke  on it, and
   then set its value using the  field.
							using System;
using System.Reflection;

class InvokeMemberExample
{
   static void Main(string[] args)
   {
      // Create the parameter arrays that will
      // be passed to InvokeMember.
      char[] cAry = 
      new char[] {'A',' ','s','t','r','i','n','g'};
      object[] oAry = new object[] {cAry, 0, cAry.Length};

      Type t = typeof(string);

      // Invoke the constructor of a string.
      string str =
         (string)t.InvokeMember(null, BindingFlags.Instance |
         BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.CreateInstance, null,
         null, oAry, null, null, null);
      Console.WriteLine("The string is \"{0}\".", str);

      // Access a property of the string.
      int i =
         (int) t.InvokeMember("Length", BindingFlags.Instance |
         BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.GetProperty, null, 
         str, null, null, null, null);
      Console.WriteLine("The length of the string is {0}.", i);

      // Invoke a method on the string.
      string newStr = "new ";
      object[] oAry2 = new Object[] {2, newStr};
      str = (string) t.InvokeMember("Insert", BindingFlags.Instance |
         BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null, str, 
         oAry2, null, null, null);
      Console.WriteLine("The modified string is \"{0}\".", str);

      // Access a field of the string.
      str = (string) t.InvokeMember("Empty", BindingFlags.Static | 
         BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.GetField, null, str, 
         null);
      Console.WriteLine("The empty string is \"{0}\".", str);
  
   }
}

							The output is 
							
								The string is "A string". 
								The length of the string is 8. 
								 The modified string is "A new string"
								The empty string is "". 
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating 
   whether the type represented by the current instance is abstract and is required to be overridden.
						
						
							
								 if the  is abstract; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value that indicates whether the current  represents an array.
						
						
							
								 if the current  represents an
   array; otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property returns  for an array of objects, but
   not for the 
   type itself, which is a class.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
property.
							using System;
class TestType {
 public static void Main() {
 int [] array = {1,2,3,4};
 Type at = typeof(Array);
 Type t = array.GetType();
 Console.WriteLine("Type is {0}. IsArray? {1}", at, at.IsArray);
 Console.WriteLine("Type is {0}. IsArray? {1}", t, t.IsArray);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Type is System.Array. IsArray? False
								Type is System.Int32[]. IsArray? True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class implements the  property returning a
 value that indicates whether
   the type represented by the current instance is an array.
						
						
							
								 if the  is an array; otherwise, . 
						
						
							An instance of the  class is required to return  because it is an object, not an
   array.As described above.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether an instance of the current  can be assigned
   from an instance of the specified  .
   
						
						The  to compare with the current  . 
						
							
								 if  is a null reference.
							
								 if one or more of the following
statements are true; otherwise . 
							
								
									
      
      If  and the current  represent the same type.
								
								
									
      
      If the current  is in the inheritance hierarchy of .
								
								
									
      
      If the current  is an interface and  supports that
      interface.
								
							
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method using arrays.
							using System;
class ArrayTypeTest {
 public static void Main() {
 int i = 1;
 int [] array10 = new int [10];
 int [] array2 = new int[2];
 int [,]array22 = new int[2,2];
 int [,]array24 = new int[2,4];
 int [,,]array333 = new int[3,3,3];
 Type array10Type = array10.GetType();
 Type array2Type = array2.GetType();
 Type array22Type = array22.GetType();
 Type array24Type = array24.GetType();
 Type array333Type = array333.GetType();

 // If X and Y are not both arrays, then false
 Console.WriteLine("int[2] is assignable from int? {0} ", array2Type.IsAssignableFrom(i.GetType()));
 // If X and Y have same type and rank, then true.
 Console.WriteLine("int[2] is assignable from int[10]? {0} ",  array2Type.IsAssignableFrom(array10Type));
 Console.WriteLine("int[2,2] is assignable from int[2,4]? {0}",  array22Type.IsAssignableFrom(array24Type));
 Console.WriteLine("int[2,4] is assignable from int[2,2]? {0}",  array24Type.IsAssignableFrom(array22Type));
 Console.WriteLine("");
 // If X and Y do not have the same rank, then false.
 Console.WriteLine("int[2,2] is assignable from int[10]? {0}",  array22Type.IsAssignableFrom(array10Type));
 Console.WriteLine("int[2,2] is assignable from int[3,3,3]? {0}",  array22Type.IsAssignableFrom(array333Type));
 Console.WriteLine("int[3,3,3] is assignable from int[2,2]? {0}",  array333Type.IsAssignableFrom(array22Type));
 }
}

							The output is
							
								int[2] is assignable from int? False
								int[2] is assignable from int[10]? True
								int[2,2] is assignable from int[2,4]? True
								int[2,4] is assignable from int[2,2]? True
								int[2,2] is assignable from int[10]? False
								int[2,2] is assignable from int[3,3,3]? False
								int[3,3,3] is assignable from int[2,2]? False
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating
   whether the type layout attribute  is specified for the .
						
						
							
								 if the type
   layout attribute  is specified for the current ; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  attribute specifies that the system
      selects the layout the objects of the type. Types marked with this attribute indicate that the
      system will choose the appropriate way to lay out the type; any layout information
      that may have been specified is ignored. 
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the  is
   passed by reference.
						
						
							
								 if the  is passed by reference; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class, implements the 
property and determines whether the  is passed by reference.
						
						
							
								 if the  is passed by reference; otherwise, . 
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value that indicates whether the current  represents a class.
						
						
							
								 if the current  represents a class;
   otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							Note that this property returns  for
 instances 
   representing  and  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Reserved.
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							This abstract method is required to be present for
      legacy implementations. Conforming implementations are permitted to throw the
   
   as their implementation.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value that indicates whether the current  represents an enumeration.
						
						
							
								 if the current  represents an
   enumeration; otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property returns  for an enumeration, but not
   for the 
   type itself, which is a class.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the 
property.
							using System;
public enum Color {
Red, Blue, Green
}
class TestType {
 public static void Main() {
 Type colorType = typeof(Color);
 Type enumType = typeof(Enum);
 Console.WriteLine("Color is enum ? {0}", colorType.IsEnum);
 Console.WriteLine("Color is valueType? {0}", colorType.IsValueType);
 Console.WriteLine("Enum is enum Type? {0}", enumType.IsEnum);
 Console.WriteLine("Enum is value? {0}", enumType.IsValueType);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Color is enum ? True
								Color is valueType? True
								Enum is enum Type? False
								Enum is value? False
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating
   whether the type layout attribute  is specified for the .
						
						
							
								 if the type layout attribute  is specified for the current ; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								Types marked with the  attribute cause
      the system to ignore field sequence and to use the explicit layout rules provided,
      in the form of field offsets, overall class size and alignment. 
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the  was imported from another class.
						
						
							
								 if the  was imported from another class; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the specified object is an instance
      of the current .
      
						
						The object to compare with the current . 
						
							
								 if either of the following
   statements is true; otherwise .
   
							
								
									
      
      If the current  is in the inheritance hierarchy of .
								
								
									
      
      If the current  is an interface and  supports that
      interface.
								
							
							If  is a null reference, returns .
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method.
							using System;
public interface IFoo { }
public class MyClass : IFoo {}
public class MyDerivedClass : MyClass {}
class IsInstanceTest {
 public static void Main() {
 Type ifooType=typeof(IFoo);
 MyClass mc = new MyClass();
 Type mcType = mc.GetType();
 MyClass mdc = new MyDerivedClass();
 Type mdcType = mdc.GetType();
 int [] array = new int [10];
 Type arrayType = typeof(Array);
 Console.WriteLine("int[] is instance of Array? {0}", arrayType.IsInstanceOfType(array));
 Console.WriteLine("myclass instance is instance of MyClass? {0}", mcType.IsInstanceOfType(mc));
 Console.WriteLine("myderivedclass instance is instance of MyClass? {0}",  mcType.IsInstanceOfType(mdc));
 Console.WriteLine("myclass instance is instance of IFoo? {0}", ifooType.IsInstanceOfType(mc));
 Console.WriteLine("myderivedclass instance is instance of IFoo? {0}",  ifooType.IsInstanceOfType(mdc));
 }
}

							The output is 
							
								int[] is instance of Array? True
								myclass instance is instance of MyClass? True
								myderivedclass instance is instance of MyClass? True
								myclass instance is instance of IFoo? True
								myderivedclass instance is instance of IFoo? True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value that indicates whether the  current  represents an interface.
						
						
							
								 if the current   represents an
   interface; otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating
   whether the type layout attribute  is specified for the .
						
						
							
								 if the type layout attribute
 is specified for the current 
; otherwise, 
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 The  attribute is used
      to indicate that
      the system is to preserve field order as emitted, but otherwise the specific offsets are calculated based on the type
      of the field; these may be shifted by explicit offset, padding, or alignment information.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current type is marshaled by reference.
						
						
							
								 if the  is marshaled by reference; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is nested and visible only within its own assembly.
						
						
							
								 if the  is nested and visible only within its own assembly; otherwise, .
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is nested and visible only to classes that belong to both its own family and
   its own assembly.
						
						
							
								 if the  is nested
   and visible only to classes that belong to both its own family and its own assembly; otherwise, .
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
							A  object's family is defined as all objects of the exact
   same  and of its subclasses.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is nested and visible only within its
   own family.
						
						
							
								 if the  is nested
   and visible only within its own family; otherwise, .
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
							A  object's family is defined as all objects of the exact
   same  and of its subclasses.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is nested and visible only to classes that belong to either its
   own family or to its own assembly.
						
						
							
								 if the  is nested
   and visible only to classes that belong to its own family or to its own assembly; otherwise, .
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
							A  object's family is defined as all objects of the exact
   same  and of its subclasses.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is nested and declared private.
						
						
							
								 if the  is nested and declared private; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating 
   whether the current  is a public nested class.
						
						
							
								 if
   the class is nested and declared public; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the top-level  is not declared public.
						
						
							
								 if the
   top-level  is not declared public; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value that indicates whether the current  represents a pointer.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 if the current  represents a
   pointer; otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class, implements the  property and determines whether the
 is a pointer.
						
						
							
								 if the  is a pointer; otherwise, . 
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is one of the primitive types.
						
						
							
								 if the  is one of the primitive types; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The primitive types are , , , , , , , , , , , and .
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							When overridden in a derived class, implements the  property and determines whether the
 is one of the primitive types.
						
						
							
								 if the  is one of the primitive types; otherwise, . 
						
						
							
								This method 
      returns  if the underlying type of the current instance is
      one of the following: , , , , , , , , , , , and .
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the top-level  is declared public.
						
						
							
								 if the top-level  is declared public; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  is declared sealed.
						
						
							
								 if the  is declared sealed; otherwise, . 
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current  has a name that requires special handling.
						
						
							
								 if the  has a name that requires special handling; otherwise, . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								Names that begin with or contain an
      underscore character (_) are examples of type names that
      might require special treatment by some tools. 
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current  derives from the
   specified  .
						
						The  to compare with the current .
						
							
								 if  and the current
 represent 
   classes, and the class represented by the current  derives from the class represented by
; otherwise . Returns  if 
 and the current  represent the same class.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method.
							using System;
public interface IFoo { }
public interface IBar:IFoo{}
public class MyClass : IFoo {}
public class MyDerivedClass : MyClass {}
class IsSubclassTest {
 public static void Main() {
 Type ifooType = typeof(IFoo);
 Type ibarType = typeof(IBar);
 MyClass mc = new MyClass();
 Type mcType = mc.GetType();
 MyClass mdc = new MyDerivedClass();
 Type mdcType = mdc.GetType();
 int [] array = new int [10];
 Type arrayOfIntsType = array.GetType();
 Type arrayType = typeof(Array);
 
 Console.WriteLine("Array is subclass of int[]? {0}", arrayType.IsSubclassOf(arrayOfIntsType));
 Console.WriteLine("int [] is subclass of Array? {0}", arrayOfIntsType.IsSubclassOf(arrayType));
 Console.WriteLine("IFoo is subclass of IBar? {0}", ifooType.IsSubclassOf(ibarType));
 Console.WriteLine("myclass is subclass of MyClass? {0}", mcType.IsSubclassOf(mcType));
 Console.WriteLine("myderivedclass is subclass of MyClass? {0}", mdcType.IsSubclassOf(mcType));
 }
}

							The output is 
							
								Array is subclass of int[]? False
								int [] is subclass of Array? True
								IFoo is subclass of IBar? False
								myclass is subclass of MyClass? False
								myderivedclass is subclass of MyClass? True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value that indicates whether the current  represents a value type.
						
						
							
								 if the current  represents a value
   type (structure); otherwise . 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property returns true for enumerations, but not for
      the  type
      itself, which is a class. For an example
      that demonstrates this behavior, see 
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							 Represents a missing value in the  information.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							Use the  
field for invocation through reflection to ensure that a call will be made
with the default value of a parameter as specified in the metadata. If the  field is specified for a
parameter value and there is no default value for that parameter, a  is
thrown.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Reflection.Module
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the module in which the current  is defined.
						
						
							A  that reflects the module in which the current  is defined.
						
						
							
								This property is
      read-only.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the namespace of the .
						
						
							A  containing the namespace of the current .
						
						
							
								A namespace is a 
      logical design-time naming convenience, used mainly to define scope in an
      application and organize classes and other types in a hierarchical structure.
      From the viewpoint of the system, there are no namespaces.
							
							
								This property is 
      read-only.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							Gets the type that was used to obtain the current
      instance.
						
						
							The  object
   through which the current instance was obtained.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property
      overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  property. Although the method  is
   declared in , its reflected type is obtained from
 .
							using System;
using System.Reflection;
public abstract class ReflectedTypeTest {
    public abstract class MyClassA {
        public abstract int m();
    }
    public abstract class MyClassB : MyClassA {
    }
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
        Console.WriteLine("Reflected type of m is {0}",
            typeof(MyClassB).GetMethod("m").ReflectedType);
    }
}

							The output is 
							
								Reflected type of m is ReflectedTypeTest+MyClassB
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  representation of the current .
   
						
						
							Returns  .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides 
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.RuntimeTypeHandle
					
					
					
						

							Gets the handle for the current .
						
						
							The  for the current .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  encapsulates a pointer to an internal data structure that represents the type. This
   handle is unique during the process lifetime. The handle is valid only in
   the application domain in which it was obtained.
						
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the initializer for thetype
   represented by the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the name of the static
   constructor for the type represented by the current instance
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								Type initializers are available through ,
, and .
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Type
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the system-supplied type
      that represents the current type.
						
						
							The underlying system type for the .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described 
      above.
							
						
					
					1
					Reflection
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when an exception is thrown inside the
      static constructor of a type.
				
				
					 When a static constructor fails to initialize a type, a
    instance is created and passed a reference to the exception
      thrown by the static constructor. The  property stores the exception that was thrown
      by the static constructor.
				
				
					The following example demonstrates an error that causes
      a  exception.
					using System;
class TypeInit {
    // Static constructor
   static TypeInit () {
          // Throw an application-defined exception.
        throw new ApplicationException("Error in Class TypeInit");
    }
    public TypeInit() {}
}
class TestTypeInit {
    static public void Main() {
        try {
            TypeInit t = new TypeInit ();
        }
        catch (TypeInitializationException e) {
            Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}",e);
        }
    }
}
   
					The output is
					
Error: System.TypeInitializationException: The type initializer for "TypeInit" threw an exception. ---> System.ApplicationException: Error in Class TypeInit
   at TypeInit..cctor()
   --- End of inner exception stack trace ---
   at TypeInit..ctor()
   at TestTypeInit.Main()
 
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the fully qualified name of the type that causes the
      exception.
						
						
							A  that contains the fully qualified name of the type that caused the exception.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property returns the same value as was
   passed into the constructor.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents a 16-bit unsigned integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from 0 to
   positive 65,535 (hexadecimal 0xFFFF).
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value
   that reflects the sort order of the current instance as compared to
. The following table defines the
conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the same value and type.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the
   same value and type as the current instance. If  is a null reference
   or is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified. 
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
					65535
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 65,535 (hexadecimal 
 0xFFFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
					0
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 0.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For more information, see
.
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use ().
							
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class UInt16ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <UInt16> {1}",str,UInt16.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: " 100
   " <UInt16> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by . 
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For
more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (,).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  ( , , ).
							The string  is parsed using the culture-specific
formatting information from the  instance supplied by .
If  is
 or a  cannot be obtained from
, the formatting information for the current system culture is 
used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant 
   alternative use (,
   ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, , ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the
   current instance. 
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ("G",
).
							If  is null or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A 
representation of the current instance formatted as specified by
. The string takes into account the formatting information in the 
 
instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
   system culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the  interface. 
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal
         format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier ("G"). The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, 
).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string.  For a list of valid values, see (, ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, null).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class UInt16ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      UInt16 i = 16;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								16
								c: $16.00
								d: 16
								e: 1.600000e+001
								f: 16.00
								g: 16
								n: 16.00
								p: 1,600.00 %
								x: 10
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents a 32-bit unsigned integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from 0 to
   positive 4,294,967,295 (hexadecimal 0xFFFFFFFF).
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > , or
 is a null reference.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified  represent the
   same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the same
   type and value as the current instance. If  is a null reference or
   is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
					4294967295
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 4,294,967,295 (hexadecimal 
 0xFFFFFFFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
					0
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 0.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than . 
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use ().
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class UInt32ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <UInt32> {1}",str,UInt32.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: "
   100 " <UInt32> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string is parsed using the formatting information in
   a  initialized for the current
   system culture. For more information, see
.
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant 
   alternative use 
   (, ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, , ).
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to ("G",
).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of
   the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current system
   culture is used.
							If  is a null reference the general format
specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the 
      interface.
								 This method is implemented
      to support the 
      interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal
         format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A 
representation of the current instance formatted using the general format
specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see (,  ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method is equivalent to 
(,
).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class UInt32ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      UInt32 i = 32;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								32
								c: $32.00
								d: 32
								e: 3.200000e+001
								f: 32.00
								g: 32
								n: 32.00
								p: 3,200.00 %
								x: 20
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents a 64-bit unsigned integer.
				
				
					The  data type represents integer values ranging from
   0 to positive 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (hexadecimal 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF). 
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified  .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort
   order of the current instance as compared to . The following table
   defines the conditions under which the return value is a negative number, zero,
   or a positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > , or
    is a null reference. 
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference.
						
							
								This method is
      implemented to support the 
      interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified  represent the
   same value and type.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the same
   value and type as the current instance. If  is a null reference or
   is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
					18446744073709551615
					
						

							Contains the maximum value for the 
type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (hexadecimal 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
					0
					
						

							Contains the minimum value for the 
type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 0.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than . 
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For
more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use ().
						
						
							This example demonstrates parsing a string to a .
							using System;
public class UInt64ParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string str = "  100   ";
    Console.WriteLine("String: \"{0}\" <UInt64> {1}",str,UInt64.Parse(str));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: "
   100 " <UInt64> 100
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,
, ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system culture. For more information, see .
							
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a 
value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, , ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the 
instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							
								 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If  is
 or a
 
cannot be obtained from , the formatting information for the
current system culture is used.
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
   alternative use (, , ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the
   current instance. 
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  ("G",
).
							If  is
 or a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string.
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the formatting
   information in the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot
   be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
   system culture is used.
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed
      description of formatting, see the  interface. 
								 This method is implemented
      to support the  interface.
							
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "D", "d"
									Decimal format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "X", "x"
									Hexadecimal
         format.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							This method is equivalent to (,
).
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see (,  ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 
).
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is
used.
						
						
							This example demonstrates converting a  to a string.
							using System;
public class UInt64ToStringExample {
   public static void Main() {
      UInt64 i = 64;
      Console.WriteLine(i);
      String[] formats = {"c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "n", "p", "x" };
      foreach(String str in formats)
         Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", str, i.ToString(str));
   }
}

							The output is
							
								64
								c: $64.00
								d: 64
								e: 6.400000e+001
								f: 64.00
								g: 64
								n: 64.00
								p: 6,400.00 %
								x: 40
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

   Represents the error that occurs when an I/O operation
   cannot be performed because of incompatible file access levels.

				
					
						 is typically thrown when a request is 
   made to write to a read-only file, or a file I/O
   operation is requested on a directory.
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the 
property of the new instance to a system-supplied message
that describes the error, such as "Attempted to perform an unauthorized
operation." This message takes into account the current system culture.
							The 
property of the new instance is initialized to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							The  property of the new
instance is initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current Exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of
   the new instance using  and the  property using . If  is , the
 property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more
   information on inner exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Designates the general Unicode category of a  .
				
				
					These categories conform to Version 3.1 of the Unicode
      Standard.
      
					
						For information on mapping specific 
      Unicode characters to categories, see the UnicodeData.txt file in the
      Unicode Character Database at http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeCharacterDatabase.html. The
      UnicodeData.txt file format is described at http://www.unicode.org/Public/3.1-Update/UnicodeData-3.1.0.html.
					
					This enumeration
      is used to support  methods such as
   ,
   
   , etc.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					ClosePunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Pe' (punctuation, close).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					ConnectorPunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Pc' (punctuation, connector).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					Control
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Cc' (other, control).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					CurrencySymbol
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Sc' (symbol, currency).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					DashPunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Pd' (punctuation, dash).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					DecimalDigitNumber
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Nd' (number, decimal digit).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					EnclosingMark
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Me' (mark, enclosing).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					FinalQuotePunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Pf' (punctuation, final quote).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					Format
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Cf' (other, format).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					InitialQuotePunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Pi' (punctuation, initial quote).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					LetterNumber
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Nl' (number, letter).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					LineSeparator
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Zl' (separator, line).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					LowercaseLetter
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Ll' (letter, lowercase).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					MathSymbol
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Sm' (symbol, math).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					ModifierLetter
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Lm' (letter, modifier).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					ModifierSymbol
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Sk' (symbol, modifier).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					NonSpacingMark
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Mn' (mark, non-spacing).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OpenPunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Ps' (punctuation, open).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OtherLetter
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Lo' (letter, other: not an 
      uppercase letter, a lowercase letter, a titlecase letter, or a modifier letter).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OtherNotAssigned
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Cn' (other, not assigned).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OtherNumber
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'No' (number, other: not a decimal 
      digit number or a letter number).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OtherPunctuation
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Po' (punctuation, other: not 
      connector, dash, open, close, initial quote, or final quote punctuation).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					OtherSymbol
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'So' (symbol, other: not a math, 
      currency, or modifier symbol).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					ParagraphSeparator
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Zp' (separator, paragraph).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					PrivateUse
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Co' (other, private use).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					SpaceSeparator
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Zs' (separator, space).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					SpacingCombiningMark
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Mc' (mark, spacing combining).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					Surrogate
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Cs' (other, surrogate).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					TitlecaseLetter
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Lt' (letter, titlecase).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Globalization.UnicodeCategory
					
					
					UppercaseLetter
					
						

							Designates a Unicode 'Lu' (letter, uppercase).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents a Unicode implementation of .
				
				
					
						 encodes each Unicode character in UTF-16, i.e. as
   two consecutive bytes. Both little-endian and big-endian encodings are
   supported.
					
						 On little-endian platforms such as Intel
      machines, it is generally more efficient to store Unicode characters in
      little-endian. However, many other platforms can store Unicode characters in
      big-endian. Unicode files can be distinguished by the presence of the byte order
      mark (U+FEFF), which is written as either 0xfe 0xff or 0xff 0xfe. 
						 This  implementation can detect a byte order mark automatically
   and switch byte orders, based on a parameter specified in the constructor.
						 ISO/IEC 10646 defines UCS-2 and UCS-4. UCS-4 is a four-byte (32-bit)
   encoding containing 231 code positions, divided into 128
groups of 256 planes. Each plane contains 216 code
positions. UCS-2 is a two-byte (16-bit) encoding containing the
216 code positions of UCS-4 for which the upper two bytes
are zero, known as Plane Zero or the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).
For example, the code position for LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A in UCS-4
is 0x00000041 whereas in UCS-2 it is 0x0041.
						 ISO/IEC 10646 also defines UTF-16, which stands for "UCS
   Transformation Format for 16 Planes of Group 00". UTF-16 is a two
   byte encoding that uses an extension mechanism to represent
   221 code positions. UTF-16 represents code
positions in Plane Zero by its UCS-2 code value and code positions in
Planes 1 through 16 by a pair of special code values,
called surrogates. UTF-16 is equivalent to the Unicode Standard. For a
detailed description of UTF-16 and surrogates, see "The Unicode Standard Version 3.0"
Appendix C.
					
				
			
			
				System.Text.Encoding
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes
      a new instance of the 
      class.
      
						
						
							 The new instance uses little-endian encoding and includes the Unicode byte-order
      mark in conversions.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class using the specified Boolean
   flags.
						
						A  value that specifies the byte-ordering to use for the new instance. Specify  to use big-endian ordering; specify  to use little-endian ordering. 
						A  value that specifies whether to include the Unicode byte order mark in translated strings. Specify  to include the Unicode byte-order mark; otherwise, specify  . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the
      same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the same type and value as the
   current instance. If  is a null reference or is not an
   instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines the exact number of bytes required to encode the specified range
      of the specified array of characters as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						 A  array to encode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode. 
						A  that specifies the number of elements in  to encode. 
						
							A  whose
   value equals the number of bytes required to encode the range in 
   from  to  +  - 1 as Unicode-encoded
   characters.
						
						
							 is  . 
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 anddo not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the number of bytes required to encode the
      specified string as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						A  to encode as Unicode-encoded characters.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes needed to encode  as Unicode-encoded
characters. 
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Encodes the specified range of the specified string into the specified range
      of the specified array of bytes as Unicode-encoded characters.
						
						A  to encode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  from which to encode. 
						A  that specifies the number of elements in  to encode. 
						A  array to encode into. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode into. 
						
							A  whose
   value equals the number of bytes encoded into  as Unicode-encoded
   characters. 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters.
						
						
							
								 is . 
							-or-
							
								is . 
						
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
							-or-
							
								 >= .Length.
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Encodes the specified string as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						A  to encode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
							 A  array containing the encoded representation of
 as Unicode-encoded characters.
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Encodes the specified range of the specified character array into
      the specified range of the specified byte array as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						A  array of characters to encode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode. 
						A  that specifies the number of elements in  to encode. 
						A  array to encode into. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode into. 
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes encoded into  as Unicode-encoded
characters. 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters.
						
						
							
								is . 
							-or- 
							
								 is . 
						
						
							
								 < 0. 
							 -or- 
							
								 < 0. 
							 -or- 
							
								 < 0. 
							 -or- 
							
								 and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
							-or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
								
									 can be used to determine the exact number of
   bytes that will be produced for a given range of characters. Alternatively,

can be used to determine the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for
a given number of characters, regardless of the actual character values.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines the exact number of characters that will be produced by decoding
      the specified range of the specified array of bytes as Unicode-encoded
      characters. 
						
						A  array to decode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						A  that specifies the first index in  to decode. 
						A  that specifies the number of elements in  to decode. 
						
							A 
whose value equals the number of characters a call to  will produce if presented with the
specified range of  as Unicode-encoded characters.
						
						
							 is . 
						
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Decodes the specified range of the specified array of bytes into the
      specified range of the specified array of characters as Unicode-encoded
      characters. 
						
						A  array to decode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  from which to decode. 
						A  that specifies the number of elements in  to decode. 
						A  array to decode into. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to store the decoded bytes. 
						
							A 
containing the number of characters decoded into  as
Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the decoded characters.
						
						
							
								is . 
							-or-
							
								is . 
						
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. (+ ) > .Length). 
							-or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
								
									 can be used to determine the exact number of
   characters that will be produced for a given range of bytes. Alternatively,

can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that will be
produced for a given number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.Decoder
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  object
   for the current instance.
						
						
							 A  object for
   the current
   instance.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides . 
								 Unlike the  method, the 
method provided by a 
object can convert partial sequences of bytes into
partial sequences of characters by maintaining the appropriate state between
the conversions.
								 This implementation returns a decoder that
   simply forwards calls to  and  to the corresponding methods of the
   current instance. It is recommended that
   encoding implementations that requires state to be maintained between successive
   conversions override this method and return an instance of an appropriate decoder
   implementation.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
      unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode the specified number of characters as Unicode-encoded characters, regardless
      of the actual character values. 
						
						A  whose value represents a number of characters to encode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
							A 
containing the maximum number of bytes required to encode 
characters as Unicode-encoded characters.
						
						
							
								 < 0.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
								 Use this method to determine an appropriate minimum
      buffer size for byte arrays passed to  or 
      for the
      current instance. Using this minimum buffer size can help ensure that buffer overflow exceptions do
      not occur.
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the maximum number of characters produced by decoding the specified number of bytes
      as Unicode-encoded characters, regardless of the actual byte values.
      
						
						A  specifies the number of bytes to decode as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
							A 
containing the maximum number of characters that would be produced by
decoding  bytes as Unicode-encoded characters. 
						
						
							
								 < 0.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
								 Use this method to determine an appropriate
      minimum buffer size for byte arrays passed to  or 
      for the current instance. Using
      this minimum buffer size can help ensure that no buffer overflow exceptions will
      occur.
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the bytes used at the beginning of a  instance to
   determine which  implementation the stream was created with. 
						
						
							 A  array that identifies the 
implementation used to create a  . 
						
						
							
								 returns the Unicode byte order mark (U+FEFF) in
   either big-endian or little-endian order, according the ordering that the current
   instance was initialized with.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a UTF8 character .
				
				
					
						
encodes Unicode characters
using the UTF-8 encoding (UCS Transformation Format, 8-bit form). This encoding supports
all Unicode character values.
					
						UTF-8 encodes Unicode characters with a variable number of bytes per
      character. This encoding is optimized for the lower 127 ASCII characters,
      yielding an efficient mechanism to encode English in an internationalizable way.
      The UTF-8 identifier is the Unicode byte order mark (0xFEFF) written in UTF-8
      (0xEF 0xBB 0xBF). The byte order mark is used to distinguish UTF-8 text from
      other encodings.
						This class offers an error-checking feature that can be
      turned on when an instance of the class is constructed. Certain methods in this
      class check for invalid sequences of surrogate pairs. If error-checking is
      turned on and an invalid sequence is detected,  is
      thrown. If error-checking is not turned on and an invalid sequence is
      detected, no exception is thrown and execution continues in a method-defined
      manner. For more information regarding surrogate pairs, see 
      
      .
					
				
			
			
				System.Text.Encoding
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the 
    class using the specified  flags.
						
						A  that indicates whether the Unicode byte order mark in UTF-8 is recognized or emitted when reading from or writing to a  .
						A  that indicates whether error-checking is turned on for the current instance.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the 
    class with the specified  that
      indicates whether the Unicode byte order mark in UTF-8 is recognized or emitted
      when reading from or writing to a .
						
						A  that indicates whether the Unicode byte order mark in UTF-8 is recognized or emitted when reading from or writing to a  .
						
							This constructor is equivalent to 
(,
 ).
							
								By default, this constructor turns
   error-checking off for the new instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs a new instance of the 
   
   class.
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to 
(,  ).
							
								By default, this constructor turns
   error-checking off for the new instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the
      same type and value.
						
						A  to compare with the current instance.
						
							
								 if value is a  and represents the same type and value as the 
   current instance; otherwise, .
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines the number of bytes required to encode the 
      characters in the specified  as
      a .
						
						
							A  to encode as a .
						
						
							A  that specifies the number of bytes necessary to encode  as a . 
						
						
							is . 
						
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							The return value is greater than .
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is detected, the invalid characters are
      ignored and do not affect the return value, and no exception is
      thrown.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines the number of bytes required to encode the specified
      range of characters in the specified Unicode character array as a .
      
						
						The  array to encode as a  . 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode. 
						A  that specifies the number of characters to encode. 
						
							A  containing the number of bytes necessary to encode the range in  from
 to  +  - 1 as a . 
						
						
							 is  . 
						
							The return value is greater than .
							-or-
							
								 or  is less than zero. 
							-or-
							
								 and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
						
						
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is detected, the invalid
      characters are ignored and do not affect the return value, and no exception
      is thrown.
							
								This method overrides
      
      .
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Encodes the specified range of the specified 
								into the specified
   range of the specified  array as a  . 
						
						The  to encode as a  .
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode.
						A  that specifies the number of characters to encode.
						The  array to encode into.
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode into.
						
							A  that indicates the number of bytes encoded into  as a  . 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters.
							-or-
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							 or is  . 
						
							
								, , or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							(.Length - ) < .
							-or-
							
								 >= .Length.
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is
      detected, the invalid characters are ignored and are not encoded into
   , and no exception is thrown.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Encodes the specified  as a .
						
						The  to encode as a .
						
							A  array
   containing the values encoded from  as a .
						
						
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							 is .
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate
      sequence is detected, the invalid characters are ignored and are not encoded
      into the returned  array, and no exception is
      thrown.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Encodes the specified range of the specified  array into the specified range of the
   specified  array as a .
						
						The  array to encode as a  . 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode. 
						A  that specifies the number of characters to encode. 
						The  array to encode into. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to encode into. 
						
							A  that indicates the number of bytes encoded into  as a . 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the encoded characters.
							-or-
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							 or  is . 
						
							
								, , or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							(.Length - ) < .
							-or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is
      detected, the invalid characters are ignored and are not encoded into
   , and no exception is thrown.
							
								 This method overrides .
								
									 can be used to determine the exact number of bytes that will be
   produced for a given range of characters. Alternatively,  can be used to determine the maximum
   number of bytes that will be produced for a specified number of characters,
   regardless of the actual character values.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the number of characters produced by decoding the specified range of
      the specified  array as a  . 
						
						The  array to decode as a  . 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to decode. 
						A  that specifies the number of bytes to decode. 
						
							A  that indicates the number of characters produced by decoding the range in from
to +  - 1 as a  . 
						
						
							 is . 
						
							
								 or  is less than zero.
							-or-
							
								 and  do not specify a valid range in  (i.e. ( + ) > .Length).
						
						
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is detected, the invalid bytes are
      ignored and do not affect the return value, and no exception is
      thrown.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Decodes the specified range of the specified  array into the specified range of the
   specified  array as a 
   . 
						
						The  array to decode as a  . 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to decode. 
						A  that specifies the number of bytes to decode. 
						The  array to decode into. 
						A  that specifies the first index of  to decode into. 
						
							The number of characters decoded into  as a  . 
						
						
							
								 does not contain sufficient space to store the decoded characters.
							-or-
							Error-checking is turned on for the current instance and  contains an invalid surrogate sequence.
						
						
							
								 or  is . 
						
						
							
								, , or  is less than zero.
							 -or-
							 (.Length - ) < .
							-or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							If error-checking is turned off and an invalid surrogate sequence is
      detected, the invalid bytes are ignored and are not encoded into , and no exception is thrown.
							
								 This method overrides  .
								
									 can be used to determine the
   exact number of characters that will be produced for a specified range of bytes.
   Alternatively, 
   can be used to determine the maximum number of characters that will be produced
   for a specified number of bytes, regardless of the actual byte values.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.Decoder
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  for the current instance.
						
						
							A  for the current instance.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides  .
								Contrary to  , a decoder can convert partial
   sequences of bytes into partial sequences of characters by maintaining the
   appropriate state between the conversions.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Text.Encoder
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  for the current instance.
						
						
							A  for the current instance.
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
								Contrary to  , an encoder can convert partial
   sequences of characters into partial sequences of bytes by maintaining the
   appropriate state between the conversions.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
value containing a hash code for the current instance
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
      unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the maximum number of bytes required to encode
      the specified number of characters as a , regardless of the actual character
      values. 
						
						A  that specifies the number of characters to encode as a  . 
						
							A  that specifies the maximum number of bytes required to encode  characters as a  . 
						
						
							
								 < 0.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides  .
								 This method can be used to determine an appropriate
      buffer size for byte arrays passed to . Using
      this minimum buffer size can help ensure that no buffer overflow exceptions will
      occur.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the maximum number of characters produced by
      decoding the specified number of bytes as a , regardless of the actual byte
      values. 
						
						A  that specifies the number of bytes to decode as a  . 
						
							A  that specifies the maximum number of characters produced by decoding  bytes as a  . 
						
						
							
								 < 0.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides  .
								 This method can be used to determine an appropriate minimum
      buffer size for character arrays passed to 
      . Using
      this minimum buffer size can help ensure that no buffer overflow exceptions will
      occur.
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the bytes used at the beginning of a stream to determine which
      encoding a file was created with. 
						
						
							A  array
   containing the UTF-8 encoding preamble.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides  .
								
									 returns the Unicode byte order mark
   (U+FEFF) written in UTF-8 (0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf) if this instance
   was constructed with a request to emit the UTF-8 identifier.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides support for value types. This class is the base class for all value types.
				
				
					
						Data types are separated into value types and reference
         types. Value types are either stack-allocated or allocated inline in a
         structure. Reference types are heap-allocated. Both reference and value types
         are derived from the ultimate base class . In cases where a value type needs to
         act like an object, a wrapper that makes the value type look like a reference
         object is allocated on the heap, and the value type's value is copied into it.
         The wrapper is marked so that the system knows that it contains a value type.
         This process is known as boxing, and the reverse process is known as unboxing.
         Boxing and unboxing allow any type to be treated as an object.
					
				
				
					In the following example, the number 3 is boxed as a , and  () is
   called.
					using System;
class Boxer {
  public static void Main() {
   Console.WriteLine("Value is {0}.", 3.ToString());
  }
}

					The output is
					
						Value is 3.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and a specified
    represent the same value.
						
						The  to compare the current instance to.
						
							
								if  and the current
   instance are of the same type and represent the same value; otherwise,
.
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides 
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The
      algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides 
      
      .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the fully-qualified name of the type of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the fully-qualified name of
   the type of the current instance.
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
								 This method returns the  property. 
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when the security system requires code to be type-safe and the verification process is unable to verify that the
      code is type-safe.
				
				
					
						The following IL instructions throw :
						
							
								ldloc
							
							
								ldloca.<length>
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property
   of the new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such
   as "Could not verify the code." This message takes into account the current
   system culture.
							The  property is initialized 
to 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new 
   instance using If  is ,
   the  property is initialized to the system-supplied
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							 The 
property is initialized to  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current . If  is non-null, then the current  was raised in a catch block handling  .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of
   the new instance using  and the  property using
. If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the 
   system-supplied message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							
								For more information on inner
   exceptions, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the version number of an assembly.
				
				
					
						 numbers for an 
   assembly consist of two to four components: , ,
, and . Components  and  must 
   be defined.  and  components are optional. Component
 may be 
   used if and only if build is defined. All defined components must be
   a 
   greater than or equal to zero.
					
						By convention, the components are used as follows:
						
							
								
         
         Major: Assemblies with the same name but different
         major versions are not interchangeable. This would be appropriate, for
         example, for a major rewrite of a product where backwards compatibility cannot
         be assumed.
							
							
								
         
         Minor: If the name and major number on two assemblies
         are the same, but the minor number is different, this indicates significant
         enhancement with the intention of backwards compatibility. This would be
         appropriate, for example, on a "point release" of a product or a fully
         backward compatible new version of a product.
							
							
								
         
         Assemblies with the same name, major, and minor
         version numbers but different revisions are intended to be fully
         interchangeable. This would be appropriate, for example, to fix a security
         hole in a previously released assembly.
							
							
								
         
         A difference in build number is intended to represent a recompilation of
         the same source. This would be appropriate, for example, because of processor,
         platform, or compiler changes.
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of
      the  class.
						
						
							
								 and  are set to zero. 
and  are unspecified.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the
   specified major, minor, build, and revision numbers.
						
						A  specifying the major component.
						A  specifying the minor component.
						A  specifying the build component.
						A  specifying the revision component.
						
							, , , or  is less than zero. 
						
							The following example sets the version to "6.1.2.4" and writes the result to the console.
							
using System;

public class Vers {
  public static void Main() {

    Version vers = new Version( 6, 1, 2, 4 );
    Console.WriteLine( "Version is {0}", vers.ToString() );
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
Version is 6.1.2.4
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class using the
   specified major, minor, and build values.
						
						A  specifying the major component.
						A  specifying the minor component.
						A  specifying the build component.
						
							, , or  is less than zero. 
						
							The following example sets the version to "6.1.2" and writes the result to the console.
							
using System;

public class Vers {
  public static void Main() {

    Version vers = new Version( 6, 1, 2 );
    Console.WriteLine( "Version is {0}", vers.ToString() );
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
Version is 6.1.2
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class using the
   specified major and minor values.
						
						A  specifying the major component.
						A  specifying the minor component.
						
							 or  is less than zero. 
						
							The following example sets the version to "6.1" and writes the result to the console.
							
using System;

public class Vers {
  public static void Main() {

    Version vers = new Version( 6, 1 );
    Console.WriteLine( "Version is {0}", vers.ToString() );
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
Version is 6.1
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class using
   the values represented by the specified .
						
						
							A  that represents 2 to 4  integers separated by period characters ('.'). Each component delineated by a period character will be parsed to a  with (). The numbers will be processed in the following order: , , , . If the  or the  and the  components are not represented by , their values will be undefined.
							
								The formatting of  must be as follows, with optional components shown in square brackets ('[' and']'): .[.[.]], where each component returns a  with  ().
							
						
						
							 has fewer than 2 components or more than 4 components (i.e. fewer than 1 or more than 3 period characters).
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							, , , or  is less than zero.
						At least one component of  does not parse to a  with  ().
						
							The following example sets the version to "6.1.2.4" and writes the result to the console.
							
using System;

public class Vers {
  public static void Main() {

    Version vers = new Version( "6.1.2.4" );
    Console.WriteLine( "Version is {0}", vers.ToString() );
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
Version is 6.1.2.4
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the value of the build component of the current instance.
						
						
							A  specifying the build component, or -1 if the build component is undefined.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								If the version
      number is 6.1.2.4, the build component is 2. If the version number is 6.1, the build
      component is -1, which is considered to be undefined.
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionBuildExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers = new Version("6.1.2.4");
      Console.Write("The build component of ");
      Console.WriteLine("version vers = {0}.", vers.Build);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The build
      component of version vers = 2.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
					
						

							Returns a new  with values equal to the property values of the current
   instance.
						
						
							A new 
whose values are equal to the property values of the current instance.
						
						
							The  returned by this method must be explicitly cast to a
 before it may be used as 
   one.
							
								This method is
   implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
						
							The following example clones the version number and
      writes the result to the console.
							using System;
class VersionCloneExample {
  public static void Main() {
    Version vers = new Version("6.1.2.4");
    Console.WriteLine("The string representation of the" +
                      " version is {0}.",
                      vers.ToString());
    Version clone = (Version) vers.Clone();
    Console.WriteLine("The original version was" +
                      " successfully cloned.");
    Console.Write("The string representation of the" +
                  " cloned version is {0}.",
                  clone.ToString());
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								 The string representation of the version is 6.1.2.4.
								 The original version was successfully cloned.
								The string representation of the cloned version is 6.1.2.4.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines
   the conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									 Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance ==
   .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										 Current instance >
      , or  is a null
         reference.
									
								
							
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference
						
							
								 The components of  in decreasing order of importance are: ,
   , , and . An undefined component
      is assumed to be older than any defined component.
      
								 This method is implemented to support the 
interface.
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionTest {
   static string Test ( Version v1, Version v2 ) {
      int i = v1.CompareTo(v2);
      if ( i < 0 )
         return "older than";
      else if ( i == 0 )
         return "the same as";
      else
         return "newer than";
   }
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers1 = new Version( "6.1.2.4" );
      Version vers2 = new Version( 6, 1 );
      Version vers3 = new Version( 6, 1, 3 );
      Console.Write("Version {0} is {1} ",
                    vers1, Test(vers1, vers2));
      Console.WriteLine("version {0}", vers2); 
      Console.Write("Version {0} is {1} ",
                    vers1, Test(vers1, vers3));
      Console.WriteLine("version {0}", vers3); 
      Console.Write("Version {0} is {1} ",
                    vers3, Test(vers3, vers3));
      Console.WriteLine("version {0}", vers3); 
      Console.Write("Version {0} is {1} ",
                    vers2, Test(vers2, vers1));
      Console.WriteLine("version {0}", vers1);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								Version 6.1.2.4 is newer than version 6.1
								Version 6.1.2.4 is older than version 6.1.3
								Version 6.1.3 is the same as version 6.1.3
								Version 6.1 is older than version 6.1.2.4
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the same type and
      value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  where 
indicates  is
the same type as the current instance and has equal , , , and  properties as the current
instance. If  is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns .
						
						
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionEqualsExample {
   static void testEquals(Version v1, Version v2) {
      Console.Write("It is {0} that version ",
                    v1.Equals(v2));
      Console.WriteLine("{0} is equal to {1}.",
                    v1, v2);
   }
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers1 = new Version( "6.1.2.4" );
      Version vers2 = new Version( 6, 1 );
      testEquals( vers1, vers1 );
      testEquals( vers1, vers2 );
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								It is True that version 6.1.2.4 is equal to 6.1.2.4.
								It is False that version 6.1.2.4 is equal to 6.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
      unspecified.
							
								This method
   overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the value of the major component of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
specifying the major component. 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								If the version number is 6.1, the major version is 6.
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionMajorExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers = new Version("6.1.2.4");
      Console.Write("The major component ");
      Console.WriteLine("of version vers = {0}.",
                        vers.Major);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The major component of version vers = 6.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the value of the minor component of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
specifying the minor component. 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								If the version number is 6.1, the minor component is 1.
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionMinorExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers = new Version("6.1.2.4");
      Console.Write("The minor component ");
      Console.WriteLine("of version vers = {0}.",
                        vers.Minor);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The minor
      component of version vers = 1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether two instances of 
are equal.
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A  where
 
indicates  and  have equal , , , and  properties, or both  and
 are ; otherwise .
						
						
							The parts of the version number are compared 
      independently starting with the  property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This method returns
      as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the first instance of 
    is greater than 
      the second instance of .
      
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A  where  indicates is greater
   than ; otherwise . If  is
,  is returned.
						
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							The parts of the version number are compared independently starting with the 
    
   property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This
   method returns as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be
   equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the first instance of 
    is greater than or 
      equal to the second instance of .
      
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A  where  indicates is greater
   than or equal to ; otherwise . If 
   is ,  is returned.
							
						
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							The parts of the version number are compared independently starting with the 
    
   property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This
   method returns as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be
   equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether two instances of  are
   not equal. 
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A 
where  indicates  and  have at least
one unequal property; otherwise
. If 
 and  are 
both , returns false; if one is
 
but not the other, returns .
						
						
							The parts of the version number are compared independently starting with the 
    
   property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This
   method returns as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be
   equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the first instance of 
    is less than the 
      second instance of .
      
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A  where  indicates is less than
; otherwise . If  is , 
 is returned.
						
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							The parts of the version number are compared independently starting with the 
    
   property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This
   method returns as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be
   equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the first instance of 
    is less than or 
      equal to the second instance of .
      
						
						An instance of the  class. 
						An instance of the  class. 
						
							A  where  indicates is less than or
   equal to ; otherwise . If  is
,  is returned.
							
						
						
							 is a  reference.
						
							The parts of the version number are compared independently starting with the 
    
   property and then the , , and  properties, in order. This
   method returns as soon as one of the properties is determined not to be
   equal.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets the value of the revision component of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
specifying the revision component, or -1 if the revision component is
undefined.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								If the version number is 6.1.2.4, the revision component is 4. If the version number
      is 6.1, the revision component is considered to be undefined.
							
						
						
							using System;
class VersionRevisionExample {
   public static void Main() {
      Version vers = new Version("6.1.2.4");
      Console.Write("The revision component of ");
      Console.WriteLine("version vers = {0}.",
                        vers.Revision);
   }
}
   
							The output is
							
								The revision component of version vers = 4.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			BCL
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Encapsulates operating-system 
 specific objects that wait for exclusive access
 to shared resources.
				
				
					
						 This class is typically used as a base class for
 synchronization objects. Classes derived from  define a signaling mechanism to indicate
 taking or releasing exclusive access to a shared
 resource, but use the inherited 
 
 methods to block while waiting for access to shared
 resources.
 
						 The static methods of this class are used to block a
 
 until one or more synchronization objects receive a
 signal.
 
					
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases all resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							This method is the public version of the  method implemented to 
 support the  interface.
							
								
 This method releases any unmanaged resources held by the current instance. This method can, but is not required to,
 suppress finalization during garbage collection by calling the  method. 
							
							
								 As described above.
							
							
								Override this property to release resources allocated in subclasses.

							
							
								Use this method to
 release all resources held by an instance of . Once this method is called, references
 to the current instance cause undefined behavior. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the  and
   optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							
								This method
      releases all unmanaged resources held by the current instance. When the  parameter is , this method releases all resources held by
      any managed objects referenced by the current
      instance. This method invokes the  method of each referenced
      object.
							
							
								Override this method to dispose of resources allocated by
      types derived from . When overriding
      (), be careful not to
      reference objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call to
       or  .  can be called multiple
      times by other objects. 
							
							
								This method is called by the public  method and the  method.
 invokes this method with the 
 parameter 
set to .  invokes  with
 set to  
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Releases the resources held by the current instance.
						
						
							
								 Application code does not call this method; it
         is automatically invoked during garbage collection unless finalization by the
         garbage collector has been disabled. For more information, see ,
         and .
								 This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Waits for all of the
      elements in the specified array to receive a signal.
						
						A  array containing the objects for which the current instance will wait. This array cannot contain multiple references to the same object (duplicates).
						
							Returns  when
   every element in  has received a
   signal. If the current
   thread receives a request to abort before the signals are received, this method
   returns . 
						
						
							is  or one or more elements in the  array is .
						
							contains elements that are duplicates.
						The number of objects in is greater than the system permits.
						
							
								The maximum number of objects specified in the
    array is system defined.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Waits for any of the
      elements in the specified array to receive a signal.
						
						A  array containing the objects for which the current instance will wait. This array cannot contain multiple references to the same object (duplicates).
						
							Returns a  set to the index of
   the element in  that received a signal.
						
						
							is  or one or more elements in the  array is .
						
							contains elements that are duplicates.
						The number of objects in is greater than the system permits.
						
							
								The maximum number of objects specified in the
    array is system defined.
							
							
								
									
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Blocks the current thread until the current instance receives a signal.
						
						
							Returns 
when the
current instance receives a signal.
						
						The current instance has already been disposed.
						
							
								The caller
      of this method blocks indefinitely until a signal is received by the current
      instance. 
							
							
								Override
      this method to customize the behavior of types derived from  .
							
							
								Use this method to
      block until a 
      receives a signal from another thread, such as is
      generated when an asynchronous operation completes. For more information, see
      the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
	
	
		
			
			
			ExtendedNumerics
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is not guaranteed to be safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					Represents a floating-point decimal data type with up to 29 significant
      digits, suitable for financial and commercial calculations.
				
				
					The  type can represent
   values from approximately -7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028, with 28 or 29 significant
digits. The  data type is ideally suited
to financial calculations that require a large number of significant digits and
no round-off errors.
					The finite set of values of type decimal are of the form
   -1
							s
						 x c x 10
							-f
						, where the sign  is 0 or
1, the coefficient c is given by 0 <=  < 296 , and the scale f is such that 0 <=  <=
28.
					A  is represented as a 96-bit integer scaled by a power of
ten. For a  with an absolute value less than 1.0, the value is exact
to the 28th
decimal place, but no further. For a  with an absolute value greater than or
equal to 1.0, the value is exact to 28 or 29 digits.
					The result of an operation on values of type  is that which would result
from calculating an exact result
(preserving scale, as defined for each operator) and then rounding to fit the representation. That is, results
are exact to 28 or 29 digits, but to no more than
28 decimal places. A zero result has a sign of 0 and a
scale of 0.
					 Results are rounded to the nearest representable
   value, and, when a result is equally close to two representable values,
   to the value that has an even number in the least significant digit
   position (banker's rounding).
					
						 Unlike the  and  data types,
   decimal fractional numbers such as 0.1 can be represented exactly in the  representation.
   In the  and 
   representations, such numbers are often infinite fractions, making
   those representations prone to round-off errors.
						Further, the  representation preserves scale, so that 1.23 + 1.27 will give the answer 2.50, not 2.5. 
					
					If a  arithmetic operation produces a value that is too small
for the 
format after rounding, the result of the operation is zero. If a  arithmetic
operation produces a result that is too large for the  format, a
 is thrown.
					
						The  class implements implicit conversions from the , , , , , , , and  types to . These implicit
   conversions never lose information and never throw exceptions. The  class also
   implements explicit conversions from  to , , , , , , , and . These explicit conversions round the
 value 
   towards zero to the nearest integer, and then convert that integer to the
   destination type. A  is thrown if the result is not within the range of the
   destination type.
						The  class provides narrowing conversions to and from the
 and 
 types. A 
conversion from  to  or  may lose precision, but will not lose information about
the overall magnitude of the numeric value, and will never throw an exception. A
conversion from  or  to  throws a  if the value is not within the range of
the 
type.
					
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new . 
						
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new . 
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use the 
   () constructor.
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new .
						
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new . 
						
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by .
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use the 
() constructor.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new . 
						
							
								 is one of the following:
							greater than 
							
							less than 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
						
						
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by . This constructor rounds  to 7
   significant digits using banker's rounding.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new 
value.
						
						The  value used to initialize the new . 
						
							
								 is one of the following:
							greater than 
							
							less than 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
						
						
							This constructor initializes the new  to the value
   specified by . This constructor rounds  to 15
   significant digits using banker's rounding.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new  value. 
						
						
							A  array containing a bit representation of a .  contains the following four elements: 
							 Index 0 (bits 0-31) contains the low-order 32 bits of the decimal's coefficient. 
							 Index 1 (bits 32-63) contains the middle 32 bits of the decimal's coefficient.
							 Index 2 (bits 64-95) contains the high-order 32 bits of the decimal's coefficient.
							 Index 3 (bits 96-127) contains the sign bit and scale. See below.
						
						
							 is a null reference. 
						
							
								 does not contain four elements. 
						
						
							 This constructor initializes the new  to the value represented by the elements of

. 
							
								 The elements of
 represent a
 as 
   a coefficient  , a scale , and sign bit . The decimal value is computed as
   -1s x  x 10-f. The
coefficient is divided into three 32-bit integer values.
							
							 The sign and scale occupy a total of 32 bits as follows:
							
								
									Bit Positions
									Name
									Description
								
								
									 0-15
									(None.)
									Zero.
								
								
									 16-23 
									 Scale
									Contains a value between 0 and 28.
								
								
									 24-30 
									(None.)
									Zero.
								
								
									 31 
									Sign
									0 (positive) or 1 (negative).
								
							
							
								 A numeric
   value may have several possible binary representations; they are numerically equal
   but have different scales. Also, the bit representation differentiates between
   -0, 0.00, and 0; these are all treated as 0 in operations, and any zero result will
   have a sign of 0 and a scale of
   0.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  (Int32 [])
   constructor.
							using System;
class ConstructDecimal {
 public static void Main() {
 int negativeBitValue = unchecked ((int)0x80000000);
 int [] parts0 = {0,0,0,0}; //Positive Zero.
 int [] parts1 = {1,0,0,0};
 int [] parts2 = {0,1,0,0};
 int [] parts3 = {0,0,1,0};
 int [] parts4 = {0,0,0,negativeBitValue}; // Negative zero.
 int [] parts5 = {1,1,1,0};
 int [] partsMaxValue = {-1,-1,-1,0};
 int [] partsMinValue = {-1,-1,-1,negativeBitValue};

 decimal d = new Decimal(parts0);
 Console.WriteLine("{{0,0,0,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(parts1);
 Console.WriteLine("{{1,0,0,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(parts2);
 Console.WriteLine("{{0,1,0,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(parts3);
 Console.WriteLine("{{0,0,1,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(parts4);
 Console.WriteLine("{{0,0,0,{0}}} = {1}",parts4[3],d);
 d = new Decimal(parts5);
 Console.WriteLine("{{1,1,1,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(partsMaxValue );
 Console.WriteLine("{{-1,-1,-1,0}} = {0}",d);
 d = new Decimal(partsMinValue);
 Console.WriteLine("{{-1,-1,-1,{0}}} = {1}",partsMinValue [3],d);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								{0,0,0,0} = 0
								{1,0,0,0} = 1
								{0,1,0,0} = 4294967296
								{0,0,1,0} = 18446744073709551616
								{0,0,0,-2147483648} = 0
								{1,1,1,0} = 18446744078004518913
								{-1,-1,-1,0} = 79228162514264337593543950335
								{-1,-1,-1,-2147483648} = -79228162514264337593543950335
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds two  values
   together.
						
						The first value to add..
						The second value to add.
						
							A  containing the sum of  and . The 
   scale of the result, before any rounding, is the larger of the scales of d1 and
   d2. For example, 1.1 + 2.22 gives 3.32, and 2.50 + 1 gives 3.50.
						
						The sum of  and  is less than  or greater than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Compares the values of two  values and returns
   sort order information.
						
						The first value to compare. 
						The second value to compare. 
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of
 and .  The exact value 
   returned by this method is implementation defined. The following table
defines the conditions under which the returned value is a
negative number, zero, or a positive number. Each comparison compares the
numerical values of d1 and d2.
							
								
									 Return Value
									 Meaning
								
								
									 Any
         negative
         number
									
										< 
									
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 == 
									
								
								
									 Any positive
      number
									
										>
									
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified 
      .
      
						
						The  to compare to the current instance. 
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the conditions under
   which the returned value is a negative number, zero,
   or a positive number. Each comparison compares the numerical values of d1
   and d2.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any negative number
									Current instance < .
								
								
									 Zero
									Current instance == .
								
								
									 Any positive number
									current instance > , or  is
   a null reference.
								
							
						
						
							 is not a  and is not a null reference. 
						
							
								 This method is
      implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Divides the value of one  by
   another.
						
						The dividend. 
						The divisor. 
						
							 A  containing the result of dividing  by
 . The scale of the result, before any rounding, is 
   the smallest scale that will preserve a result equal to the exact result. For
   example, 2.22 / 2 gives 1.11.
						
						
							 is zero. 
						The result is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified 
      have the same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance. 
						
							
								 if  has the same type and is numerically equal to
   (has the same value as) the current instance. If  is a null
   reference or is not an instance of , returns
. 
						
						
							
								 This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two  values have the same value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare. 
						
							
								 if  and  are numerically
   equal
   (have the same value), otherwise .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Rounds a  value to the closest integer towards negative infinity.
						
						The  to round downward. 
						
							 A  value  such that  is a whole
   number and 
   - 1 < 
   <=
   
 . The scale of the result will be zero.
   
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
class DecimalTest {
 public static void Main() {
   Console.WriteLine("floor {0} is {1}", 3.14159m, Decimal.Floor(3.14159m));
   Console.WriteLine("floor {0} is {1}", -3.9m, Decimal.Floor(-3.9m));
   Console.WriteLine("floor {0} is {1}", 3.0m, Decimal.Floor(3.0m));
 }
}

							The output is
							
								floor 3.14159 is 3
								floor -3.9 is -4
								floor 3.0 is 3
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a binary representation of the specified 
value.
						
						The  value for which a binary representation is returned. 
						
							 An array of type  containing the following four
   elements:
   
							
								
									Index
									Description
								
								
									 0 
									 Low-order 32 bits of the decimal's
         coefficient, .
								
								
									 1 
									Middle 32 bits of .
								
								
									 2 
									High-order 32 bits of .
								
								
									 3 
									 Sign bit and scale. See below.
								
							
							 The sign bit and scale occupy 32 bits as
   follows:
   
							
								
									
										Bit Positions
										Description
									
									
										 0-15
										Unused.
									
									
										 16-23 
										Contains the scale , a value between 0 and 28 which indicates the power of 10 to divide
    by, to produce the  value.
									
									
										 24-30 
										Unused.
									
									
										 31 
										The sign,  , of the  value. 0 (zero or positive) or 1
   (negative).
									
								
							
						
						
							
								 The elements of the returned array contain a binary
         representation of 
         as a coefficient  a scale  and
         sign bit . The value of  is computed as -1s x  x 10-f
      
      .
								
									 occupies the first three elements of the
   returned array. The fourth element contains  and 
   .
							
							
							 A numeric value may have several possible binary
   representations; they are numerically equal but have different scales. Also, the
   bit representation differentiates between -0, 0.00, and 0; these are all
   treated as 0 in operations, and any zero result will have a
   sign of 0 and a scale of 0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the different
      representations of 1.00 and 1.
							using System;
public class Class1  {
    public static void Print (int [] bs) {
        foreach (int b in bs) {
            Console.Write (b+" ");
        }
    }
public static void Main () {
   decimal d = 1.00m;
    decimal d1 = 1;
    Console.Write (d);
    Console.Write (" - bits: "); 
    Print (decimal.GetBits(d));
    Console.WriteLine();
    Console.Write (d1);
    Console.Write (" - bits: "); 
    Print (decimal.GetBits(d1));
    Console.WriteLine();
    Console.WriteLine ("d1.CompareTo(d) == {0}", d1.CompareTo(d));
    Console.WriteLine ("d1 == d {0}", d1 == d);
}
}
   
							The output is
							
								1.00 - bits: 100 0 0 512
								1 - bits: 1 0 0 0
								d1.CompareTo(d) == 0
								d1 == d True
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
      generate the hash code value is unspecified.
							
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						
							DecimalConstantAttribute(79228162514264337593543950335, 79228162514264337593543950335, 79228162514264337593543950335, 79228162514264337593543950335, 79228162514264337593543950335)
							1
							System.Runtime.CompilerServices.DecimalConstantAttribute
							RuntimeInfrastructure
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
					79228162514264337593543950335
					
						

							Contains the maximum positive value for the  type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is
 79228162514264337593543950335.
							 This field is
 read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						
							DecimalConstantAttribute(-1, -1, -1, -1, -1)
							1
							System.Runtime.CompilerServices.DecimalConstantAttribute
							RuntimeInfrastructure
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
					
						

							 Contains negative one (-1).
						
						
							This field is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						
							DecimalConstantAttribute(-79228162514264337593543950335, -79228162514264337593543950335, -79228162514264337593543950335, -79228162514264337593543950335, -79228162514264337593543950335)
							1
							System.Runtime.CompilerServices.DecimalConstantAttribute
							RuntimeInfrastructure
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
					
						

							 Contains the minimum (most negative) value for the
  type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant
 is -79228162514264337593543950335.
							 This field
 is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the result of multiplying two 
values.
						
						The first value to multiply. 
						The second value to multiply. 
						
							 The result of multiplying  and
 . The scale of the result, before any 
   rounding, is the sum of the scales of d1 and
   d2.
							For example, 123 x 3 gives 369, and 2.2 x 1.35 gives 2.970.
						
						The result is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the result of multiplying a  value by
   negative
   one.
   
						
						The value to negate. 
						
							 The negated value of . If  is zero then zero is returned (with 0 sign and 
   scale); otherwise the scale of the result is the same as the scale of

.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						
							DecimalConstantAttribute(1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
							1
							System.Runtime.CompilerServices.DecimalConstantAttribute
							RuntimeInfrastructure
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
					1
					
						

							 Contains one (1).
						
						
							This field is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Adds two  values together. 
						
						The first value to add. 
						The second value to add. 
						
							The value returned by 
(,).
						
						The sum of  and  is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified value decremented by
      one.
						
						A  value.
						
							The value returned by  ( ,  ).
						
						The result is greater than  or less than  .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Divides one  value by another  . 
						
						The dividend. 
						The divisor. 
						
							 The value returned by  (,
). 
						
						The divisor is zero. 
						The result is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two decimals have the
      same value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare.
						
							
								 if 
(,  ) returns
zero; otherwise . 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							 A  with the specified value. 
						
						
							
								 This operation can
      produce round-off errors due to the fact that  has fewer significant digits than
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							 A  with the specified value. 
							
								 This operation can
   produce round-off errors due to the fact that  has fewer significant digits than
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative to , use  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing  rounded towards zero to the
   nearest integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant 
      alternative to , use  ). 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant 
      alternative to , use  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							
								 is one of the following:
							greater than 
							
							less than 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							
								 is one of the following:
							greater than 
							
							less than 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
							equal to 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Char
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							 A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant 
      alternative to , use  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an explicit conversion of a  value to  .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A  containing
 rounded towards zero to the nearest
   integer. 
						
						The resulting integer value is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether one  value is greater than another
 value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare. 
						
							
								 if  (,
) returns a value that is greater than zero; otherwise 
. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether one  value is greater than or equal to
   another 
   value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare. 
						
							
								 if  (,
) returns a value that is greater than or equal to zero; otherwise 
. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							
   This member is not CLS-compliant. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							 This member is not CLS-compliant.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							
   This member is not CLS-compliant. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Perform an implicit conversion of a  value to .
						
						The  value to convert to  .
						
							A 
with the
specified value.
						
						
							This member is not CLS-compliant.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified value incremented by one.
						
						A  value.
						
							The value returned by  ( ,
 ).
						
						The result is greater than  or less than  .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether two decimals do not have
      the same value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare. 
						
							
								 if  (,
) does not return zero; otherwise . 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether one  value is less than another
 
value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The first  to compare.
						
							
								 if  (,
) returns a value that is less than zero; otherwise 
. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether one  value is less than or equal to another
 
value.
						
						The first  to compare. 
						The second  to compare. 
						
							
								 if  (,
) returns a value that is less than or equal to zero; otherwise 
. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Divides one  value by another  and returns the
   remainder.
						
						The dividend. 
						The divisor. 
						
							The value returned by  (,
).
						
						
							 is zero. 
						
							 divided by  is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the result of multiplying two 
values.
						
						The first operand. 
						The second operand. 
						
							 The value returned by  (,
). 
						
						The result is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Subtracts one  value from
   another.
						
						The left-side operand. 
						The right-side operand. 
						
							 The value returned by  (,

).
						
						The result is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified value multiplied by negative one
      (-1).
						
						A  value.
						
							The value returned by  ().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							
 Returns the specified value.
						
						A  value.
						
							Returns .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  style, preserving scale.
						
							The  value obtained from .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							is not in the correct format.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
( ,  ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting information
in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For more information, see  .
							
							If necessary, the value of s is rounded using banker's 
   rounding. Any scale apparent in the string s is preserved unless the value
   is rounded or the value is zero (in which latter case the sign and scale will be
   0). Hence the string "2.900" will be parsed to form the decimal with sign
   0, coefficient 2900, and scale 3.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class DecimalParseClass {
  public static void Main() {
    string s1 = " -1.001  ";
    string s2 = "+1,000,111.99";     
    string s3 = "2.900";
    Console.WriteLine("String: {0} (decimal) {1}",s1,Decimal.Parse(s1));
    Console.WriteLine("String: {0} (decimal) {1}",s2,Decimal.Parse(s2));
    Console.WriteLine("String: {0} (decimal) {1}",s3,Decimal.Parse(s3));
  }
}

							The output is
							
								String: -1.001 (decimal) -1.001
								String: +1,000,111.99 (decimal) 1000111.99
								String: 2.900 (decimal) 2.900
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  , preserving scale.
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						
							The  value obtained from 
.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(,  ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For more information, see  .
							
							If necessary, the value of  is rounded using banker's rounding.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates supplying  values to the 
method to allow for a symbol separating groups
of digits, and a decimal separator. This example uses the symbols from the U.S.
English culture, namely a comma and a decimal point.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class DecimalParseClass {
public static void Main() {
 string s = "1,000,111.99"; 
 NumberStyles ns = NumberStyles.AllowThousands | NumberStyles.AllowDecimalPoint;
 decimal d = Decimal.Parse(s,ns);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} parsed to decimal {1}",s,d);
}
}

							The output is
							
								1,000,111.99 parsed to decimal 1000111.99
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The  is interpreted using the  style, preserving scale.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from 
.
						
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
(,  ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the
culture-specific formatting information from the  instance supplied by . If
 is 
 or a  cannot be obtained from 
, the formatting information for the current system culture is 
used.
							If necessary, the value of s is rounded using banker's
   rounding. Any scale apparent in the string s is preserved unless the value
   is rounded or the value is zero (in which latter case the sign and scale will be
   0). Hence the string "2.900" will be parsed to form the decimal with sign
   0, coefficient 2900, and
   scale 3.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates supplying a  to the
 
method to allow a decimal point, and commas separating groups of digits.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class DecimalParseClass {
public static void Main() {
 string s = "1,000,111.99"; 
 //Get the default formatting symbols.
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 // Default group separator is ','
 // Default decimal separator is '.'
 decimal d = Decimal.Parse(s,nfi);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} parsed to decimal {1}",s,d);
}
}

							The output is
							
								1,000,111.99
   parsed to decimal 1000111.99
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  , preserving scale.
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from 
.
						
						
							
								 is a null reference. 
						
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							 represents a number greater than  or less than .
						
							The string  is parsed using the
   culture-specific formatting information from the  instance supplied by . If
 is 
 or if a  cannot be obtained from 
, the formatting information for the current system culture is used.
							If necessary, the value of  is rounded using banker's rounding.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates supplying  values and a  to the
 
method to allow colons separating
groups of digits, and a decimal point.
							using System;
using System.Globalization;
class DecimalParseClass {
public static void Main() {
 string s = "1:000:111.99"; 
 NumberStyles ns = NumberStyles.AllowThousands | NumberStyles.AllowDecimalPoint;
 NumberFormatInfo nfi = new NumberFormatInfo();
 //Change the format info to separate digit groups using a colon.
 nfi.NumberGroupSeparator = ":";
 decimal d = Decimal.Parse(s,ns,nfi);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} parsed to decimal {1}",s,d);
}
}

							The output is
							
								1:000:111.99 parsed to decimal 1000111.99
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Computes the remainder after dividing two  values.
						
						The dividend.
						The divisor.
						
							The remainder after dividing d1 by d2 to give an integer
      result. The sign of the result, if non-zero, is the same as the sign of d1, and
      the scale of the result is the larger of the scales of d1 and d2.
							For example, -10 % 3 gives -1, and 3.6 % 1.3 gives 1.0 (where % indicates the
      remainder operation).
						
						
							 is zero.
						
							 divided by  is greater than  or less than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Rounds a  value
   to a specified number of decimal places.
						
						The  to round. 
						The number of decimal places to round to. 0 <=  <= 28. 
						
							The  result of rounding  to 
decimal places.
						
						
							 is not between 0 and 28, inclusive. 
						
							When  is exactly half way
   between two rounded values, the result is the rounded value that has an even
   digit in the rightmost decimal position. For example, when rounded to two
   decimals, the value 2.345 becomes 2.34 and the value 2.355 becomes 2.36.
   This process is known as rounding half towards even, or banker's
      rounding.
							
							The scale of the result will be the smaller of 
    and the scale of
      d.
							
								The scale of  is never
   increased, so  cannot cause overflow.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;
class MyClass {
public static void Main() {
 decimal d1 = 2.5m;
 decimal d2 = 3.5m;
 decimal d3 = 2.98765432m;
 decimal d4 = 2.18765432m;
 Console.WriteLine("Rounding to 0 places...");
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d1, Decimal.Round(d1,0));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d2, Decimal.Round(d2,0));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d3, Decimal.Round(d3,0));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d4, Decimal.Round(d4,0));
 Console.WriteLine("Rounding to 2 places...");
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d1, Decimal.Round(d1,2));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d2, Decimal.Round(d2,2));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d3, Decimal.Round(d3,2));
 Console.WriteLine("round {0} = {1}",d4, Decimal.Round(d4,2));
}
}

							The output is
							
								Rounding to 0 places...
								round 2.5 = 2
								round 3.5 = 4
								round 2.98765432 = 3
								round 2.18765432 = 2
								Rounding to 2 places...
								round 2.5 = 2.5
								round 3.5 = 3.5
								round 2.98765432 = 2.99
								round 2.18765432 = 2.19
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Subtracts one  value from
   another.
						
						The left-side operand. 
						The right-side operand. 
						
							 A  containing the result of subtracting  from
 . The scale of the result, before any rounding, is 
   the larger of the scales of d1 and
   d2.
							For example, 1.1 - 2.22 gives -1.12, and 2.50 - 1 gives 1.50.
						
						The result is greater than  or less than . 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current
   instance.
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string.  For a list of valid values, see  (,  ).
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to 
( ,

).
							If 
is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used. 
						
						
							The following example shows the effects of various
      formats on the string returned by .
							using System;
class test {
 public static void Main() {
 decimal d = 1234.56789m;
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 string[] fmts = {"C","E","F","G","N","P"};
 for (int i=0;i<fmts.Length;i++)
 Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", 
 fmts[i],d.ToString(fmts[i]));
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								1234.56789
								C: $1,234.57
								E: 1.234568E+003
								F: 1234.57
								G: 1234.56789
								N: 1,234.57
								P: 123,456.79 %
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a canonical  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of
   the current instance formatted using the general format specifier, ("G"). The string
   takes into account the current system culture and
   preserves the scale of the number.
						
						
							 This version of  is equivalent to  (,

).
							
								 The general format specifier formats the number in either fixed-point or exponential notation form, preserving
      the scale of the number. For a detailed description of the
      general format, see the 
      interface.
								 This method overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current
   instance.
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string, optionally followed by a non-negative integer that specifies the precision of the number in the returned  .
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information. 
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the information in
   the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is
 or if a  cannot
   be obtained from  , the formatting information for the current system culture is used.
							The following table lists the characters that are valid for the
 parameter.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
							
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used.
							
								For a detailed description of formatting, see the  interface.
								This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current
   instance.
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information. 
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (
,  ).
							If  is 
 or if a  cannot
be obtained from , the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
							
								 The general format
   specifier formats the number in either fixed-point or exponential notation form.
   For a detailed description of the general format, see the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Rounds a  value towards zero, to the closest integer value.
						
						The  to truncate.
						
							The  result of truncating  . the scale of the result is 
   0.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;
class MyClass {
public static void Main() {
 decimal d1 = 1234.56789m;
 decimal d2 = -1234.56789m;
 Console.WriteLine("{0} truncated is {1}", d1, Decimal.Truncate(d1));
 Console.WriteLine("{0} truncated is {1}", d2, Decimal.Truncate(d2));
}
}

							The output is
							
								1234.56789 truncated is 1234
								-1234.56789 truncated is -1234
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						
							DecimalConstantAttribute(0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
							1
							System.Runtime.CompilerServices.DecimalConstantAttribute
							RuntimeInfrastructure
						
					
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
					0
					
						

							 Contains zero (0).
						
						
							This field is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			ExtendedNumerics
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			This type is not guaranteed to be safe for multithreaded operations. 
			
				

					 Represents a 64-bit double-precision floating-point number.
				
				
					
						 is a 64-bit double 
   precision floating-point type that represents values ranging from approximately
   5.0E-324 to 1.7E+308 and from approximately -5.0E-324 to -1.7E+308
   with a precision of 15-16 decimal digits. The  type conforms to
   standard IEC 60559:1989, Binary Floating-point Arithmetic for Microprocessor
   Systems. 
					A  can
represent the following values:
					
						
							
      The finite set of non-zero values of the form  * 2e, where
 is 1 or -1, and 0 <  
< 253 and -1075 <=  <= 970.
						
						
							
      Positive infinity and negative infinity. Infinities
      are produced by operations that produce results with a magnitude greater than
      that which can be represented by a , such as dividing a non-zero number
      by zero. For example, using 
      operands, 1.0 / 0.0 yields
   positive infinity, and -1.0 /
   0.0 yields negative infinity. Operations
include passing parameters and returning values.
						
						
							
      The  value (NaN). NaN values are produced by
      invalid floating-point operations, such
      as dividing zero by zero.
						
					
					 When performing binary operations, if one of the
   operands is a , then the other operand is required to be an integral
   type or a floating-point type ( or ). Prior to
   performing the operation, if the other operand is not a , it is converted
   to , and
   the operation is performed using at least  range and precision. If the operation
   produces a numeric result, the type of the result is  .
					The floating-point operators, including the assignment operators, do not
   throw exceptions. Instead, in exceptional situations, the result of a
   floating-point operation is zero, infinity, or NaN, as described below:
					
						
							
      If the result of a floating-point operation is too
      small for the destination format, the result of the operation is zero.
						
						
							
      If the magnitude of the result of a floating-point
      operation is too large for the destination format, the result of the operation
      is positive infinity or negative infinity, as appropriate for the sign of the
      result.
						
						
							
      If a floating-point operation is invalid, the result
      of the operation is NaN.
						
						
							
      If one or both operands of a floating-point operation are NaN, the result
      of the operation is NaN.
						
					
					Conforming implementations of the CLI are permitted to perform floating-point
   operations using a precision that is higher than that required by the  type. For example, hardware
   architectures that support an "extended" or "long double" floating-point type
   with greater range and precision than the  type could implicitly perform all floating-point
   operations using this higher precision type. Expressions evaluated using a
   higher precision may cause a finite result to be produced instead of an
   infinity.

				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified  .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any
         negative
         number
									
										Current instance < .
										Current instance is a NaN and  is
      not a NaN and is not a null reference.
									
								
								
									 Zero
									
										 Current instance ==
      .
										 Current instance and 
   are both NaN, positive infinity, or negative
   infinity.
									
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > .
										
											 is a null reference.
										Current instance is not a NaN and 
is a NaN.
									
								
							
						
						
							is not a null reference and is not of type .
						
							
								This method is implemented to support the  interface. Note that,
      although a NaN is not considered to be equal to another NaN (even itself), the
    interface requires that 
      A.
      (A) return zero.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Represents the smallest positive  value
   greater than zero.
						
						
							The value of this constant is
      4.9406564584124654E-324.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  is a  
with the same value as the current instance, otherwise .
If  is a null reference or is not an instance of , returns
. If 
either  or the current instance is a NaN and the other is not,
returns . If  and the current instance are both
NaN, positive infinity, or negative infinity, returns .
						
						
							
								 This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							
 The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
 unspecified.
							
								
 
This method overrides .

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the specified  represents an infinity,
   which can be either positive or negative.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a
   positive or negative infinity value; otherwise .
						
						
							
								
      Floating-point operations return positive or negative
      infinity values to signal an overflow condition.
      
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the value of the specified 
is undefined (Not-a-Number).
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a NaN
   value; otherwise 
							
						
						
							
								 Floating-point operations return NaN
      values to signal that the result of the operation is undefined. For example,
      dividing (Double) 0.0 by 0.0 results in a NaN value.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the specified 
represents a negative infinity value.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a negative
   infinity value; otherwise 
   .
						
						
							
								
      Floating-point operations return negative infinity values
      to signal an overflow condition.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the specified 
represents a positive infinity value.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if represents a positive
   infinity value; otherwise .
						
						
							
								
      Floating-point operations return positive infinity values
      to signal an overflow condition.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							Contains the maximum positive value for the  type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 
      1.7976931348623157E+308.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum (most negative) value for the
    type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is 
      -1.7976931348623157E+308.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					NaN
					
						

							 Represents an undefined result of operations involving 
    
   .
						
						
							 Not-a-Number (NaN) values are returned when the result of 
      a 
      operation is
      undefined.
							A NaN value is not equal to any other value, including another NaN value. 
							The value of this field is obtained by dividing  zero
   by zero.
							
								
									 
represents one of many possible NaN values. To test whether a
 value is 
a NaN, use the  method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Represents a negative infinity of type  .
						
						
							The value of this constant is obtained by dividing a
      negative  by zero. 
							
								To test whether a  value is a negative infinity value, use the  method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  and/or  style.
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns  . If
 equals
, this method returns 
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, |  , 
).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting
information in a  initialized for the current system
culture. For more information, see  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  . 
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  and  styles. 
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns  . If 
   equals , this method returns
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, ,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting information in a  initialized for the current system
culture.  For more information, see 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  and/or  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns  . If 
   equals , this method returns
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (,
|  
, ).
							The string  is parsed using the culture-specific formatting
information from the  instance supplied by . If
 is 
 or a  cannot be 
obtained from  , the
formatting information for the current system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  and  styles.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about . 
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns
 
. If  equals
, this method returns 
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							The string  is parsed using
   the culture-specific formatting information from the 
   instance supplied by . If
 is 
 or a  cannot be obtained from 
, the formatting information for the current system culture is 
   used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					Infinity
					
						

							 Represents a positive infinity of type  .
						
						
							The value of this constant is obtained by dividing a
      positive  by zero. 
							
								To test whether a  value is a positive infinity value, use the  method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string, optionally followed by a non-negative integer that specifies the precision of the number in the returned  .
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the information in
   the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is
 or a  cannot be obtained from  , the
   formatting information for the current system culture is used. 
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is used.
							The following table lists the format characters that are valid for the  type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "R", "r"
									Round-trip format.
								
							
							
								For a detailed description of formatting, see the 
interface.
								This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the
   current instance. 
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  ( ,
 ).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot be obtained from
, the formatting information for the current system culture is 
used.
							
								The general format specifier formats the number in either fixed-point or
   exponential notation form. For a detailed description of the general format, see
   the 
   interface.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string
   takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
 ).
							
								The general format specifier formats the number in either fixed-point or
      exponential notation form. For a detailed description of the general format, see
      the 
      interface.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see  (,  ).
							
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (
								 ).
							If  is a null reference, the general
format specifier "G" is used.
						
						
							The following example shows the effects of various
      formats on the string returned by .
							using System;
class test {
  public static void Main() {
    double d = 1234.56789;
    Console.WriteLine(d);
    string[] fmts = {"C","E","e5","F","G","N","P","R"};
    for (int i=0;i<fmts.Length;i++)
      Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", 
      fmts[i],d.ToString(fmts[i]));
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								1234.56789
								C: $1,234.57
								E: 1.234568E+003
								e5: 1.23457e+003
								F: 1234.57
								G: 1234.56789
								N: 1,234.57
								P: 123,456.79 %
								R: 1234.56789
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			ExtendedNumerics
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides constants and static methods for trigonometric, logarithmic,
 and other common mathematical functions.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the absolute value of the specified  .
						
						
							A . 
						
						
							A  containing the absolute value of .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the () method.
							
using System;

public class MathAbsExample
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      Decimal d1 = Math.Abs( (Decimal)0.00 );
      Decimal d2 = Math.Abs( (Decimal)(-1.23) );
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Abs( (Decimal)0.00 ) returns {0}",d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Abs( (Decimal)(-1.23) ) returns {0}",d2);
   }
}

							The output is
							
								Math.Abs( (Decimal)0.00 ) returns 0
								Math.Abs( (Decimal)(-1.23) ) returns 1.23
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A  containing the absolute value of . If 
is equal to  or ,
returns . If value is equal to , returns .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A 
containing the absolute value of . If  is equal to 
or , returns . If  is equal to , returns
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A  containing the absolute value of .
						
						
							 equals .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A  containing the absolute value of .
						
						
							 equals .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A 
containing the absolute value of .
						
						
							 equals .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the absolute value of the specified .
						
						A .
						
							A  containing the absolute value of .
						
						
							 equals .
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use ().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the angle whose cosine is the specified .
						
						A  representing a cosine, where -1 <=  <= 1.
						
							 A  containing the 
   value of an angle, , measured in radians, for which 
   is the cosine, such that 0 <=  <= . If
 < -1,  > 1, or  = , returns .
						
						
							
								Multiply the return
      value by 180/ to convert from radians to degrees.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the angle whose sine is the specified .
						
						A  representing a sine, where -1 <=  <= 1.
						
							A  containing the 
   value of an angle, , measured in radians, for which  is the sine, such that -/2 <=  <=
   /2. If  < -1,  > 1, or  =
   
, returns

.
						
						
							
								A positive return value represents a counterclockwise angle from the positive
         x-axis; a negative return value represents a clockwise angle.
								Multiply the return value by 180/ to convert from radians to degrees.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the angle whose tangent is the specified .
						
						A  that represents a tangent.
						
							A  containing the 
   value of the angle, , measured in radians, for which  is the tangent, such that -/2 <=
    <=
   
   /2.
							 The
   following table specifies the return value if d is equal to , ,
   or  .
							
								
									Return Value
									Condition
								
								
									
										
									
									
										 is equal to .
								
								
									 -/2 rounded to double precision (-1.5707963267949)
									
										 is equal to .
								
								
									
										/2 rounded to double precision (1.5707963267949)
									
										 is equal to .
								
							
						
						
							
								 A positive return value represents a counterclockwise angle from the positive x-axis; a
         negative return value represents a clockwise angle.
								 Multiply the return value by
         180/ to convert from radians to degrees.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the angle whose tangent is the quotient of two
      specified 
      values.
						
						A  representing the y coordinate of a point.
						A  representing the x coordinate of a point.
						
							A  containing the 
   value of an angle, , measured in radians, such that - <=
    <=
   
    and tan =
   
, where () is a 
   point in the Cartesian plane.
							If both  and  are any combination of  and ,  is
returned.
							If either  or  is equal to ,  is
returned.
							The following table specifies the return value if
 or  
is equal to  or .
							
								
									Condition
									Return Value
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to  or , and
										
											 is equal to  or .
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to , and
										
											 is not equal to  or .
									
									-/2.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to , and
										
											 is not equal to  or .
									
									
										/2.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to , and
										
											 is not equal to  or .
									
									0.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to , and 
										
											 >= 0 and not equal to .
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to , and 
										
											 < 0 and not equal to .
									
									-.
								
							
						
						
							The return value is the angle in the Cartesian plane
      formed by the x-axis, and a vector starting from the origin, (0,0), and
      terminating at the point, ().
							
								
									
										
            
            For (, ) in quadrant 1, 0 <  < /2.
									
									
										
            
            For (, ) in quadrant 2, /2 <  < .
									
									
										
            
            For (, ) in quadrant 3, - <  < -/2.
									
									
										
            
            For (, ) in quadrant 4, -/2 <  < 0.
									
								
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathAtan2Example
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Atan2(2,0);
      Double d2 = Math.Atan2(0,0);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Atan2(2,0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Atan2(0,0) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Atan2(2,0) returns 1.5707963267949
								Math.Atan2(0,0) returns 0
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							
        Produces the full product of two 32-bit numbers.
      
						
						 The first  to multiply.
						 The second  to multiply.
						
							 A  containing the product of the specified numbers. 
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the
      specified .
						
						A  .
						
							A  containing the value of the smallest integer greater
   than or equal to . If  is equal to , ,
   or 
   , that value
   is returned.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathCeilingExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Ceiling(3.4);
      Double d2 = Math.Ceiling(-3.4);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Ceiling(3.4) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Ceiling(-3.4) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Ceiling(3.4) returns 4
								Math.Ceiling(-3.4) returns -3
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the cosine of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  that represents an angle measured in radians.
						
							A  containing the value of the cosine of . If
 is equal to , , or , 
   returns .
						
						
							
								Multiply by
      /180 to convert degrees to radians.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  that represents an angle measured in radians.
						
							The hyperbolic cosine of . If
 is equal to  or , 
   returns . If  is equal to , returns
.
						
						
							
								Multiply by
      /180 to convert degrees to radians.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							
    Returns the quotient of two numbers, also passing the remainder as an output parameter.
     
						
						 A  that contains the dividend.
						 A  that contains the divisor.
						 A  that receives the remainder.
						
							 A  containing the quotient of the specified numbers.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							
    Returns the quotient of two numbers, also passing the remainder as an output parameter.
     
						
						 A  that contains the dividend.
						 A  that contains the divisor.
						 A  that receives the remainder.
						
							 A  containing the quotient of the specified numbers. 
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							A constant, , which specifies the natural logarithmic base rounded to 
 double precision.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 2.7182818284590452354 converted to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns  raised to the specified
 that represents
   an exponent.
						
						A  that represents an exponent.
						
							 A  equal to the number  raised to the power of
. If equals  or , 
   returns that value. If equals ,
   returns 0.
						
						
							
								Use the  method to
      calculate powers of other bases.
								
									 is the inverse of
 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the
      specified .
						
						A  .
						
							 A  containing the value of the largest integer less than or
   equal to . If  is equal to , ,
   or , that value is returned..
						
						
							 The behavior of this method follows IEEE Standard 754, section 4.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathFloorExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Floor(3.4);
      Double d2 = Math.Floor(-3.4);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Floor(3.4) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Floor(-3.4) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Floor(3.4) returns 3
								Math.Floor(-3.4) returns -4
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the remainder resulting from the division of one
      specified 
      by another specified .
						
						A  that represents a dividend.
						A  that represents a divisor.
						
							A 
whose value is as follows:
							
								
									Value
									Description
								
								
									
										 - (
      Q),
									Q is the quotient of  rounded to
   the nearest integer (if  is exactly halfway between two
   integers, the even integer is returned).
								
								
									 +0
									Q is the quotient of  rounded to the nearest integer (if
 is exactly halfway between two integers, the even integer is 
   returned),  - (y Q) is zero, and  is positive.
								
								
									 -0
									Q is the quotient of  rounded to the nearest integer (if
 is exactly halfway between two integers, the even integer is 
   returned),  - (y Q) is zero, and  is negative.
								
								
									
										
									
									y = 0.
								
							
						
						
							This operation complies with the remainder operation defined in Section 5.1
      of ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985; IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic;
      Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc; 1985.
							
								For more
      information regarding the use of +0 and -0, see Section 3.1
      of ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985; IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic;
      Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc; 1985.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  
method.
							using System;

public class MathIEEERemainderExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.IEEERemainder(3.54,0);
      Double d2 = Math.IEEERemainder(9.99,-3.33);
      Double d3 = Math.IEEERemainder(-9.99,3.33);
      Double d4 = Math.IEEERemainder(9.5,1.5);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.IEEERemainder(3.54,0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.IEEERemainder(9.99,-3.33) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.IEEERemainder(-9.99,3.33) returns {0}", d3);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.IEEERemainder(9.5,1.5) returns {0}", d4);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.IEEERemainder(3.54,0) returns NaN
								Math.IEEERemainder(9.99,-3.33) returns 0
								Math.IEEERemainder(-9.99,3.33) returns 0
								Math.IEEERemainder(9.5,1.5) returns 0.5
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the natural logarithm of the specified .
						
						A  whose natural logarithm is to be found. 
						
							 Returns a  whose value is as
   follows.
							
								
									Condition
									Returns
								
								
									
										
   
   >
   0.
									 The value of the natural logarithm of .
								
								
									
										 == 0.
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											 <
      0.
										-or-
										
											 is equal to .
										-or-
										
											 is equal to .
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										
is equal to .
									
										.
								
							
						
						
							
								is specified as a base 10 number.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the logarithm of the specified 
in the specified base.
						
						A  whose logarithm is to be found.
						A  containing the value of the base of the logarithm.
						
							Returns a  whose value is as follows:
							
								
									Condition
									Returns
								
								
									
										 >
      0.
									 The value
      of Log
											
										
										, if and only if
 is greater than or equal to 0; otherwise, .
								
								
									
										== 0.
									
										.
								
								
									
										<
   0.
									
										.
								
							
							If  is equal to  and  is not equal
, , or , returns . 
If  is equal to  and  is not equal to
, , or , returns 0. If both  and 
 are equal to , or  or  
is equal to  or , returns .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns log10 of the specified .
						
						A  whose logarithm is to be found. 
						
							Returns a  as indicated by the following table.
							
								
									Condition
									Returns
								
								
									
										 >
      0.
									A
   
   containing the value of log10
										.
								
								
									
										 == 0.
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											 <
      0. 
										-or-
										
											is equal to .
										-or-
										
											is equal to .
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											 is equal to
   .
      
									
									
										.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value
   is equal
   to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that 
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value
   is equal
   to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified  values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that 
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified  values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that 
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified  values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that 
   is equal to if  is greater than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
   A 
   equal to  if  is greater than or equal to
; otherwise, the return value is equal to .

						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use
   (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is greater than or equal to
; otherwise, the return value is equal to . If , , or 
both are equal to ,  is
returned.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  equal to  if  is greater than or equal to
; otherwise, the return value is equal to . If  , , or both 
   are equal to  ,  is returned.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the greater of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that is equal to if  is greater than or 
   equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  equal to  if  is less
   than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to  .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  that 
   is equal to if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal
   to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  equal
   to
 if  is less than or equal
   to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.SByte
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified  values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is less than or equal to
; otherwise, the return value is equal to . If , , or both 
are equal to ,  is
returned.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  
equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.UInt32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant
      alternative, use (, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified  
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  
equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A 
equal to  if  is less than or equal to
; otherwise, the return value is equal to . If , 
, or both 
are equal to ,  is
returned.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the lesser of two specified 
values.
						
						The first of two specified  values to compare.
						The second of two specified  values to compare.
						
							A  equal to  if  is less than or equal to ; otherwise, the return value is equal to
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 A constant, , which specifies the ratio of the circumference of a circle to
      its diameter rounded to double precision.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 3.14159265358979323846 converted to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  raised to the specified power.
						
						A  to be raised to a power.
						A  that specifies that power.
						
							 A  equal to  raised to the power .
   The following table specifies the results if  or 
   is equal to , , or .
							
								
									Parameter Values
									Returns
								
								
									
										 or  is equal to 
   
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										 is equal to 
									
									
										 if  is an odd integer; otherwise,
.
								
								
									
										 is equal to 
									
									0.
								
								
									
										 is equal to 
									
									0 if  is equal to ; otherwise, .
								
								
									
										is equal to 
									
									
										.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Decimal
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the integer nearest the specified .
						
						A  to be rounded.
						
							 A  containing the value of the integer nearest . If 
is exactly halfway between two integers, one of which is even and the other odd, then the even integer is returned.
						
						
							The behavior of this method follows IEEE Standard 754, section 4.1.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the () method.
							using System;

public class MathRoundExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Round(4.4);
      Double d2 = Math.Round(4.5);
      Double d3 = Math.Round(4.6);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.4) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.5) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.6) returns {0}", d3);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Round(4.4) returns 4
								Math.Round(4.5) returns 4
								Math.Round(4.6) returns 5
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the number nearest the specified  within the
   specified precision.
						
						A  to be rounded.
						A  containing the value of the number of significant fractional digits (precision) in the return value. This number is required to be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 15.
						
							 A  containing the value of the number
   nearest  with a precision
   equal to  . If the digit
   in  that is in the 10-( + 1) place is equal
to 5 and there are no non-zero numbers in any less significant place, then the
digit in the 10-
								 place will be unchanged if it is even, else it
will be set to the closest even integer value in the direction of the digit in
the 10-( + 1) place. If the precision of  is less
than , then  is returned unchanged. If
 is zero, this method behaves in the same manner as  
( ).
						
						
							
								 < 0.
							
								 > 15.
						
						
							The behavior of this method follows IEEE Standard 754, section 4.1.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the (, ) method.
							using System;

public class MathRoundExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Round(3.44,1);
      Double d2 = Math.Round(3.45,1);
      Double d3 = Math.Round(3.55,1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(3.44, 1) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(3.45, 1) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(3.55, 1) returns {0}", d3);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Round(3.44, 1) returns 3.4
								Math.Round(3.45, 1) returns 3.4
								Math.Round(3.55, 1) returns 3.6
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the integer nearest the specified .
						
						A  to be rounded.
						
							 A  containing the value of the integer nearest .
   If  is exactly halfway between two integers, one of which is even and the other odd, then the even integer is returned.
						
						
							 The behavior of this method follows IEEE Standard 754, section 4.1.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the () method.
							using System;

public class MathRoundExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Round(4.4);
      Double d2 = Math.Round(4.5);
      Double d3 = Math.Round(4.6);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.4) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.5) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(4.6) returns {0}", d3);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Round(4.4) returns 4
								Math.Round(4.5) returns 4
								Math.Round(4.6) returns 5
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified .
						
						A  number whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A 
indicating the sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
						
							is equal to .
						
							The following example demonstrates using the () method.
							using System;

public class MathSignExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Sign(4.4);
      Double d2 = Math.Sign(0.0);
      Double d3 = Math.Sign(-4.5);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sign(4.4) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sign(0.0) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sign(-4.5) returns {0}", d3);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Sign(4.4) returns 1 
								Math.Sign(0.0) returns 0 
								Math.Sign(-4.5) returns -1
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the sign of value.
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
						
							 is equal to .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified  .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified  .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						
							CLSCompliantAttribute(false)
							0
						
					
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a value indicating the sign of the specified  .
						
						A  whose sign is to be determined.
						
							A  indicating the
   sign of .
							
								
									Number
									Description
								
								
									 -1
									
										 <
      0.
								
								
									 0
									
										 == 0.
								
								
									 1
									
										 > 0.
								
							
						
						
							This method is not CLS-compliant. For a CLS-compliant alternative, use
   ().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the sine of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  containing the value of an angle measured in radians.
						
							A  containing the value of the sine of . If
 is equal to , , or , 
   returns .
						
						
							
								Multiply by
      /180 to convert degrees to radians.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathSinExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Sin(0);
      Double d2 = Math.Sin(Math.PI/2.0);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sin(0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sin(Math.PI/2.0) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Sin(0) returns 0
								Math.Sin(Math.PI/2.0) returns 1
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  containing the value of an angle measured in radians.
						
							A  containing the value of the hyperbolic sine of
. If  is equal to , 
, or , returns a  equal to .
						
						
							
								Multiply by /180 to convert degrees
      to radians.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathSinhExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Sinh(0);
      Double d2 = Math.Sinh(Math.PI);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sinh(0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sinh(Math.PI) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Sinh(0) returns 0
								Math.Sinh(Math.PI) returns 11.5487393572577
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the square root of the specified .
						
						A  .
						
							A  whose value is indicated as
   follows:
							
								
									Condition
									Returns
								
								
									
										 >=
      0
									A
   
   containing the positive square root of .
								
								
									
										
											 <
      0
										
											is equal to .
										
											is equal to .
									
									
										.
								
								
									
										
											is equal to 
										
									
									
										
											.
									
								
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathSqrtExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Sqrt(16.0);
      Double d2 = Math.Sqrt(0.0);
      Double d3 = Math.Sqrt(-10.0);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sqrt(16.0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sqrt(0.0) returns {0}", d2);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Sqrt(-10.0) returns {0}", d3);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Sqrt(16.0) returns 4
								Math.Sqrt(0.0) returns 0
								Math.Sqrt(-10.0) returns NaN
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the tangent of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  that represents an angle measured in radians.
						
							A  containing the value of the tangent of . If a
   is equal to , , or ,
   returns .
						
						
							
								Multiply by /180 to convert degrees
      to radians.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathTanExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Tan(0);
      Double d2 = Math.Tan(Math.PI/2.0);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Tan(0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Tan(Math.PI/2.0) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Tan(0) returns 0
								Math.Tan(Math.PI/2.0) returns 1.63317787283838E+16
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Double
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified  that represents an angle.
						
						A  that represents an angle measured in radians.
						
							A  containing the value of the hyperbolic tangent of
. If  is equal to , returns -1. If value is equal to ,
   returns 1. If value is equal to , returns .
						
						
							
								Multiply by /180 to convert degrees to radians.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  method.
							using System;

public class MathTanhExample
{

   public static void Main()
   {

      Double d1 = Math.Tanh(0);
      Double d2 = Math.Tanh(Math.PI);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Tanh(0) returns {0}", d1);
      Console.WriteLine("Math.Tanh(Math.PI) returns {0}", d2);

   }

}

							The output is
							
								Math.Tanh(0) returns 0 
								Math.Tanh(Math.PI) returns 0.99627207622075
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			ExtendedNumerics
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents the error that occurs when an arithmetic operation cannot be performed on a floating-point value that
      is not a finite number.
				
				
					This exception is thrown when an operand of an arithmetic operation is, and
      is not permitted to be, one of the following:
					
						
							 Positive infinity
						
						
							 Negative infinity
						
						
							 NaN (Not-a-Number)
						
					
					
						Operations involving  or  operations throw
this exception.
					
				
			
			
				System.ArithmeticException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "The number encountered was not a
   finite quantity." This message takes into account the current system culture. 
							This constructor initializes the  property to zero. The  
property is initialized to  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that specifies the value of the argument that caused the Exception.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to a system-supplied
   message that describes the error, such as "The number encountered was not a
   finite quantity." This message takes into account the current system
   culture.
							This constructor initializes the  property using . The  property is initialized to 
 .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance
   using  , and
   initializes the 
   property to zero. If  is , the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							 The 
property is initialized to  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						A  that specifies the value of the argument that caused the current Exception.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using  and
   the  property using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments.
							 The  property is initialized to
 .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						A  that specifies the value of the argument that caused the current exception.
						An instance of  that is the cause of the current exception. If  is non-null, then the current exception was raised in a catch block handling .
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using , the
 property using , and the  property using . If  is 
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied message 
   provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							
								For information on inner exceptions, see
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Double
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the value of the argument that caused the current Exception.
						
						
							A  that contains the invalid value.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The 
property returns the same value as was passed into the
constructor, or zero if no value was supplied.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			ExtendedNumerics
			
				mscorlib
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a 32-bit single-precision floating-point number.
				
				
					
						 is a 32-bit single 
   precision floating-point type that represents values ranging from approximately
   1.5E-45 to 3.4E+38 and from approximately -1.5E-45 to -3.4E+38 with a precision of 7 decimal
   digits. The  type conforms to standard IEC 60559:1989, Binary
   Floating-point Arithmetic for Microprocessor Systems. 
					A  can
represent the following values:
					
						
							
      
      The finite set of non-zero values of the form  *  * 2e, where s is 1 or -1, and 0 < 
   < 224 and -149 <=  <= 104.
						
						
							
      
      Positive infinity and negative infinity. Infinities are produced by
      operations that produce results with a magnitude greater than that which can
      be represented by a , such as dividing a non-zero number by zero. For
      example, using  operands, 1.0 / 0.0 yields positive infinity, and -1.0 / 0.0 yields negative infinity. Operations
   include passing parameters and returning values.
						
						
							
      
      The  value (NaN). NaN values are produced by invalid
      floating-point operations, such as dividing zero by zero.
						
					
					When performing binary operations, if one of the
   operands is a floating-point type ( or 
   ), then the other operand is
   required to be an integral type or a floating-point type and the operation is
   evaluated as follows:
					
						
							
      
      If one of the operands is of an integral type, then
      that operand is converted to the floating-point type of the other operand.
						
						
							
      
      Then, if either of the operands is of type , the other operand is converted to
   , and
      the operation is performed using at least the range and precision of the
    type.
      For numeric operations, the type of the result is .
						
						
							
      
      Otherwise, the operation is performed using at least the range and
      precision of the  type and, for numeric operations, the type of the
      result is .
						
					
					The floating-point operators, including the assignment operators, do not
   throw exceptions. Instead, in exceptional situations, the result of a
   floating-point operation is zero, infinity, or NaN, as described below:
					
						
							
      
      If the result of a floating-point operation is too
      small for the destination format, the result of the operation is zero.
						
						
							
      
      If the magnitude of the result of a floating-point
      operation is too large for the destination format, the result of the operation
      is positive infinity or negative infinity.
						
						
							
      
      If a floating-point operation is invalid, the result
      of the operation is NaN.
						
						
							
      
      If one or both operands of a floating-point operation are NaN, the result
      of the operation is NaN.
						
					
					Conforming implementations of the CLI are permitted to perform floating-point
   operations using a precision that is higher than that required by the  type. For
   example, hardware architectures that support an "extended" or "long double"
   floating-point type with greater range and precision than the  type could implicitly perform all floating-point
   operations using this higher precision type. Expressions evaluated using a
   higher precision may cause a finite result to be produced instead of an
   infinity.
				
			
			
				System.ValueType
			
			
				
					System.IComparable
					0
				
				
					System.IFormattable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the sort order of the current instance compared
      to the specified  .
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  containing a value that reflects the sort order of the
   current instance as compared to . The following table defines the
   conditions under which the returned value is a negative number, zero, or a
   positive number.
							
								
									Return Value
									Description
								
								
									 Any
         negative
         number
									
										Current instance < .
										Current instance is a NaN and  is
      not a NaN and is not a null reference.
									
								
								
									 Zero
									
										Current instance ==  .
										Current instance and  are both NaN,
   positive infinity, or negative infinity.
									
								
								
									 Any positive number
									
										Current instance > .
										
											 is a null reference.
										Current instance is not a NaN and 
is a NaN.
									
								
							
						
						
							 is not a null reference and is not of type .
						
							
								
      This method is implemented to support the  interface.
      Note that, although a NaN is not considered to be equal to another NaN (even
      itself), the  interface requires that
      A.CompareTo(A)
      return zero.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					
						

							 Represents the smallest positive  value
   greater than zero.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 1.401298E-45.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified
    represent the same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents the same type and value as the current
   instance, otherwise 
   . If  is
   a null reference or is not an instance of , returns . If either  or the current
   instance is a NaN and the other is not, returns . If
 and the current instance are both NaN, positive infinity, or negative 
   infinity, returns .
						
						
							
								
      This method overrides .
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							
 The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
 unspecified.
 
							
								 
This method overrides .

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the specified  represents an infinity,
 which can be either positive or negative.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if represents a
 positive or negative infinity value; otherwise .
						
						
							
								
 Floating-point operations return positive or negative
 infinity values to signal an overflow condition.
 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the value of the specified 
is undefined (Not-a-Number).
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a NaN
 value; otherwise .
						
						
							
								 Floating-point operations return NaN 
 values to signal that the result of the operation is undefined. For example,
 dividing (Single) 0.0 by 0.0 results in a NaN value.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the specified 
represents a negative infinity value.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a
 negative infinity value; otherwise 
 .
						
						
							
								
 Floating-point operations return negative infinity
 values to signal an overflow condition.
 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the specified 
represents a positive infinity value.
						
						The  to be checked.
						
							
								 if  represents a
 positive infinity value; otherwise 
 .
						
						
							
								
Floating-point operations return positive infinity
 values to signal an overflow condition.
 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					
						

							Contains the maximum positive value for the  type.
						
						
							The value of this constant is 3.40282346638528859E+38 
      converted to 
      .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					
						

							Contains the minimum (most negative) value for the
   
   type.
						
						
							 The value of this constant is -3.40282346638528859E+38 
      converted to 
      .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					NaN
					
						

							 Represents an undefined result of operations involving 
    
   .
						
						
							Not-a-Number (NaN) values are returned when the result of 
      a 
      operation is undefined.
							A NaN value is not equal to any other value, including another NaN value. 
							The value of this field is obtained by dividing  zero by zero.
							
								
									 
represents one of many possible NaN values. To test whether a
 value is 
a NaN, use the  method.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					
						

							 Represents a negative infinity of type  .
						
						
							The value of this constant can be obtained by dividing a negative  by zero.
							
								
   To test whether a  value is a negative infinity value, use the  method.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  and/or  style.
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns 
   . If  equals
, this method returns 
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to (, |
,  ).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting information in a 
initialized for the current system culture.

   
   For more information, see .

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  . 
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  and  styles. 
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns  . If 
   equals , this method returns
 .
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, , null).
							The string  is parsed using the formatting information in a 
initialized for the current system culture.
For more information, see .

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the  and/or  style.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about .
						
							The 
value obtained from . If the parsed value is less than , this method returns
 
. If the parsed value is greater than , this method returns 
. If  equals , this method returns
 .
						
						
							is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (,  | 
, ).
							The string  is parsed using the culture-specific formatting
information from the  instance supplied by . If  is
 
or a  cannot be obtained from , the formatting information
for the current system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Single
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified  converted to a  value.
						
						A  containing the value to convert. The string is interpreted using the style specified by  .
						Zero or more  values that specify the style of . Specify multiple values for  using the bitwise OR operator. If  is a null reference, the string is interpreted using the  and  styles.
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information about . 
						
							The  value obtained from . If the parsed value is
   less than , this method returns
 . If the parsed
   value is greater than , this method returns  . If 
   equals , this method returns NaN.
						
						
							 is a null reference.
						
							 is not in the correct style.
						
							The string  is parsed using the culture-specific formatting
   information from the  instance supplied by . If
 is 
 or a
 cannot be obtained from  
, the formatting information for the current
system culture is used.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Single
					
					
					Infinity
					
						

							 Represents a positive infinity of type .
						
						
							The value of this constant can be obtained by dividing a positive  by zero.
							
								
   To test whether a  value is a positive infinity value, use the  method.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  containing a character that specifies the format of the returned string, optionally followed by a non-negative integer that specifies the precision of the number in the returned .
						A  that supplies a  instance containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted as
   specified by . The string takes into account the information in
   the  instance supplied by .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							If  is 
 or a  cannot be obtained from
, the formatting information for the current system culture is 
   used.
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is
used.
							The following table lists the  characters that are valid
for the 
type.
							
								
									Format Characters
									Description
								
								
									 "C", "c"
									Currency format.
								
								
									 "E", "e"
									Exponential notation format.
								
								
									 "F", "f"
									Fixed-point format.
								
								
									 "G", "g"
									General format.
								
								
									 "N", "n"
									Number format.
								
								
									 "P", "p"
									Percent format.
								
								
									 "R", "r"
									Round-trip format.
								
							
							
								For a detailed description of the format strings, see the 
interface.
								This method is implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the
   current instance. 
						
						A  that supplies a  containing culture-specific formatting information.
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string takes into account the
   formatting information in the  instance supplied by
.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  ( ,
 
).
							If  is 
 or a  cannot be obtained from , the
formatting information for the current system culture is used.
							
								
   
   The general format specifier formats the number in either
   fixed-point or exponential notation form. For a detailed description of the
   general format, see the 
   interface.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						
							A  representation of the current instance formatted using
   the general format specifier, ("G"). The string
   takes into account the current system culture.
						
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
 ).
							
								The general format specifier formats the number in either
      fixed-point or exponential notation form. For a detailed description of the
      general format, see the 
      interface.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance. 
						
						A  that specifies the format of the returned string. For a list of valid values, see  (,  ).
						
						
							A  representation of
   the current instance formatted as specified by 
   . The string takes into account the current system
   culture.
						
						
							 is invalid.
						
							This version of  is equivalent to  (, 
 ).
							If  is a null reference, the general format specifier "G" is
used.
						
						
							The following example shows the effects of various
      formats on the string returned by 
      .
							using System;
class test {
 public static void Main() {
   float f = 1234.567f;
   Console.WriteLine(f);
   string[] fmts = {"C","E","e5","F","G","N","P","R"};
   for (int i=0;i<fmts.Length;i++)
     Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", 
       fmts[i],f.ToString(fmts[i]));
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								1234.567
								C: $1,234.57
								E: 1.234567E+003
								e5: 1.23457e+003
								F: 1234.57
								G: 1234.567
								N: 1,234.57
								P: 123,456.70 %
								R: 1234.567
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
	
	
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Specifies the addressing schemes used by the  class.
				
				
					A  member is specified to the
 class constructors to identify 
   the addressing scheme that the socket instance will use to resolve an address. For example,
 indicates that an IP version 4 address is 
   expected when a 
   instance connects to an endpoint.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					AppleTalk
					
						

							 AppleTalk address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Atm
					
						

							Native Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) services address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Banyan
					
						

							 Banyan address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Ccitt
					
						

							Addresses for CCITT protocols, such as X.25.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Chaos
					
						

							Address for MIT CHAOS protocols.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Cluster
					
						

							Address for Microsoft cluster products.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					DataKit
					
						

							Address for Datakit protocols.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					DataLink
					
						

							 Direct data-link interface address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					DecNet
					
						

							 DECnet address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Ecma
					
						

							European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					FireFox
					
						

							 FireFox address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					HyperChannel
					
						

							 NSC Hyperchannel address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Ieee12844
					
						

							 IEEE 1284.4 workgroup address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					ImpLink
					
						

							ARPANET IMP address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					InterNetwork
					
						

							 Address for IP version 4.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					InterNetworkV6
					
						

							Address for IP version 6.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					NS
					
						

							Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) or Sequenced Packet 
 Exchange (SPX) address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Irda
					
						

							 Infrared Data Association (IrDA) address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Osi
					
						

							Address for ISO protocols.
							
								Multiple names are defined for this value based on prior art. 
         This value is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Lat
					
						

							 LAT address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					NetBios
					
						

							 NetBios address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					NetworkDesigners
					
						

							 Address for Network Designers OSI gateway-enabled protocols.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					NS
					
						

							Address for Xerox NS protocols.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Osi
					
						

							Address for ISO protocols.
							
								Multiple names are defined for this value based on prior art. 
         This value is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Pup
					
						

							Address for PUP protocols.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Sna
					
						

							IBM SNA address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Unix
					
						

							Address is local to the host.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Unknown
					
						

							Used to indicate an uninitialized state. This member is not to be used when
      constructing instances of the  class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					Unspecified
					
						

							Unspecified address family.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					VoiceView
					
						

							VoiceView address.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Manages the authentication modules called during the client authentication
      process.
				
				
					The  class manages
   authentication modules that are responsible for client authentication.
The  is called by  instances to provide information 
   that is sent to servers to authenticate the client. The authentication process
   may consist of requests to an authentication server separate from the resource
   server, as well as any other activities required to properly authenticate a
   client.
					
					The 
queries registered authentication modules by calling the  method for each module. The
first authentication module that returns a  instance is used to authenticate the request. An authentication module, which can be any object that
implements the  interface, is registered using the 
method. Authentication modules are called in the order in which they are registered.
					Applications typically do not access this type directly;
   it provides authentication services for the  type.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Authorization
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Calls registered authentication modules to find a module that
      responds to the specified authentication challenge.
						
						A  containing the challenge returned by an Internet host. The content of this string is determined by the authentication protocol(s) used by the server that issued the challenge.
						The  that received  .
						The  associated with . The  property of  is used to supply this argument.
						
						
							 A  instance containing the response from the
   authentication module, or  if no authentication module
   responded to the challenge.
							 Applications do not call this method; it is called by
 
instances.
						
						
							, , or  is .
						
							The  method invokes the  method of each
   registered authentication module until one of the modules returns a 
   instance. Authentication modules are called in the order in which they were registered via
   the 
   method.
							
								The  property of the object returned by
this method contains the
client's response to the server challenge contained in 
. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Authorization
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Attempts to obtain a 
instance used to initiate client authentication.
						
						A  containing a request for access to a resource.
						The  associated with  .
						
							 A  instance if an authentication module can provide
   authentication information to be sent with  ;
   otherwise, . If 
   is , this method returns .
						
						
							
								is 
							
						
						
							The  method invokes the  method of each registered
   authentication module until one of the modules returns a 
   instance. Authentication modules are called in the order in which they were
   registered via the  method.
							
								The  instance contains the
information that will be
sent by a client to initiate authentication instead of waiting for the server to
request it. Authentication modules that support preauthentication allow clients
to improve server efficiency by avoiding extra round trips caused by
authentication challenges.
							
							
								If an authorization module supports preauthentication
   of requests, its 
   property returns . Note that
   preauthentication requires that an authentication of the client has already
   occurred. The information obtained from the initial authentication is used to
   provide the  that is
   sent to the server as an authentication header in
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Adds an authentication module to the list of registered
      authentication modules managed by the authentication manager.
						
						The  to register.
						
							 is .
						
							The  method adds an authentication
   module to the end of the list of modules managed by the authentication manager.
   Each registered module is required to have a
   unique . If a module with the same
 is already registered, this method removes the 
   registered module, and adds  to the end of the
   list. Authentication
   modules are called in
   the order in which they were added to the list.
							
							
								To remove a module,
   call one of the 
   
   methods.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a list of registered authentication modules.
      
						
						
							A  that
   provides access to the list of registered
   authentication modules.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  method adds modules to the
   list of registered authentication modules, and the  method removes modules from
   it.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Removes the specified authentication module from the list of registered modules.
						
						The  module to remove.
						
							 is .
						
							is not a registered authentication module.
						
							
								To add an authentication module to
      the list of registered modules, call the 
      method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Removes the authentication module with the specified
      authentication type from the list of registered modules.
						
						A  containing the authentication type of the module to remove.
						
							 is .
						There is no registered module with the  authentication type.
						
							The  is required to match
   the value returned by the  property of a registered authentication module.
							
								To add an authentication module to
   the list of registered modules, call the 
   method.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Supplies authentication messages used to authenticate a client to server.
				
				
					 The  class contains authentication information returned by
   a  module.  instances are used
   to pass server challenge responses and client preauthentication information. 
					
						Applications do not create or access instances of this type directly;
   instances of this type are created by authentication modules and used by the
.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified
   authorization message.
						
						A  containing the authorization message to be sent to the server.
						
							This constructor creates a  instance with the  property set to and the  property set to . If  is  or a zero-length string, 
is set to .  is set to
.
							
								The  property
indicates whether the authentication, as defined by the authentication protocol implemented by
the caller, is finished or requires additional information exchange between the client and
server.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified
   authorization message and completion status.
						
						A  containing the authentication message to be sent to the server.
						A  value indicating the completion status of the client authentication. Specify  if the authentication is complete; otherwise, . 
						
							This constructor creates a  instance with the  property set to and the
 property set to . If  is  or 
   a zero-length string,  is set to
.  is set to 
.
							
								The  property indicates
whether the authentication, as defined by the authentication protocol
implemented by the caller, is finished or requires additional information
exchange between the client and server.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified
   authorization message, completion status, and connection group identifier.
   
						
						A  containing the authentication message to be sent to the server. 
						A  value indicating the completion status of the authentication. Specify  if the authentication is complete; otherwise, . 
						A  containing a unique identifier that will be used to identify the authenticated connection, or  . 
						
							This constructor creates a  instance with the  property set to , the
 property set to , and 
   the  property set to . If  is
 or a zero-length string,  is set to . If 
 is  or a zero-length string, 
 is set to .
							
								The connection group identifier is used to restrict access to the
      server connection established with the current authorization instance. Only
   
   instances that have  as their 
   property value can use the connection. The connection group information
   set by this constructor is also available in the  property of
   the service point that represents the connection.
								The  property indicates whether the
authentication, as defined by the authentication protocol implemented by the
caller, is finished or requires additional information exchange between the
client and server.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating the completion status of the authentication.
						
						
							
								if the authentication process is complete; otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property is set to when the
   authentication process between the client and the server is finished.
							
								Some authentication
   modules, such as a Kerberos module, use multiple
   round trips between the client and server to complete an authentication. The authentication module sets the
 property to 
 until the authentication is complete.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the unique identifier for an authenticated connection.
						
						
							A  containing a unique
   connection identifier, or  if no value was specified to the
   constructor for the
   current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The connection group identifier is used to restrict access to the server connection
      established with the current authorization instance. 
							
								Only  instances that have  as
   their  property value
   can use the connection. If the value of this property is
 , access to the connection is
   not restricted in this manner. The connection group information is also available in
   the  property of the service point that
   represents the connection.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the response to an authentication
      challenge.
						
						
							A  containing the message that will be returned to the server in response to an
   authentication challenge.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The content of the
      string returned by this property is determined by the protocol implemented
      by the 
      
      object that created
      the current instance. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String[]
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the URIs that can be authenticated using the value in the  property.
						
						
							A  array containing URIs.
						
						
							
								A  compares a URI
   to this list to determine if the current instance can be used to
   authenticate a request for a given URI.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides storage for multiple credentials.
				
				
					The  class stores credentials for multiple
   Internet resources. Applications that need to access multiple resources can
   store the credentials for those resources in a  instance that then provides the proper set of credentials
   for a given resource when required. When the

method is called, it compares the URI and authentication type provided
with those stored in the cache, and returns the first set of credentials that
match.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.Net.ICredentials
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor creates a 
instance with its 
property initialized to the system
credentials of the current process. 
							
								Use the  method to add additional
credentials to the  instance.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds a 
instance to the credential cache.
						
						A  that contains the URI prefix of resources to which  grants access.
						A  containing the authentication type used by the resource named in  . This string is required to be identical to the  of the authentication module that uses the credential.
						A  to add to the credential cache.
						The  or  parameter is .
						The cache already contains a credential for the specified  and 
						
						
							The cache stores credentials in the order in which they
      are added.
							
								Use the 
method
to retrieve 
instances.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.ICredentials
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the system credentials in use for
      the current process.
						
						
							A  instance that represents the system credentials in use for the current process.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
						Requires read access to the environment variable that contains the user name. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.NetworkCredential
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns the 
instance associated with a URI and
authentication type.
						
						A  that contains the URI prefix of resources for which the client will be authenticated.
						A  containing the authentication type used by the resource named in  . This string is required to be identical to the  of the authentication module that uses the credential.
						
							A , or  if there is no
   matching credential in the cache.
						
						The  or  parameter is .
						
							This method searches the  and
   returns the 
   instance for the specified URI prefix
   and authentication type. This method uses the longest matching URI prefix in the cache
   to determine which credentials to return for an authentication
   type. 
							
								The following table shows the matches
      for a set of URI prefixes (assuming the URI prefixes are all cached for the
      specified authentication type). 
								
									
										URI Prefix
										Matches
									
									
										 http://www.contoso.com/portal/news.htm
										Matches only requests for
            http://www.contoso.com/portal/news.htm.
									
									
										 http://www.contoso.com/portal/
										Matches requests for all resources in the portal
            path, except for requests for the http://www.contoso.com/portal/news.htm
            page.
									
									
										 http://www.contoso.com/
										Matches requests for all resources at www.contoso.com, except
            those in the portal
            path.
									
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Collections.IEnumerator
					
					
					
						

							Returns an enumerator that iterates through credentials stored in the current
    instance.
						
						
							 A  for the current  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Deletes a 
instance from the cache.
						
						A  that specifies the resources for which the credential is used.
						A  containing the authentication type used by the resource named in  . This string is required to be identical to the  of the authentication module that uses the credential.
						
							The  method
   locates and removes the  instance that is cached
   for the specified URI prefix and authentication type. If there is no match found
   in the cache for the specified values, this method has no effect. The
 and  
values are required to exactly match the values supplied at the time the
credential was added to the cache. For
additional information, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Obtains domain information from the Domain Name System as
      defined by IETF RFC 1035 and RFC 1036.
				
				
					The  class creates
   and sends queries to obtain information about a host server from the Internet
   Domain Name System (DNS). In order to access DNS, the machine executing the
   query is required to be connected to a network. If the query is executed on a
   machine that does not have access to a domain name server, a 
   is thrown. 
					 Information from the DNS query is returned in an
   instance of the  class. If the specified host
   has more than one entry in the DNS database, the  instance contains
   multiple IP addresses and
   aliases. 
					
						See the 
class page for an example that uses the  class.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins the asynchronous execution of a DNS query to obtain address information about the specified host.
						
						A  containing the DNS name of the host.
						A  delegate, or  .
						An application-defined object, or  .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							 is  .
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						
							This method starts an 
      asynchronous request for information about the specified host. To retrieve the
      results of the query and release resources allocated by this method, call
      the  method and specify the  object
      returned by this method. The 
      method should be called exactly once for each call to
    .
							
							If the  parameter is not 
, the method referenced by  is invoked when the 
   asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
   passed as the argument to the method referenced by 
   . The method referenced by
 can retrieve the results of the query by calling 
 .
The  parameter can be any object
that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of the asynchronous
operation. This object is available via the 
property of the object returned by this method.

						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins the asynchronous execution of a DNS query to
      resolve a host name or IP address.
						
						A  containing the DNS name or IP address of the host.
						A  delegate or  .
						An application-defined object, or  .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							 is  .
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						
							This method starts an asynchronous request for DNS
      information about the specified host. To retrieve the results of the query and
      release resources allocated by this method, call the 
      method, and specify the  object returned by this method. The 
      method should be called exactly once for each call to 
								.
							 If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is 
   invoked when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object
   returned by this method is passed as the argument to the method referenced by
. The method referenced by  can 
   retrieve the results of the query by calling .
							 The  parameter can be any object that the caller wishes
   to have available for the duration of the asynchronous operation. This object is
   available via the  property of the object returned by this
   method. 
						
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous query to obtain address information about the specified host.
						
						The  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
							A  object containing DNS address information about a host. 
						
						
							is .
						
							This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The  method completes an asynchronous request for
   DNS information that was started with a call to . The object
   specified for the  parameter is required to be the same
   object as was returned by the  method call that began the request.
   
							If the  method is invoked via the  delegate 
specified to the  method, the 
parameter is the  argument passed to the delegate's method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous query to resolve a host name or IP address.
						
						
							The  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation. 
						
						
							A  object containing address information about a host. 
						
						
							is .
						
							This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not
      completed.
							The  method completes an asynchronous request for
   DNS information that was started with a call to  . The object specified for the
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
   by the  method call that began the request.
   
							If the  method is invoked via the  delegate 
specified to the  method, the  parameter is the
 
argument passed to the delegate's method.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Queries DNS for the DNS host name of the specified IP address.
						
						A  containing an IP address.
						
							A  instance containing the host information.
						
						
							is  .
						
							is not a valid IP address.
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						
							The IP address specified by the parameter
   is required to be in dotted-quad notation (for example, "192.168.1.2").
						
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Queries DNS for the DNS host name of the specified IP
      address.
						
						A  instance.
						
							A  instance containing the host information.
						
						
							is  .
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Queries DNS for address information about the specified
      host.
						
						A  containing the DNS name of the host.
						
							A  object containing host information for the address
   specified in 
   .
						
						
							is  .
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						
							
								To retrieve host information asynchronously, use the  and 
   methods. 
								See the 
class page for an example that uses the  method.
							
						
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the DNS host name of the local machine.
						
						
							A  containing the DNS host name
   of the local machine.
						
						An error was encountered resolving the local host name.
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. See  and .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPHostEntry
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Resolves a DNS host name or IP address to a 
instance. 
						
						A  containing a DNS-style host name or IP address.
						
							A  instance
   containing address information about the host specified in

.
						
						
							is  .
						An error was encountered executing the DNS query .
						The caller does not have permission to access DNS information.
						
							The  method
   queries a DNS server for the IP address associated
   with a host name or an IP address in dotted-quad notation. 
							When is a DNS-style host name associated with multiple IP
addresses, only the first IP address that resolves to that host name is
returned. 
						
						Requires unrestricted permission for accessing DNS information. This method also asserts unrestricted  . See  and .
						
							The following example demonstrates the use of the  method.
							using System;
using System.Net;

public class DnsTest {
 public static void Main() {
   IPHostEntry hostInfo1 = Dns.Resolve("www.contoso.com");
   DisplayHostInfo(hostInfo1);
   Console.WriteLine();
 }

 public static void DisplayHostInfo(IPHostEntry hostInfo) {
   string[] aliases = hostInfo.Aliases;
   IPAddress[] addresses = hostInfo.AddressList;
   Console.WriteLine("The host name is: {0}", hostInfo.HostName);

   for(int x = 0; x < aliases.Length; x++)
     Console.WriteLine("Alias {0} == {1}", aliases[x], addresses[x]);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								 The host name is: contoso.com
								 Alias www.contoso.com == 207.46.230.186 
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Controls access to Domain Name System (DNS) servers on the
      network.
				
				
					 The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below in
      EBNF format. The following conventions are used:
					
						
							
								 All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal type.
							
						
						
							
								 All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					 The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
            
            '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
            expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
            
            '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
            expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
            
            '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
            expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
            
            '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals or a
            mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
            
            '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
            expressions.
						
						
							
            
            '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand
            non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
            non-literals or both.
						
					
					BuildVersion refers to the build version of the shipping CLI. This is a
      dotted build number such as '2412.0' . 
					ECMAPubKeyToken ::= 
					
					
						DnsPermissionXML ::= 
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							
						
						
							BuildVersion
						
						
							
						
						
							ECMAPubKeyToken
						
						
							
						
						(
						
							
						
						)
						|
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.CodeAccessPermission
			
			
				
					System.Security.IPermission
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified 
value.
						
						
							A  value. 
						
						
							 is not a valid  value.
						
							
								This constructor creates either fully restricted () 
      or  access to DNS
      information.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object containing the same values as the current
   instance.
						
						
							 A new  instance containing the same values as the current instance.
   
						
						
							
								The object returned by this method represents the same access to DNS information as
         the current instance.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
      support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reconstructs the state of a  object using the specified XML encoding.
						
						A  instance containing the XML encoding to use to reconstruct the state of a  object.
						
							
								is 
							
						
						
							
								is not a  element.
						
						
							The state of the current instance is changed to the state encoded in
 .
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object that is the intersection of the current
   instance and the specified object. 
						
						A  instance to intersect with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that represents the intersection of the
   current instance and . If the intersection is
   empty, returns . If the
   current instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If
 is unrestricted, returns a copy of 
   the current instance.
						
						
							
								The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the
         resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it
         represents the minimum permission such that any demand that passes both
         permissions will also pass their intersection.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
      support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance is a subset of the specified
      object.
						
						A  instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship.
						
							
								 if the current instance is a
   subset of  ; otherwise,. If the current
   instance is unrestricted, and  is not, returns
. If  is unrestricted, returns 
. If  is  , returns 
.
						
						
							
								The current instance is a subset of  if the current instance
      specifies a set of accesses to resources that is wholly contained by
   . For example, a permission that represents read access to a file
      is a subset of a permission that represents read and write access to the file. 
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
   support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the XML encoding of the state of the
   current instance.
						
						
							
								For the XML encoding for this class, see the  class page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a new  object that is the union of the current instance and
   the specified object.
						
						A  instance to combine with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that represents the union of the 
   current instance and
. If the current instance or  is unrestricted, 
   returns a  instance that is unrestricted.
						
						
							
								The result of a call to  is a permission that represents all of
      the access to permissions represented by the current instance as well as the
      permissions represented by . Any demand that passes either the
      current instance or passes their union.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
   support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Used to declaratively specify permission to request information from Domain Name Servers.
				
				
					
						The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the 
 metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time.
 Security attributes are used for declarative security only. For imperative
 security, use the corresponding permission class,  .
						The allowable  targets are determined by the  passed to the constructor.
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.Permissions.CodeAccessSecurityAttribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs a new instance of the  class with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  instance that contains the security information of 
 the current instance.
						
						
							 A  object with the security information of the current instance.
						
						
							
								Applications typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the 
 system.
								The security information described by a security attribute is stored in the 
 metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. The
 system uses the object returned by this method to convert the security
 information of the current instance into the form stored in metadata.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 This is the base class used to derive classes that
 represent network addresses.
 
				
				
					
						The  class provides an
 abstract representation of the address of a network resource or
 service. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the address family to which the endpoint belongs.
      
						
						
							One of the values defined in  .
						
						This property is required to be overridden in types derived from  .
						
							
								This property is read-only.
								The  value returned
      by this property specifies the addressing scheme used
      by the network protocol of the current instance. 
							
							
								The default implementation throws . 
							
							
								Override this
   property to return the 
   of the current instance.
							
							
								Use this property to
   obtain the  information of the current instance.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.EndPoint
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  instance containing the address
   information from the specified 
   instance.
   
						
						A  instance that provides the address information for the new  instance.
						
							A new  instance containing the address
   information from the specified  instance.
						
						This method is required to be overridden in types derived from  .
						
							
								 As described above.
							
							
								The default implementation throws
   . 
							
							
								Override this
      method to return a  instance that contains the address information from
      the specified .
							
							
								Use this method to
      obtain a 
      instance that represents the same network resource or service as the specified
   . 
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Contains a global
      default proxy instance for all HTTP requests.
				
				
					The 
stores the proxy settings for the default proxy that  instances use to contact Internet sites beyond the
local network. The default proxy settings are initialized from a global or
application configuration file, and can be overridden for individual requests,
or disabled by setting the  property to the object returned by the 
method.
					The proxy settings stored in  are used by a  instance
if its  property is not set.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IWebProxy
					
					
					
						

							 Returns an empty proxy object.
						
						
							 A  that contains no information.
						
						
							The  method returns an empty 
instance indicating that no proxy is used to access an Internet resource. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IWebProxy
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the global proxy information.
						
						
							 A 
that identifies the proxy server used by the  method if no proxy information is
specified. 
						
						The caller does not have permission for the requested operation.
						Requires full  access. See .
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Defines the shape of methods that are invoked when
      a  response is received
      by a web client.
      
				
				A  containing the numeric value of the HTTP status from the server. 
				A  containing the headers returned with the response.
				
					 Use a 
instance to specify the methods that are automatically invoked
whenever HTTP 100 ( ) responses are received from
a web server.
				
			
			
				System.Delegate
			
			
				
					System.ICloneable
					0
				
			
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Contains the values of status codes defined for the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
				
				
					This enumeration is used by .
					
						The  enumeration contains the values of the status codes
   defined in IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1. 
						The status of an HTTP request is contained in the  property. 
					
				
				
					 The following example compares the status returned by a
    with a 
   value to determine the status of the response.
					using System;
using System.Net;

public class HttpStatusCodeExample {

   public static void Main() {
      string serverName = "http://www.contoso.com";
      HttpWebRequest httpReq = (HttpWebRequest) WebRequest.Create(serverName);
      httpReq.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
      HttpWebResponse httpRes = (HttpWebResponse) httpReq.GetResponse();
      if (httpRes.StatusCode==HttpStatusCode.Found) {    
          Console.WriteLine("Request for {0} was redirected.", serverName);
      }
   }
}

					The output is
					
						Request for http://www.contoso.com was
      redirected.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Accepted
					
						

							 Equivalent
      to HTTP status 202. Indicates that the request has been
      accepted but not
      yet processed.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 202, see
      Section 10.2.3 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Ambiguous
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 300. Indicates that multiple
      representations, each with a specific location, correspond to the requested
      resource. Agent-driven negotiation information is provided so that the
      request may be redirected by the user (or user agent) to the location of the
      preferred representation.
							
								The default action is to treat this status as a redirect and
         follow the contents of the Location header associated with the current
         response.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 300, see Section 10.3.1 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					BadGateway
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 502. Indicates that the
      server, acting as a gateway or proxy, received an invalid response from the upstream
      server that was accessed while attempting to fulfill the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 502, see
      Section 10.5.3 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					BadRequest
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 400.
      Indicates that improper syntax prevented the server from understanding the request .
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 400, see Section 10.4.1 of IETF RFC 2616 -
         HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Conflict
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 409. Indicates that a conflict with the current resource
      state prevented the completion of the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 409, see
      Section 10.4.10 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Continue
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 100. Indicates that the client is allowed to continue with the request.
							
								For a detailed description of HTTP status code 100, see
      Section 10.1.1 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Created
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 201.
      Indicates that the request has been fulfilled, resulting in the creation of a new resource. The most specific URI for this resource is contained
      by the Location header field of the response.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 201, see
      Section 10.2.2 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					ExpectationFailed
					
						

							 
      Equivalent to HTTP status 417. Indicates that the Expect request-header field condition could
      not be met by the server, or the server is a proxy and has unambiguous evidence
      that the next-hop server cannot meet the condition.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 417, see
      Section 10.4.18 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Forbidden
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 403. Indicates that the server understood but refuses to fulfill the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 403, see
      Section 10.4.4 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Found
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 302. Indicates
      that the requested resource is temporarily located on a different URI.
							
								
									 is a synonym for .
								 The default action when this status is received
      is to follow the Location header of the response. When the original
      request method was POST, the redirected request will use the GET method.
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 302, see Section 10.3.3 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					GatewayTimeout
					
						

							 
      Equivalent to HTTP status 504. Indicates that the server, acting as a gateway or proxy, timed out while waiting for a response from an
      upstream server accessed in an attempt to fulfill the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 504, see
      Section 10.5.5 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Gone
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 410. Indicates both that the
      requested resource is no longer available
      on the server and no forwarding address is known.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 410, see
      Section 10.4.11 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					HttpVersionNotSupported
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP
      status 505. Indicates that the HTTP protocol version used by the request is not
      supported by the server.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 505, see
      Section 10.5.6 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					InternalServerError
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 500. Indicates that the request could not be fulfilled by the server due to an unexpected condition.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 500, see
      Section 10.5.1 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					LengthRequired
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 411. Indicates that the server refuses to accept the request because its Content-length header is undefined.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 411, see
      Section 10.4.12 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					MethodNotAllowed
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 405. Indicates that the method specified in the Request-Line
      is not allowed for the requested resource.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 405, see
      Section 10.4.6 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					MovedPermanently
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 301. Indicates that a new, permanent URI has been
      assigned to the requested resource. All future references should use one of the
      returned URIs.
							
								 The default action when this status is received is to
         follow the Location header of the response. When the original request method was POST,
         the redirected request will use the GET method.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 301, see Section 10.3.2 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					MovedPermanently
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 301. Indicates that a new, permanent URI has been assigned to the requested resource. All future references should use one of the returned URIs.
							
								 The default action when this status is received is to
         follow the Location header of the response.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 301, see Section 10.3.2 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Ambiguous
					
						

							 Equivalent
      to HTTP status 300. Indicates that multiple representations, each with a specific location,
      correspond to the requested resource. Agent-driven negotiation information is provided
      so that the request may be redirected by the user (or user agent) to the location of the preferred representation.
							
								 The default action is to treat this status as a redirect
         and follow the contents of the Location header of the response.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 300, see Section 10.3.1 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NoContent
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 204. Indicates that the request has been fulfilled by the
      server and no entity-body was returned by the server.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 204, see
      Section 10.2.5 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NonAuthoritativeInformation
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 203.
      Indicates that a local or a third-party
      copy rather than the origin server provided the metainformation returned in the entity-header.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 203, see
      Section 10.2.4 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NotAcceptable
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 406. Indicates that the only response entities that can be generated by the requested resource have content
      characteristics that are not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 406, see
      Section 10.4.7 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NotFound
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 404. Indicates that the server did not find a resource that matches
      the requested URI.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 404, see
      Section 10.4.5 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NotImplemented
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 501. Indicates that
      the functionality required to fulfill the request is not supported by the server.
      This is appropriate, for example, if the server does not recognize the request method and cannot support it for any resource.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 501, see
      Section 10.5.2 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					NotModified
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 304. Indicates that the
      client has performed a conditional GET request and access is allowed, but the document has not been modified.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 304, see Section 10.3.5
      of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					OK
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 200. Indicates that the request succeeded.
      The method used by the request determines the information returned with the response
      as described in the following table.
							
								
									Method
									Information returned
								
								
									 GET
									 The entity that corresponds to the requested
            resource.
								
								
									 HEAD
									 
            The entity-header fields that correspond to the requested resource. Does
            not return the message-body.
								
								
									 POST 
									 An entity
            that contains or describes the result of the action.
								
								
									 TRACE
									 An entity
            that contains the request message received by the server. 
								
							
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 200, see
      Section 10.2.1 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					PartialContent
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 206. Indicates that the server has
      fulfilled a partial GET request for the resource. The request is required to have
      included a Range header field that indicates the desired range.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 206, see
      Section 10.2.7 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					PaymentRequired
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 402.
       is reserved for future use.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					PreconditionFailed
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 412. Indicates
      that a precondition given in one or more of the request-header fields
      was tested on the server but evaluated to
      false.
							
								Conditions are set with conditional request headers such as If-Match,
         If-None-Match, or If-Unmodified-Since.
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 412, see Section 10.4.13 of IETF RFC 2616 -
         HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					ProxyAuthenticationRequired
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 407. Indicates that
      the client is required to authenticate itself to the
      proxy before proceeding.
							
								The Proxy-authenticate header contains the details of how to perform the
         authentication.
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 407, see Section 10.4.8 of IETF RFC 2616 -
         HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Found
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 302. Indicates that the requested resource is
      temporarily located on a different URI.
							
								 The default action when this status is received is to follow the
         Location header of the response. When the original request method was POST,
         the redirected request will use the GET method.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 302, see Section 10.3.3 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					TemporaryRedirect
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 307. Indicates that the requested resource is
      temporarily located under a different URI.
							
								The default action when this status is received is to follow the Location
         header associated with the response. When the original request method was POST,
         the redirected request will also use the POST method.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 307, see Section 10.3.8 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RedirectMethod
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 303.
      Automatically
      redirects the client to the URI specified in the Location header as the result
      of a POST.
							
								The request to the resource specified by the Location header will be made
         with a GET.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 303, see Section 10.3.4 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status
      416. Indicates that none of the values specified by the Range request-header field
      overlap the current extent of the
      selected resource, and no If-Range request-header field was contained by the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 416, see
      Section 10.4.17 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RequestEntityTooLarge
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 413. Indicates that the
      request entity is larger that the server is willing or able to process, so the server is not
      processing the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP
      status code 413, see Section 10.4.14 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RequestTimeout
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 408. Indicates that the
      server timed out before the client produced a request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 408, see
      Section 10.4.9 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RequestUriTooLong
					
						

							 
      Equivalent to HTTP status 414. Indicates
      that the Request-URI is longer than the server will interpret, so the server is not servicing the
      request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 414, see
      Section 10.4.15 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					ResetContent
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 205. Indicates that the server
      has fulfilled the request and the document view that yielded the request is to be reset by
      the user agent.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 205, see
      Section 10.2.6 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					RedirectMethod
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 303. Automatically redirects the client to the URI
      specified in the Location header as the result of a POST.
							
								The request to the resource specified by the Location header will be made
         with a GET.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 303, see Section 10.3.4 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					ServiceUnavailable
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 503. Indicates that a temporary overloading or maintenance of
      the server is preventing it from handling the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 503, see
      Section 10.5.4 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					SwitchingProtocols
					
						

							
      Equivalent to HTTP status 101. Indicates that the server understands
      and will comply with the client's request to switch the protocol
      being used by the current connection to the protocols defined by the response's Upgrade header.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 101, see
      Section 10.1.2 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					TemporaryRedirect
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 307. Indicates that the requested resource is temporarily
      located under a different URI.
							
								The default action when this status is received is to follow the Location
         header associated with the response. When the original request method was POST,
         the redirected request will also use the POST method.
								
									 is a synonym for .
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 307, see Section 10.3.8 of IETF RFC 2616 -
      HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Unauthorized
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 401. Indicates that user authentication is required
      for the request.
							
								The WWW-Authenticate header contains the details of how to perform the
         authentication.
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 401, see Section 10.4.2 of IETF RFC 2616 -
         HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					UnsupportedMediaType
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status
      415. Indicates that the format of the entity of the request is not supported by the requested resource, so the server did not service the request.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 415, see
      Section 10.4.16 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					Unused
					
						

							 Equivalent to HTTP status 306.
							
								This status code is not used in HTTP/1.1.
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status code 306, see Section 10.3.7 of IETF RFC 2616 -
         HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					UseProxy
					
						

							Equivalent to HTTP status 305. Indicates that the requested
      resource is required to be accessed through the proxy identified in the Location header field.
							
								For a detailed description of the HTTP status
      code 305, see Section 10.3.6 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Defines the HTTP version numbers supported by  and
 .
				
				
					
						This class defines the HTTP versions supported by
  and . The HTTP version number
 is used to control version-specific features of HTTP, such as pipelining and
 chunking.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							Defines a  instance for HTTP 1.0.
						
						
							This field represents a  with a  value
 equal to 1, and a  value equal to 0.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							Defines a  instance for HTTP 1.1.
						
						
							This field represents a  with a  value
 equal to 1, and a  value equal to 1.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides an HTTP-specific implementation of the  
class.
				
				
					 This class implements
      properties and methods defined in  and provides additional
      properties and methods that enable the user to interact directly with servers
      using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). 
					
						Instances of this class are
         automatically created by the  class. For example,
         an instance of  is created when the 
         method is called and a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) beginning with http:// is specified.
      It is expected that an instance of this class will be constructed for every
      request made to the server. For example, after a call to 
      cancels an asynchronous operation, a call to  causes a  to
      be thrown.
						Requests can be sent synchronously or
      asynchronously. The  method
      sends a request to
      a server synchronously and returns a 
      instance containing the response. An asynchronous request for a resource
      is sent using the  and  methods. 
						 Request data is sent using a request stream. The 
, , and  methods
return a  instance used to send
data.
						When errors occur while accessing an Internet resource,
   the  class throws a 
   , and the 
   property that indicates the source of the error. When  is , the  property contains the 
   received from the Internet resource. 
						 Certain HTTP headers are protected; the user cannot set
   them directly in the header collection obtained from the 
   property. Instead, these headers are set using the
   associated properties of a  instance, or are set by the system. The following table describes how
   each protected header is set.
						
							
								Header
								Set by
							
							
								 Accept
								
									
								
							
							
								 Connection
								
									
										
									
									
										
									
								
							
							
								 Content-Length
								
									
								
							
							
								 Content-Type
								
									
								
							
							
								 Expect
								
									
								
							
							
								 Date
								Set to current date by the system.
							
							
								 Host
								 Set to current host by the
      system.
							
							
								 if-Modified-since
								
									
								
							
							
								 Range
								
									
								
							
							
								 Referer
								
									
								
							
							
								 Transfer-Encoding
								
									
										
									
									
										
									
								
							
							
								 User-Agent
								
									
								
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Net.WebRequest
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Cancels
      an asynchronous operation.
						
						
							
								 
cancels any pending asynchronous operation. After this method is called, calling , , , , , or  will throw a  with  set to 
.
							
								If no pending request exists, calling this method does not cause an exception
      to be thrown.
								This method
      overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  containing the value of the HTTP Accept header.
						
						
							 A  containing the value of the HTTP Accept header. The default value of this property is
.
						
						
							
								For additional information see section
      14.1 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Adds a HTTP Range header to the current request for a specific range from the
      beginning or end of the requested data.
						
						A  that contains the description of the range.
						A  that designates the starting or ending point of the range. If this value is positive, the range is from the beginning of the data to . If this value is negative, the range is from  to the end of the data. 
						
							is .
						
							 is invalid.
						The range header could not be added.
						
							
								The HTTP Range header specifies either a single range of bytes or a set of
      byte ranges in an entity-body to be returned. If the server accessed by the
      current instance supports the use of this header, this allows for the partial
      retrieval of the entity due to, for example, the entity being particularly
      large or there having been a failed transfer of data.
								For more information on the HTTP Range header, see Section 14.35 of RFC
      2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds a HTTP Range header to the current instance for
      a specified range.
						
						A  that contains the description of the range.
						A  designating the position at which to start sending data.
						A  designating the position at which to stop sending data. 
						
							is .
						
							
								< 0.
							-or-
							
								< 0.
							-or-
							
								> .
						
						
							 is invalid.
						The range header could not be added.
						
							
								The HTTP Range header specifies either a single range of bytes or a set of
         byte ranges in an entity-body to be returned. If the server accessed by the
         current instance supports the use of this header, this allows for the partial
         retrieval of the entity due to, for example, the entity being particularly
         large or there having been a failed transfer of data.
								For more information on the HTTP Range header, see Section 14.35 of IETF RFC
         2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Adds a HTTP Range header to the current instance for
      a specific range from the beginning or end of the requested data.
						
						A  that specifies the starting or ending point of the range. If this value is positive, the range is from the beginning of the data to . If this value is negative, the range is from  to the end of the data.
						The range header could not be added.
						
							This method is equivalent to ("bytes", ).
							
								The HTTP Range header specifies either a single range of bytes or a set of
      byte ranges in an entity-body to be returned. If the server accessed by the
      current instance supports the use of this header, this allows for the partial
      retrieval of the entity due to, for example, the entity being particularly
      large or there having been a failed transfer of data.
								For more information on the HTTP Range header, see Section 14.35 of RFC
      2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds a HTTP Range header to the current instance for a specified range.
						
						A  indicating the starting byte position of the entity-body data to be returned.
						A  indicating the last byte.
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .
						
						The range header could not be added.
						
							This method is equivalent to ("bytes", , ).
							
								The HTTP Range header specifies either a single range of bytes or a set
      of byte ranges in an entity-body to be returned. If the server accessed by
      the current instance supports the use of this header, this allows for the
      partial retrieval of the entity due to, for example, the entity being
      particularly large or there having been a failed transfer of data.
								For more information on the HTTP Range header, see Section 14.35 of RFC
      2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Uri
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the URI that responds to the current request.
						
						
							A 
identifying the Internet resource that responds to the current request.
The default is the URI used by the 
method to initialize
the current
instance. 
						
						
							 This property is
      read-only.
							 The
      value of this property is set to the URI that is the source of
      the response after all redirections are complete.
							
								The URI of the original request is kept in the  property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value that indicates whether the current request will follow redirection responses.
						
						
							
								if the current request will automatically follow redirection
   responses from the Internet resource; otherwise 
   . The default value is
.
						
						
							
								Set  to  to allow the current request to
      automatically follow HTTP redirection headers to the new location of a
      resource.
								 The maximum number
      of redirections to follow is set by the 
      property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value that indicates whether to buffer the data sent to the Internet resource requested by the
   current instance.
						
						
							
								to enable
   buffering of the data sent
   to the Internet resource requested by the current instance; to disable buffering. The default is
.
						
						
							
								When  is 
   , the data is buffered in memory so it is ready to be resent in the
   event of redirections or authentication requests.
								 Depending on available memory, setting 
as 
might
impact system performance when uploading large amounts of data.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous request for a stream in which to write data to
      be sent in the current instance.
						
						A  delegate to be called when the stream is available. Can be  .
						A  containing state information for the asynchronous request. Can be  .
						
							A  that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							The stream is being used by a previous call to  .
							-or-
							No writeable stream is available.
						
						
							The  property of the current instance is not set.
							-or-
							The  property of the current instance is "GET" or "HEAD".
						
						
							This method starts an asynchronous operation. To get the
      request stream, call the  method and specify the  object returned by
      this method.  The
    method
      should be called exactly once for each call to .
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method(s) referenced by  are invoked 
   when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object
   returned by this method is passed as the argument to the method(s) referenced by
 
.
							The  parameter can be any object that the
caller wishes to have available for the duration of the asynchronous operation.
This object is available via the 
property of the
object returned by this method.
							The value of the  property of the current instance is
required to be set prior to calling this method. 
							
								 The method(s) invoked by
      the callback delegate can call the  method to retrieve the stream.
								This method is the asynchronous version of
      the  method.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins sending the current HTTP request
      asynchronously.
						
						A  delegate to be called when the stream is available. Can be  .
						A  containing state information for the asynchronous request. Can be  .
						
							A  that contains information about the asynchronous
   operation.
						
						
							 or  was previously called on this instance.
						The  property of the current instance has not been set.
						
							 was previously called.
						
							 This method starts an asynchronous operation. To get
      the response, call the  method and
      specify the  object returned by
      this method.  The  method
      should be called exactly once for each call to .
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
   when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object
   returned by this method is passed as the argument to the method referenced by
.
							The  parameter can be any object that the
caller wishes to have available for the duration of the asynchronous operation.
This object is available via the 
property of the object returned by this method.
							
								The method(s) invoked by the callback delegate can call the  method to retrieve the response.
								This method is the asynchronous version of the  method.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the Connection HTTP header.
						
						
							 A  containing the
   value of the Connection HTTP header. The
   default value is . 
						
						The value of  is set to "Keep-alive" or "Close". This value is case insensitive.
						
							The current request sends the  property to the Internet resource as
   the Connection
   HTTP header. 
							
								If  is
 , the value "Keep-alive" is appended to the 
   end of the Connection
   header.
								For additional
   information see section 14.10 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the name of the connection group for the current instance.
						
						
							A  that contains the name of the connection group for the current instance. The default value is
.
						
						
							
								The  property
 enables a request to be associated with a connection group. This is useful when
 an application makes requests to one server for different users, such as a Web
 site that retrieves customer information from a database server.
								 Each
 connection group creates additional connections for a server. This may
 result in exceeding  for that server.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the Content-length HTTP header.
						
						
							A  value that specifies the number of bytes of data to send to the Internet resource. The default is -1,
   which indicates that this value has not been set.
						
						Data has already been written to the request stream.
						A value less than zero is specified for a set operation.
						
							The  property contains the value to send
   as the Content-length
   HTTP header of the request.
							Any value other than -1 in the 
property indicates that the request will upload data;
only methods that upload data are allowed in the 
property.
							This property is required to be set prior to writing data to the request data
   stream. Once the  property is set to a value, that
   number of bytes is required to be written to the request data stream.
Get the request data stream by calling  , or  and  
.
							
							
								For additional information see section 14.13 of IETF RFC
      2616 - HTTP/1.1.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the Content-type HTTP header of the current instance.
						
						
							The value of the Content-type HTTP header of the current instance. The default
      value is 
      . 
						
						
							The  property contains the media type
   of the current instance. Values assigned to the  property replace any existing
   contents when the request sends the Content-type HTTP header. 
							
								To clear the Content-type HTTP header, set the  property
   to 
   .
								For additional information see section 14.17 of IETF RFC
   2616 - HTTP/1.1.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.HttpContinueDelegate
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the delegate method whose methods are invoked when an HTTP 100-continue response is received
 by the current instance.
						
						
							 A  
that references the methods that are invoked when an HTTP Continue response is
received. The default value is 
.
						
						
							
								 
 This delegate is useful to display the status of responses received by the current
 instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.ICredentials
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the credentials used for authenticating
      the current request.
						
						
							 A  object containing
   the authentication credentials associated with
   the current instance. The default is
.
						
						
							
								The  property contains
      authentication information to identify the client making the request. The  property can be either an instance
      of , in which case the user, password, and domain
      information contained in the  instance is used to authenticate
      the request, or it can be an instance of , in which case the uniform resource
      identifier (URI) of the request is used to determine the user, password, and
      domain information to use to authenticate the request.
								This property overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Completes an asynchronous request for a stream that was
      started by the 
      method.
						
						The  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
							A  to write request data to.
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to .
						
							 This method was called previously using 
							
							-or-
							No stream is available.
						
						
							
								 was previously called.
							-or-
							An error occurred while processing the request.
						
						
							
								 The caller is responsible for calling the 
   method to close the
   stream.
   
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.WebResponse
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  that contains a response to the specified pending
   Internet request.
						
						The  object that hold the state information for the asynchronous operation. 
						
							A  that contains a response to the Internet request
   referenced by  .
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to .
						
							 This method was called previously using 
							
							-or-
							The  property of the current instance is greater than 0 but the data has not been written to the request stream.
						
						
							
								 was previously called.
							-or-
							An error occurred while processing the request.
						
						
							
								This method completes an asynchronous request for
         an Internet resource that was started by calling .
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the HTTP Expect header.
						
						
							 A  that contains the
   contents of the HTTP Expect header. The default value is
 . 
						
						The value specified for a set operation is "100-continue". This value is case insensitive.
						
							
								By default,  is  . Other values can be added to the
      list that  maintains, or all values except "100-continue" can be
      deleted from the list by setting  to  .
								For additional information see section 14.20 of IETF RFC
      2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to 
 generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  for writing data to the Internet resource requested by the current instance.
						
						
							A  for writing
   data to an Internet resource requested by the current instance.
						
						
							The  property of the current instance is "GET" or "HEAD". 
							 -or- 
							The  property of the current instance is not set. 
						
						
							The  method was called more than once.
							-or-
							No writeable stream is available.
						
						
							
								 was previously called.
							-or-
							The timeout period for the request expired.
							-or-
							An error occurred while processing the request.
						
						
							 The value of the
    property is required to be set before writing data to the
      stream.
      
							
								This method returns a stream to use to
         send data for the . Once the  instance has been returned,
         data can be sent with the  by using the  method. 
								 Call the  method to close the stream and release
      the connection
      for reuse. Failure to close the stream may cause the application to run out of
      connections.
      
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.WebResponse
					
					
					
						

							Returns a response to an Internet request.
						
						
							A  containing the response from the Internet resource requested by the current
   instance.
						
						The  property of the current instance is not set. 
						
							
								 was previously called.
							-or-
							The timeout period for the request expired.
							-or-
							An error occurred while processing the request.
						
						
							
								This method returns a  instance containing the response from the Internet resource requested
      by the current instance. The actual instance returned is an instance of
    , and can be typecast to that class to access
      HTTP-specific properties.
								This method overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether a response has been received for the current
   instance.
   
						
						
							
								 if a response has been received; otherwise
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.WebHeaderCollection
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the collection of HTTP header name/value pairs associated with the
      current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the name/value pairs of the headers for
   the current instance.
						
						A set operation was requested but data has already been written to the request data stream.
						
							 
      The following table
      lists the HTTP headers that cannot be set using the collection
      returned by this property.
							
								
									Header
									Set by
								
								
									 Accept
									
										
      .
								
								
									 Connection
									
										
											
   .
										
											.
									
								
								
									 Content-Length
									
										.
								
								
									 Content-Type
									
										.
								
								
									 Expect
									
										.
								
								
									 Date
									Set
      by the system to the current date.
								
								
									 Host
									Set
      by the system to the current host information.
								
								
									 Range
									
										
.
								
								
									 Referer
									
										.
								
								
									 Transfer-Encoding
									
										
											. 
										
										
											.
									
								
								
									 User-Agent
									
										.
								
							
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the HTTP If-Modified-Since 
      header.
						
						
							A  that contains the 
   contents of the HTTP If-Modified-Since
   header. The default value is the current
   date and time of the system.
						
						
							
								For additional
      information see section 14.25 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value indicating whether to make a persistent connection to the server hosting the Internet resource requested by the current instance.
						
						
							
								indicates
   that the current request will contain an HTTP Connection header with the value
   "Keep-alive"
   ; otherwise, . The default
   value is .
						
						
							
								An application uses 
to indicate a preference for persistent connections. When this property is  , the application makes persistent connections to
the servers that support them.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the maximum number of redirects that the current instance will follow.
						
						
							A  value that
   indicates the maximum number of redirection responses that the current instance will follow. The
   default value is implementation-defined.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than or equal to zero.
						
							
								This
      property sets the maximum number of
      redirections for the request to follow if the  property
      is .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the media type of the current request.
						
						
							A  that identifies the media type of the current request. The default value is
.
						
						
							
								The value of this
      property affects the  property. When this property is set in
      the current instance,
      the corresponding media type is chosen from the list of character sets returned
      in the response HTTP Content-type
      header. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the HTTP protocol request method used by the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing an HTTP method. The default value
   is "GET".
						
						
							, , or an invalid value was specified for a set operation.
						
							If the  property is set to any value other
   than -1, the  property
   is
   required to be set to a protocol method that sends request data.
							The 
property
can be set to any of the following HTTP 1.1
protocol methods:
							
								
									HTTP Method
									Description
								
								
									 GET
									Retrieves in entity-body form the
         information identified by the  property of the current
         instance.
								
								
									 HEAD
									Identical to GET except that the message-body is not
         returned in the response.
								
								
									 POST
									 Requests that the origin server accept the entity
         enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the resource identified the
         Request-URI in the Request-Line.
								
								
									 PUT
									Requests that the enclosed entity be stored
         under the supplied Request-URI.
								
								
									 DELETE
									Requests that the origin server delete the resource
         identified by the Request-URI.
								
								
									 TRACE
									Invokes a remote, application-layer loopback of the
         request message.
								
								
									 OPTIONS
									Requests information about the communication
         options available on the request/response chain identified by the
         Request-URI. This allows the
         client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a
         resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource
         action or initiating a resource
         retrieval.
									
								
							
							
								For detailed information regarding these methods, see
      sections 9.2 to 9.8 of RFC 2616.
								This property overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value indicating whether to pipeline the current request to the Internet resource.
						
						
							
								if the current request can be pipelined; otherwise,
. The default is .
						
						
							An application uses this property to indicate a preference for pipelined connections. If  is  , an application makes pipelined connections to servers that support them.
							
								Pipelined connections are made only when the 
property is  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a Boolean value that indicates whether to send HTTP
      preauthentication header information with current instance without waiting for
      an authentication challenge from the requested resource.
						
						
							
								to send a HTTP
WWW-authenticate header with the current 
   instance without waiting for an authentication challenge from the requested
   resource; otherwise, . The default is
.
						
						
							When  is  and credentials are supplied, the HTTP WWW-authenticate header is sent with the current
   instance without waiting for an authentication
   challenge from the requested resource; otherwise the request uses standard authentication procedures.
							
								Set this property to to allow
   clients to improve server efficiency by avoiding extra round trips caused by
   authentication challenges.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the version of the
      HTTP protocol to use for the current request.
						
						
							 A  that represents
   the HTTP version to use for the request. The default is .
						
						The HTTP version is set to a value other than 1.0 or 1.1.
						
							The  class supports only versions 1.0 and 1.1 of
   HTTP. Setting  to a
   different version causes a  exception to be thrown.
							
								To set
   the  property of the current instance, specify one of the members of
   the use the
 class. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IWebProxy
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets network proxy information for the current instance.
						
						
							The  instance to
   use as a
   proxy for the current instance. The default value is set by calling  . 
						
						A set operation was requested and the specified value was .
						A set operation was requested but data has already been sent to the request stream.
						The caller does not have permission for the requested operation.
						
							The 
property identifies the  instance to use
to communicate with the destination server.
							
								 To specify that no proxy should be used, set the 
property to the proxy instance returned by the  method.
								This property overrides .
							
						
						Requires unrestricted . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the HTTP Referer header.
						
						
							 A  containing the 
   value of the HTTP Referer header. The default value is
.
						
						
							
								For additional
      information see section 14.36 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Uri
					
					
					
						

							Gets the  of the resource that receives requests sent by the current instance.
						
						
							The  of the resource that receives requests sent by the
   current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is the  instance passed to the current instance via the  method. 
							
								Following a redirection header does not change the  property.
   The URI of the resource
   that actually responded to the current instance is contained by  property of the current
   instance.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets a value indicating whether to send data in segments.
						
						
							
								
to send data in segments; otherwise,
. The default value is .
						
						A set operation was requested but data has already been written to the request data stream.
						
							When  is  , the request sends data to the destination in segments. The
   destination server is required to support receiving chunked data.
							
								Set this property
   to  only if the server specified by the  property of the current instance accepts chunked
   data (i.e. is HTTP/1.1 or greater in compliance). If the server does not
   accept chunked data, buffer all data to be written and send a HTTP Content-Length header with the
   buffered data.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.ServicePoint
					
					
					
						

							Gets the service point to use for the current instance.
						
						
							A  
that represents the network connection to the
destination. The value of this property is  until the  method is called.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the length of time before the request times out.
						
						
							A  indicating the number of milliseconds to wait for a response until the request times out,
   or  to indicate that the request does not
   time out.
						
						
							A value less than zero and not equal to  is specified for a set operation.
						
						
							
								 is the number of milliseconds that a
   synchronous request made with the  method waits for a response. If a resource does
   not respond within the time-out period, the request throws a  with
   the  property set to .
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the HTTP
   Transfer-encoding header.
						
						
							A  that contains the value of the
   HTTP Transfer-encoding header.
   The default value is .
						
						
							 is set when  is .
						
							 is set to the value "Chunked". This value is case insensitive.
						
							This property can be set in the current instance only if
      the  property in the current instance is
   .
							
								 Clearing  by setting it to has no effect on
      the value of .
								Values assigned to the  property replace any
   existing contents.
								For additional information see section 14.41 of IETF RFC
   2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value of the HTTP
   User-agent header.
						
						
							A  containing the value of the HTTP User-agent header. The default value is
.
						
						
							
								For additional 
      information see section 14.43 of IETF RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides an HTTP-specific implementation of the
   
   class.
				
				
					
						The  class contains support for the
      properties and methods included in  with
      additional
      elements that
      enable the user to interact directly with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
						Expected usage is that instances of this class are not created directly but
      are obtained by calling
    . To obtain the response from the Internet resource as a
   
   , call the  method.
   
						Certain HTTP headers are protected such that the user
   cannot set them directly in the header collection. Instead, these headers can be
   set via the properties of the  class or are set by the system. The following table
   details these protected headers.
						
							
								Header
								Set by
							
							
								 Accept
								
									
								
							
							
								 Connection
								
									
										
									
									
										
									
								
							
							
								 Content-Length
								
									
								
							
							
								 Content-Type
								
									
								
							
							
								 Expect
								
									
								
							
							
								 Date
								Set to current date by the system.
							
							
								 Host
								Set to current host by the system.
							
							
								 if-Modified-since
								
									
								
							
							
								 Range
								
									
								
							
							
								 Referer
								
									
								
							
							
								 Transfer-Encoding
								
									
										
									
									
										
									
								
							
							
								 User-Agent
								
									
								
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Net.WebResponse
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the character set used for the current instance.
						
						
							A  that
   represents the character set used for the current instance.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								For detailed
      information about character sets, see Section 3.4 of RFC 2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the response stream.
						
						
							The  method closes the response stream and releases the connection to the Internet resource for reuse by other requests.
							
								Call either the  or  method to close the stream and release the connection for reuse. It is not necessary to call both  and  , but 
 doing so does not cause an error. Failure to close the stream may cause an
 application to run out of connections. 
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the
      method used to encode the body of the response.
						
						
							A  that describes the method used to encode the body of the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This property is read-only.
							The  property contains the value of the
 
header returned with the response.
							
								For detailed information about content encoding,
   see Section 3.5 of RFC 2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the content length of the response data being received.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes returned from the Internet resource. This
value does not include header information.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property contains the value of the
 header returned with the response. If the 
 
header
is not set in the response, 
is set to the value -1.
							
								This property
   overrides 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the content type of the
      response.
      
						
						
							A  that
   represents the content type of the response data.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							 The  property contains the value of the
 
header returned with the response.
							
								This property
   overrides 
   .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the current
      instance and optionally releases the managed resources.
						
						
							 to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							
								When  is , 
   this method releases all resources held by any managed objects that the current
   instance references.
							
							
								When
   overriding (), be careful not to reference objects that have been
   previously disposed in an earlier call to  as
 may be called multiple times by 
   other objects. . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
      unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a specified header from the current response.
      
						
						A  that specifies the header value to return. 
						
							 A  containing the value of the specified header.
   
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IO.Stream
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  for reading the body of the response from the
   server.
						
						
							A  containing the body of the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							The 
method returns the data stream from the requested Internet
resource.
							
								
      Call either the  or  method to close the stream and release the
      connection for reuse. It is not necessary to call both  and  , but doing so does
      not cause an error. Failure to close the stream may cause an application
      to run out of connections.
      
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.WebHeaderCollection
					
					
					
						

							Gets the
      headers associated with the current response from the server.
						
						
							A  containing the header information returned with the
   response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property is a collection
      of name/value pairs containing the HTTP header values returned
      with the response. The following table lists common headers and
      the properties that store their values.
								
									
										Header
										Property
									
									
										 Content-Encoding
										
											
										
									
									
										 Content-Length
										
											
										
									
									
										 Content-Type
										
											
										
									
									
										 Last-Modified
										
											
										
									
									
										 Server
										
											
										
									
								
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
					
						

							Gets the last
      date and time that the contents of the response were modified.
						
						
							A 
value containing the date and time the contents of the response were
modified.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This property is read-only.
							The  property contains the value of the
 header
   received with the response.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the method used to return the response.
      
						
						
							A  that represents the HTTP method used to return the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property can be set to any of the
      HTTP 1.1 protocol methods: GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE, or OPTIONS. The
      following table describes these methods.
								
									
										Item
										Description
									
									
										 GET
										Retrieves in entity-body form the
            information identified by the  property of the request
            associated with the current instance.
									
									
										 HEAD
										Identical to GET except that the
            message-body is not returned in the response.
									
									
										 POST
										Requests that the origin server accept the
            entity enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the resource
            identified the Request-URI in the Request-Line.
									
									
										 PUT
										Requests that the enclosed entity be stored
            under the supplied Request-URI.
									
									
										 DELETE
										Requests that the origin server delete the
            resource identified by the Request-URI.
									
									
										 TRACE
										Invokes a remote, application-layer loopback
            of the request message.
									
									
										 OPTIONS
										Requests information about the communication
            options available on the request/response chain identified by the
            Request-URI. This allows the client
            to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource,
            or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or
            initiating a resource
            retrieval.
										
									
								
								For detailed information regarding these methods, see sections 9.2 to 9.8 of
      RFC 2616.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							 Gets
      the version of the HTTP protocol used in the response.
      
						
						
							A 
that contains the HTTP protocol version of the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property contains the  number
   of the response sent by the Internet resource.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Uri
					
					
					
						

							Gets the 
of the Internet resource that actually responded to the request.
						
						
							A 
representing the resource that actually responded to the request.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property contains the URI of the Internet resource that
      actually responded to the request. This URI may not be the same as the
      originally requested URI if the request was redirected by the original
      server.
								This method overrides 
.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the name of the server that sent the response.
      
						
						
							A  containing the name of the server that sent the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This property is read-only.
							 The 
property contains the value of the  header
returned with the response.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.HttpStatusCode
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the status of the response.
						
						
							 A  value.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  value
   indicates the status of the HTTP response. The expected values are defined in the  enumeration.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the status description returned with the response.
      
						
						
							A  that describes the status of the response.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Implemented by types that perform client authentication.
				
				
					The  interface 
   defines the properties and methods that types are required to implement to handle
   client authentication. Types that implement this interface are called
   authentication modules. In addition to implementing this interface, an
   authentication module implements an authentication protocol, such as the
   Kerberos protocol. The 
   property
   value is a case-insensitive string that typically indicates the protocol implemented by
   the module. Each authentication module registered with the authentication
   manager is required to have a unique  .
   The following string values are reserved for use by modules
   implementing the indicated protocols:
   
					
						
							AuthenticationType
							Protocol
						
						
							
								"basic"
							
							Basic as defined by IETF RFC 2617
						
						
							 "digest"
							Digest access as defined by IETF RFC 
            2617
						
						
							 "kerberos"
							Kerberos as defined by IETF RFC 
            1510
						
					
					
						 Authentication modules are registered with the
         authentication manager ( ) by calling the 
         method. When the authentication manager receives an
         authentication request, registered authentication modules are given the
         opportunity to handle the authentication in their  method. Similarly, when a
         client wishes to avoid waiting for the server to request authentication, it can
         request preauthentication information to send with a request. If
         the  property of a registered
         module returns , it is
         among the modules that are given the opportunity to provide the
         preauthentication information via the 
         
         method. 
						 Not all modules receive all authentication and
         preauthentication requests. The authentication manager searches for an
         authentication module by invoking the  or  method of each registered
         module in the order in which it was registered. Once a module returns
         a 
         
         instance, indicating that it handles the
         authentication, the authentication manager terminates the search. 
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Authorization
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns an instance of the  class that provides a
   response to an authentication challenge.
						
						A  containing the authentication challenge sent by the server. The content of this string is determined by the authentication protocol(s) used by the server that issued the challenge.
						The  instance that received  .
						The credentials of the  instance that received  .
						
							A  instance containing the
   challenge response, or if the challenge cannot be handled.
						
						
							
								If the
      authentication module can handle  , this method
      proceeds with the authentication in accordance with the authentication protocol implemented by the current
      instance and returns a  instance containing the challenge response. If the authentication module cannot handle
      the challenge, this method returns . If the authentication module encounters an
      error while conducting the authentication process, this method can, but
      is not required to throw an exception.
							
							
								Implement this
      method to receive and optionally handle requests for client authentication from
      the authentication manager.
							
							
								The  class invokes the 
method on registered authentication modules to allow modules to handle a
server challenge.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the authentication type of the current instance.
						
						
							A  indicating the
   authentication type of the current authentication module.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The following string values are reserved for use by modules implementing the 
         indicated protocols: 
								
									
										
											AuthenticationType
											Protocol 
										
										
											 "basic"
											 Basic as defined by IETF RFC 2617 
										
										
											"digest"
											Digest access as defined by IETF RFC 2617 
										
										
											"kerberos"
											Kerberos as defined by IETF RFC 1510 
										
									
								
							
							Implement this
property to return a string that identifies all instances of the current type.
The string returned by this property typically indicates the protocol
implemented by the current type. For example, an authentication module that
implements the Digest protocol would typically return "digest" as its . 
							
								The  
property must be unique for all registered authentication modules. The value of
this property is used by the  method to determine if there
is already an authentication module registered for the type.
Modules may also be unregistered by passing the value of this property to the
 
method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the authentication module supports
   preauthentication.
						
						
							
								if the authentication module supports
   preauthentication; otherwise .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property is set to  to indicate that the authentication module can respond with a
 instance when the  method is called. This 
   property returns  if the protocol implemented by
   the current authentication module does not support preauthentication.
							
							
								This method is used by the authentication
   manager to determine which modules receive requests by clients for authentication
   information that will be supplied in anticipation of a server's request for
   authentication. This method controls whether the  method can be
   called.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Authorization
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns an instance of the  class containing client authentication information.
						
						The  instance associated with the authentication request.
						The credentials associated with the authentication request.
						
							A  instance containing client authentication
   information to be sent with , or if the current instance does not support preauthentication.
						
						
							
								This method returns an instance of the  class containing authentication information to be
   sent with the request. This method is required to return 
   if it cannot handle preauthentication requests
   from the authentication manager.
							
							
								Implement this method if the
   protocol implemented by the current instance supports
   preauthentication.
							
							
								This method is used by
   the authentication manager to handle requests by clients
   for authentication information that will be used to preempt a server's
   request for authentication. This method is not called unless the  property returns
.
							
							
								
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Implemented by types that supply network credentials used to authenticate clients.
				
				
					The  interface defines the  method, which
   is used to supply network credentials for client authentication.
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.NetworkCredential
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  object that is associated with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and authentication type.
						
						A  representing the URI for which the client is providing authentication.
						A  containing the type of authentication. This value is required to be identical to the  of the authentication module that uses the credential returned by this method. 
						
							A  associated with the specified URI and authentication
   type, or  if the credentials cannot be provided.
						
						
							
								As described above.
							
							
								Implement this method to return
      credentials information appropriate for the specified authentication
      type.
							
							
								This method returns an object suitable for passing to the  method
   of the authorization module registered for the specified authentication type.
   For additional information, see .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
				
				
					An instance of the  class contains the
   value of an address on an IP
   network. This address is stored internally as a 
   
   in network-byte-order.
					
						
   
   Different conventions are in use
   for ordering bytes within multi-byte data types. All IP address values must be sent over the network in
   network-byte-order. Network-byte-order puts the most significant byte first (also known
   as big-endian order). On the host, the ordering of bytes
   is platform-specific and this ordering is referred to as host-byte-order.
					
					The IP address can be represented as four numbers in the range
   0-255 separated by periods (for example, "192.168.1.2"), known as dotted-quad notation. 
					
						 The address space is fragmented into
      different types determined by bits 31-28 as shown in the following table.
						
							
								 Bits 31-28
								Address type
								Address range
							
							
								 0xxx
								class A 
								0.0.0.0-127.255.255.255
							
							
								 10xx
								class B
								128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
							
							
								 110x
								class C
								192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
							
							
								 1110
								multicast
								224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
							
							
								 1111
								reserved
								240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
							
						
					
					Instances of the  class are provided for common IP address values as shown in the
following table.
					
						
							
								Field
								IP
         Address
							
							
								 Any
								0.0.0.0
							
							
								 Broadcast
								255.255.255.255
							
							
								 Loopback
								127.0.0.1
							
							
								 None
								255.255.255.255
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  containing the IP address in host-byte-order. 
						
							 is less than 0 or greater than 0x00000000FFFFFFFF.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
						
						
							A  containing
   the IP address in host-byte-order.
						
						The value specified in a set operation is less than 0.
						
							
								To convert 
   to dotted-quad notation, use the 
   method.
								Values greater than 0x00000000FFFFFFFF  are permitted for IPv6 extensibility.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the address family.
						
						
							
								 
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Indicates that the protocol will
      select which address to use. 
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							 This is equivalent to  (0x0000000000000000) and represents the address
   0.0.0.0.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Provides the IP broadcast address.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							 This is equivalent to  (0x00000000FFFFFFFF) and represents the address 255.255.255.255.
							This value is used to simultaneously address every host on the network.
							
								Multiple fields are defined for this IP address based on prior
      art. This field is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified 
      represent the same IP address.
						
						A  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  where  indicates  is an instance of the  class
   and has the same  property value
   as the current instance; otherwise
.
						
						
							
								This method
         overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
         unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Converts a  from host-byte-order to network-byte-order.
						
						A  in host-byte-order.
						
							A  in network-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a  from host-byte-order to network-byte-order.
						
						A  in host-byte-order.
						
							A 
in network-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a  from host-byte-order to network-byte-order.
						
						A  in host-byte-order.
						
							A 
in network-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  that indicates whether the specified IP address is a loopback address.
						
						 A  containing the IP address to check.
						
							
								if
 is a loopback address; otherwise
.
						
						
							 All IP addresses of the form 127.X.Y.Z, where X, Y, and Z are
      in the range 0-255, are forwarded to the IP loopback address 127.0.0.1.
      The  address is
      used to specify the address of the local computer. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Provides the IP loopback
      address.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							 This is equivalent to  (0x000000000100007F) and represents the address
   127.0.0.1.
							 The loopback address is used to specify the address of the local computer.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a  from network-byte-order to host-byte-order.
						
						A  in network-byte-order.
						
							A  in host-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a  from network-byte-order to host-byte-order.
						
						A  in network-byte-order.
						
							A  in host-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int16
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a  from network-byte-order to host-byte-order.
						
						A  in network-byte-order.
						
							A 
in host-byte-order.
						
						
							This method performs conversions on systems where the host-byte-order differs 
      from network-byte-order. On systems where this is not the case, this method does
      nothing.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Provides the IP address that indicates
      that no network interface should be used.
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							 This is equivalent to  (0x00000000FFFFFFFF) and represents the address 255.255.255.255.
							
								Multiple fields are defined for this IP address based on prior
      art. This field is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Converts a  representation of an IP address in dotted-quad notation, to a  instance.
						
						A  in dotted-quad notation containing the IP address to convert.
						
							A new  instance that represents the address specified in .
						
						
							is .
						
							is not a valid IP address.
						
							
								An example of a string in dotted-quad notation is "127.0.0.1".
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of 
   the current instance. The returned string is an IP address expressed in dotted-quad notation (for example, "192.168.1.2").
						
						
							
								The  method converts the IP address stored in the  property of the current instance to
      a 
      containing
      
      the address in dotted-quad notation (for example, "192.168.1.2"). 
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a network endpoint as an Internet Protocol (IP) address and a port number.
				
				
					The  class contains 
 the IP address of a host system and the number of a port to
 access on the host. The  class represents a connection point used by the

class.
				
			
			
				System.Net.EndPoint
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified address and port number.
						
						A  containing the IP address of the endpoint.
						A  containing the port number to use when accessing  . Specify zero to indicate any available port.
						
							
								is less than  or greater than . 
							A negative number was specified for . 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified address and port number.
						
						A  instance containing the IP address of the endpoint.
						The port number to use when accessing  . Specify zero to indicate any available port.
						
							 is .
						
							
								is less than  or greater than . 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the IP address of the endpoint.
						
						
							A  instance containing the IP address of the end
 point.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					
						

							Gets the Internet Protocol (IP) address family.
						
						
							Returns  .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.EndPoint
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  instance containing the address
   information from the specified 
   instance.
   
						
						A  instance that provides the address information for the new  instance.
						
							A new  instance containing the address
   information from the specified  instance.
						
						The  of the specified  is not equal to the  of the current instance. 
						
							
								This method
      overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the specified 
  represent 
 the same type and value.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							
								 if  represents 
 the same endpoint as the current instance. If  is a
 reference or is not an instance of , returns 
 .
						
						
							Two  instances are equal if their  
and  properties contain the same values.
							
								This method 
 overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
 unspecified.
							
								This method
 overrides 
 .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					65535
					
						

							 Specifies the maximum value that can be assigned to the 
property.
						
						
							This field is read-only. The value of this field is 65535.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					0
					
						

							Specifies the minimum value that can be assigned to the 
property.
						
						
							This field is read-only. The value of this field is zero.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the port number of the endpoint.
						
						
							A  value that is between  and 
inclusive.
						
						The value specified for a set operation was less than  or greater than .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
containing the IP address, in dotted-quad notation, followed by a colon and the port number for the
specified endpoint, for example, 127.0.0.1:80.
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Provides a container class for Internet host address information.
				
				
					The  class associates a Domain Name System (DNS) host
   name with an array of aliases and an array of matching IP addresses.
				
				
					 The following example queries the DNS database for information
      on the host "www.contoso.com" and
      displays the information in the
      returned  instance.
					using System;
using System.Net;

public class IPHostEntryTest {
 public static void Main() {
 
 IPHostEntry hostInfo = Dns.GetHostByName("www.contoso.com");

 string[] aliases = hostInfo.Aliases;
 IPAddress[] addresses = hostInfo.AddressList;
 
 Console.WriteLine("The host name is: {0}", hostInfo.HostName);

 for(int x = 0; x < aliases.Length; x++)
 Console.WriteLine("Alias {0} == {1}", aliases[x], addresses[x]);
 }
}
   
					The output is
					
						The host name is: contoso.com
						Alias www.contoso.com == 207.46.230.186 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						
Constructs a new instance of the  class.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IPAddress[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a list of IP addresses associated with a host.
						
						
							 A  array containing IP addresses that resolve
 to the host names contained in the 
 property. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a list of aliases associated with a host.
						
						
							 A  array containing DNS names that resolve to the IP addresses
 in the  property.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the DNS
      name of the host.
						
						
							A  containing the DNS host name that corresponds to
   the address and alias information contained in the current instance.
						
						
							
								The  property contains the primary host name for
   a server. If the DNS entry for the host defines additional aliases, they are
   available via the 
   property.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Defines the methods and properties required by types that 
      support accessing hosts via proxy
      servers. 
				
				
					
						This interface is implemented by 
      the  type.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.ICredentials
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the credentials to submit to the proxy server for authentication.
						
						
							 A  instance that contains the credentials needed to authenticate a request to the proxy server.
						
						
							
								The  instance set and returned
 by the  property
 contains the credentials that are sent to the proxy server in response to an
 HTTP 407 ( ) status code.
							
							
								Use this property to set the
 credentials supplied in response to HTTP 407 status code
 messages.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Uri
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of a proxy server.
						
						A  specifying the requested Internet resource.
						
							A  instance
   containing the URI of the proxy used to contact
.
						
						
							
								The  method returns the URI of the
   proxy server that handles requests to the Internet resource specified in the
parameter.
							
							
								Use this method to
   get the URI of the proxy server used to access the specified resource.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  value that indicates whether the proxy server is not used to access a specified server.
						
						The  of the server to check for proxy use.
						
							
								 if
   the proxy server is not used to access the server specified in ;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							
								The value
      returned by the  method indicates whether
      requests that access the server specified in the 
      parameter bypass the proxy server. 
							
							
								If 
is  , requests and responses between the
client and  are not required to go through the proxy
server.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Provides a mechanism for creating new 
instances.
				
				
					
						 The  method is implemented by types that derive from
   . The 
    method is invoked via the 
   
   
   method.
						 Types that implement the  interface are associated with a specific URI
scheme and registered with the  class. When an application requests a
 
object for a specific URI,  calls the  method of the type associated
with the requested URI.
					
				
			
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.WebRequest
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a 
instance.
						
						The  to be associated with the new instance.
						
							A new 
instance.
						
						
							
								This
      method returns a new instance of a type that derives from
   
   .
							
							
								This method is
   used by the 
   class.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Maintains information that specifies how a  instance
   with pending data behaves when the  method of
   the socket is called. 
				
				
					 An instance of this class is
      passed into the  method
      and is returned by the  method when the 
      parameter is set to .
					When the  property is , any queued data continues to be sent until
   time equal to the setting of the  property has passed or until
   the input queue is empty. At this time, the connection is closed. 
					 When the  property is zero or the  property is
, calling  immediately closes the socket and any
pending data is lost. 
When setting the  option of an instance of
the  class, a  exception is thrown if the
 property is
less than zero or greater than .

			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of
      the  class.
						
						A  where  enables the linger option and  disables the option.
						A  that contains the number of seconds to remain connected after the  method is called.
						
							The  instance is created with the  property set to and the
 property set to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets a  value indicating whether the connection remains
   open (lingers) for a period of time after the  method is
   called.
						
						
							
								to enable lingering
   after the 
   method is called; otherwise
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the amount of time to remain connected after
      the  method is called.
						
						
							A  that contains the amount of time, in seconds, to remain connected after
   calling the 
   method.
						
						
							When setting the  option of an instance of
   the  class, a  exception is thrown if the
 
property is less than zero or greater than
 . 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Contains Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used
      when joining or leaving
      an IP multicast group.
				
				
					Collectively, the hosts listening to a specific IP multicast address (the group address) are
      called a multicast group. Each member of the group receives any IP messages sent
      to the group address. 
					 An instance of this class is passed into the  method
   and returned by the  method when the 
   parameter is set to  or . 
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified IP
   multicast group and local addresses.
						
						 An instance of  containing the group IP address.
						 An instance of  containing the local IP address.
						
							
								 or  is .
						
						
							The  property is set to  and the
 property is set to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified IP multicast group
   address.
						
						An instance of  containing the IP address of a multicast group.
						
							
								is .
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance using
. The  property is initialized to .  
allows the protocol to decide which local IP address to
use.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the IP address of a multicast group.
						
						
							 An instance of 
containing the IP address of a multicast
group.
						
						
							 Collectively, the hosts listening to a specific IP
      multicast address are called a multicast group. Each member of the group receives any IP messages sent to this
      address. 
							
								Valid IP addresses for multicast groups are in the range 224.0.0.0 to
         239.255.255.255 with some addresses reserved for special purposes. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.IPAddress
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the local IP address to receive data.
						
						
							 An instance of  containing the local IP
   address.
						
						
							This property specifies the local IP address used to receive data
      sent to the multicast group. 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents a collection of associated  keys and 
values.
				
				
					This class can be used for headers, query strings and
      form data. Each key in the collection is associated with one or more
      values. Multiple values for a particular key are contained in a single
    . 
					The capacity is the number of key-and-value pairs that the  can contain. The default initial
   capacity is zero. The capacity is automatically increased as required.
					The hash code provider dispenses hash codes for keys in the .
					The comparer determines whether two keys are equal.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.Collections.ICollection
					0
				
				
					System.Collections.IEnumerable
					0
				
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Item")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes new instance of the 
class with the specified initial capacity, hash code provider,
and comparer.
						
						A  containing the initial number of entries that the  can contain. 
						The  that will supply the hash codes for all keys in the new instance.
						
							 The  to use to determine whether two keys in the new instance are equal.
						
						
							 < 0. 
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes new instance of the  class
   that contains the same values as the specified  and either the specified capacity or the
   capacity of the specified collection, whichever is
   greater.
						
						A  containing the initial number of entries that the new instance can contain. 
						The  used to initialize the new instance. 
						
							 is .
						
							 is < 0.
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default  and  .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class with the specified initial capacity.
						
						A  containing the initial number of entries that the new instance can contain. 
						
							 < 0. 
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default  and 
.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   with the specified  and the specified 
   
   .
						
						
							The  that supplies the hash codes for all keys in the new instance; or,  to use the default hash code provider.
						
						
							The  to use to determine whether two keys are equal. Specify  to use the default comparer.
						
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default capacity of zero.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and
      initializes a new instance of the  class using the values of the specified 
      .
						
						The  used to initialize the new instance.
						
							 is .
						
							The capacity, values, and order of values of the new 
      instance are equal to the capacity and values of 
      . The  and  of the new instance are the
      default instances.
							The elements of the new  are sorted in the same
   order as the source .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						
							The new instance is initialized with the default initial capacity, , and .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Adds an entry with the specified key and value to the current instance.
						
						
							A  that represents the key of the entry to add. Can be  .
						
						
							A  that represents the value of the entry to add. Can be  .
						
						The current instance is read-only.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If the specified key already exists in the current instance, the specified
         value is added to the existing comma-separated list of values associated with
         the same key.
								Attempting to assign the same value to an existing key adds a new value to that key, thus providing two (or more) copies of the same value associated with the key.
							
							
								Override this method to customize the default
      behavior in a type derived from the current
      type.
							
							
								Use this method to
      add an entry to the current
      instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Copies the entries from the specified  to 
   the current instance.
						
						The  to copy to the current instance. 
						The current instance is read-only.
						
							 is .
						
							If a key in  already exists in the target  instance, the associated value in
 is added to the existing comma-separated list of values
   associated with the same key in the target  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String[]
					
					
					
						

							Gets all the keys in the current instance. 
						
						
							 A  array containing all the keys of the current instance.
   If the current instance is empty, the value of this property is an empty array.
						
						
							
								This property
      is read-only.
							
							
								The array returned by  is cached for better
   performance and is automatically refreshed when the collection changes. A
   derived class can invalidate the cached version by calling , thereby forcing the array to be refreshed.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Invalidates the cached arrays and removes all entries from 
      the current instance.
						
						The current instance is read-only.
						
							The value of each key and value in the current instance is set to 
    
   .
							If the current instance is empty, it remains unchanged and no exception is 
   thrown.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Copies the elements from the current instance to the specified , starting at the specified
   index in that array.
						
						A one-dimensional, zero-based  that is the destination of the elements copied from the current instance.
						A  containing the zero-based index in  at which copying begins. 
						
							 is .
						
							 < 0.
						
							
								 has more than one dimension.
							
								 >= .Length.
							The number of elements in the current instance is greater than the available space from  to the end of the destination .
						
						At least one element in the current instance is not assignment-compatible with the type of .
						
							This method uses  to copy the elements.
							
								This method is
   implemented to support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Gets the values associated with the specified key from
      the current instance combined into one comma-separated list.
						
						
							A  that specified the key of the entry that contains the values to get.
						
						
							A  that contains a
   comma-separated list of the values associated with the specified key from the
   current instance, if found;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If  is
, the values associated with the null key, if any, are returned; otherwise,  is returned.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the values at the
      specified index of the
      current instance.
						
						
							A  that specifies the zero-based index of the entry that contains the values to get from the current instance.
						
						
							A  that contains a
   comma-separated list of the values at the specified index of the current
   instance, if found;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							 is outside the valid range of indices for the current instance.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the key at the specified index of the current
      instance.
						
						
							A  that specifies the zero-based index of the key to get from the current instance.
						
						
							A  that contains the
   key at the specified index of the current instance, if found;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							 is outside the valid range of indices for the current instance.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets the values associated with the specified key from
      the current instance.
						
						
							A  that specifies the key of the entry that contains the values to get. 
						
						
							 A 
array containing the values associated with 
from the current instance, if found;
otherwise, .
						
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								If  is
, no exception is thrown and  is returned.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String[]
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns an array that contains the values at the
      specified index of the current instance.
						
						
							 A  that specifies the zero-based index of the entry that contains the values to get from the current instance.
						
						
							 A  array containing the values at the specified index of the
   current instance, if found;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							 is outside the valid range of indices for the current instance.
						
							
								As described
      above.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current instance
   contains keys that are not .
						
						
							
								 if the
   current instance contains
   keys that are not ; otherwise, .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Resets the cached arrays of the current instance to .
						
						
							
								The array returned by  is cached for better performance and is automatically refreshed
   when the collection changes. A derived class can invalidate the
   cached version by calling , thereby
   forcing the arrays to be recreated.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the value in the current instance that is associated with the
      specified key.
						
						
							A  containing the key of the entry to locate. 
						
						
							A  that contains the
   comma-separated list of values associated with the specified key. If
 is not contained in the current instance, attempting to get it 
   returns , and attempting to set it creates a new entry
   using 
   .
						
						
							 is outside the valid range of indexes for the collection.
						The property is being set and the current instance is read-only. 
						
							If the specified key already exists in the collection,
      setting this property overwrites the existing values with the specified
      value. If the specified key does not exist in the collection, setting this
      property creates a new entry using the specified key and the specified
      value.
							
								This property provides the ability to access a specific element in the
         current instance using the following notation: myCollection[key] .
								 To add the new value to
         the existing list of values, use the  method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Gets the value in the current instance that is associated with the
      specified index.
						
						
							 A  that specifies the zero-based index of the entry to locate in the current instance.
						
						
							A  that contains the comma-separated list of values at the specified
   index of the current instance.
						
						
							 is outside the valid range of indices for the current instance.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								This property provides the ability to access a specific element in the
         collection by using the following syntax: myCollection[index].
								This property cannot be set. To set the value at a specified index,
         use Item[GetKey(index)].
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Removes the entry with the specified key from the current instance.
						
						A  containing the key of the entry to remove from the current instance.
						
							The current instance is read-only.
						
						
							
								If 
is found, the key  and its associated value are set
to .
Removing an element does not alter the capacity of a
 
. 
							
							
								This method uses the  implementation of  to locate  in the 
current instance. If  is not found in the current
instance or is , no exception
is thrown and the current
instance is unchanged. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets the value of the specified entry in the current
      instance to the specified value.
						
						
							A  containing the key of the entry to add the new value to. 
						
						
							A  containing the new value to add to the specified entry. 
						
						The current instance is read-only.
						
							
								If the 
      specified key already exists in the current instance, this method overwrites the
      existing values with the specified value. If the specified key does not exist in the current instance, this method creates
      a new entry using the specified key and the specified value.
							
							
								Use the  
method to add the new value to the existing list of values.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies network access permission types.
				
				
					This enumeration is used to indicate whether a 
      permission object secures connect (client-side) or accept (server-side)
      operations.
					
						The  enumeration is used with the  and  classes.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.NetworkAccess
					
					
					Accept
					
						

							 Specifies accept operations.
      
							
								This access type is typically used by
      servers. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.NetworkAccess
					
					
					Connect
					
						

							 Specifies connect operations.
      
							
								This access type is typically used by clients. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides credentials for password-based authentication.
				
				
					The  class supplies 
 client credentials used in password-based authentication schemes such as
 Kerberos. 
					
						 
 Classes that implement
 the  interface, such as
 the  class, return  instances. 
						This class does not support public key-based authentication
 methods such as SSL client authentication.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.Net.ICredentials
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							 The properties of the new  instance are initialized to 

.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified user name and password.
						
						A  containing the user name for the account associated with the credentials.
						A  containing the password for the account associated with the credentials.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance to and the  property to . The  property is initialized to . The values specified for  and 
 are passed through to the operating system without 
   modification.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   with the specified user name, password, and domain.
						
						A  containing the user name associated with the credentials.
						A  containing the password for the user name associated with the credentials.
						A  containing the domain associated with the credentials.
						
							 This constructor initializes the  property of the new instance
   to , the  property to ,
   and the  property to . The values specified for 
								 and  are passed through to the
   operating system without modification.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the domain
      or machine name that verifies the current credentials.
						
						
							A  containing the
   name of the domain that verifies the current credentials.
						
						
							The  property indicates the domain or
   realm to which the account belongs. Typically, this is the host machine name where the application
   executes or the user domain for the currently logged in user.
							
						
						Requires read access to the environment variable that contains the domain name. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.NetworkCredential
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the
      current instance.
						
						A  representing the resource for which the client is to be authenticated.
						A  containing the  of the  that will receive the credentials returned by this method.
						
							The current  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the password of the account associated with the current credentials.
						
						
							 A  containing the 
 password of the account associated with the current credentials.
						
						Requires permission to execute unmanaged code. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the user name for the account associated with the current credentials.
						
						
							A  containing the
   user name for the account associated with the current credentials.
						
						Requires read access to the environment variable that contains the user name. See .
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Implements the standard stream mechanism to read
      and write network data through an instance of the  class.
      
				
				
					The  class allows network data to be read and written
   in the same manner as the 
   class.
					 This class supports simultaneous synchronous and asynchronous access
   to the network data. Random access is not supported and thus
   the 
   property always returns

					
					 The following properties and methods inherited from the  class are
not supported and throw a 
exception when
accessed:
					
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
					
					The  method is reserved for future use but does not throw an exception.
				
			
			
				System.IO.Stream
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						An instance of the  class.
						One of the values of the  enumeration.
						
							 if  is owned by the current instance; otherwise, .
						
							 is .
						
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is not .
						
						
							
								 is required to be an
   instance of the  class with its 
   property equal to 
   ,  property equal to  ,
   and  equal to .
							 When  is , the current instance owns , meaning the 
and  methods call the 
method of .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						An instance of the  class.
						One of the values of the  enumeration.
						
							 is .
						
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is not .
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to
   (, , ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						An instance of the  class.
						
							 is .
						
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is not .
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to
   (, , ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						An instance of the  class.
						
							 if  is owned by the current instance; otherwise, .
						
							 is .
						
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is .
							 -or-
							The  property of  is not .
						
						
							This constructor is
      equivalent to (, ,
   ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to read data from the current instance.
      
						
						A  array to store data read from the stream. 
						A  containing the zero-based position in  at which to begin storing the data. 
						A  containing the number of bytes to read. 
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							 A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
   
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket.
							
								Any exception thrown by the  method is caught and rethrown as an  with the original exception stored in the  property.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the  method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by 
 is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see the  method. For the complete example, see
   the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to write data to the current instance.
      
						
						A  array containing data to write to the stream. 
						A  containing the zero-based position in  containing the starting location of the data to write. 
						A  containing the number of bytes to write to the stream. 
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation. 
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket. 
							
								Any exception thrown by the  method is caught and rethrown as an  with the original exception stored in the  property.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 To release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the  method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see the 
method. For the complete example, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports reading.
   
						
						
							
								 indicates that the current stream supports reading; 
. indicates that the current stream does not 
   support reading.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The value of this property is initially set by the 
    constructors and can be changed using the  property.
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Returns the  value  to indicate that the
 class 
   cannot access a specific location in the data
   stream.
   
						
						
							
								.
						
						
							 This property is read-only. 
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current stream supports writing.
   
						
						
							
								 indicates that the current stream supports writing; 
 
indicates that the current stream does not support writing.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The value of this property is initially set by the 
    
   constructors and can be changed using the  property.
							
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Closes the stream and, if owned by the current instance, the underlying socket.
      
						
						
							 This method calls ( ), which frees both managed and unmanaged
   resources used by the current instance. When the underlying socket is owned by
   the current instance, the 
   method of the socket is called, which frees both managed and unmanaged resources
   used by the socket.
							
								 Ownership of a socket is
      specified using the  constructor.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether data is available to be read from the underlying socket buffer.
   
						
						
							
								 indicates that data is available to be
   read; 
   indicates that there is no data available to be read.
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								 As
      described
      above. 
							
							
								Accessing this
      property causes a call to the  method of the underlying  instance. If the 
      method returns a
      non-zero value, indicating data is available to be read, this property returns
   ; otherwise, this property returns
   .
   
							
							
								Override this property
      to determine if data is available to be read in the underlying socket
      buffer.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Releases the unmanaged resources used by the current instance and optionally
      releases the managed resources.
						
						A . Specify  to release both managed and unmanaged resources; specify  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							
								 Ownership of a socket is specified using the 
   constructor.
								 The
 method calls this method with
   the  parameter set to . The finalizer
   calls this method with the  parameter set to .
							
							
								
   
   This method
   closes the current 
   instance releasing all unmanaged resources allocated by the current instance.
   When the underlying socket is owned by the current
   instance, the  method of
   the socket is called, which frees
   the managed and unmanaged resources used by the
   socket. When the  parameter is  , this method also releases all resources held by any other
   managed objects allocated by the current
   instance.

							
							
								
   
   This method
   closes the current 
   instance releasing all unmanaged resources allocated by the current instance.
   When the underlying socket is owned by the current
   instance, the  method of
   the socket is called, which frees the managed and unmanaged resources used by the
   socket.

							
							
								
   
   The  method can be called
   multiple times by other objects. When overriding this method, do not reference
   objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call.

							
							
								
   
   Use this method to release
   resources allocated by
   the current
   instance.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous call to
      read data from the current instance.
						
						A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation. 
						
							 A  containing the number of bytes read from the stream.
   
						
						
							 is .
						An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket. 
								This method catches all exceptions thrown by the  method.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see the  method.
   For the complete example, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous call to write data to the current instance.
						
						A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation. 
						
							 is .
						An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket. 
								This method catches all exceptions thrown by the  method.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see the  method.
   For the complete example, see the  class
   overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Frees unmanaged resources used by the current instance.
						
						
							
								Application code does not call this method; it is automatically invoked
         during garbage collection unless finalization by the garbage collector has been
         disabled. For more information, see , and .
								 This method calls (), which frees unmanaged resources used by
      the current instance. When the underlying socket is owned by the current
      instance, it is closed and the managed and unmanaged resources used by the
      socket are freed.
								Ownership of a socket is specified using the  constructor.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 This method is reserved for future use.
      
						
						
							Calling this method does not throw an exception.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							 Throws a .
   
						
						Any attempt to access this property. 
						
							
								 The  base class implements this property to return the length of the data
      available on the stream. This functionality is not supported in
      the  class.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int64
					
					
					
						

							 Throws a .
   
						
						Any attempt to access this property.
						
							
								 The  base class implements this property to return or set the
      current position in the stream. This functionality is not supported in the 
      class.
								This property overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Reads data from the current instance and stores it in a data buffer.
      
						
						A  array to store data read from the stream. 
						A  containing the zero-based position in  at which to begin storing the data. 
						A  containing the number of bytes to read. 
						
							 A  containing the number of bytes read from the
   stream.
   
						
						
							 is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket. 
								This method catches all exceptions thrown by the  method.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 When no incoming data is available, this method blocks and
      waits for data to arrive.
							 If the remote socket was shut down gracefully ( was called on the socket or
   the  option was enabled
   and  was called on the socket) and all data was received, this
   method immediately returns zero.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int64
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Throws a .
						
						This parameter is not used.
						This parameter is not used.
						Any call to this method.
						
							
								 The  base class uses this method to set the current
      position in the stream. This functionality is not supported in the 
      class.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Throws a .
						
						This parameter is not used.
						Any call to this method.
						
							
								The 
   base class uses this method to set the length of the data available on the
   stream. This functionality is not supported in the  class.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Writes data from a specific area of a data buffer to the current instance.
						
						A  array containing data to write to the stream.
						A  containing the zero-based position in  containing the starting location of the data to write.
						A  containing the number of bytes to write to the stream.
						
							 is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						An error occurred while accessing the underlying socket. 
								This method catches all exceptions thrown by the  method.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							When no buffer space is available within the underlying protocol, this method
      blocks unless the socket is in non-blocking mode. 
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the protocols used by the  class.
   
				
				
					The  enumeration is used with the
 class. This enumeration specifies the 
   protocols that a socket instance can use to transport
   data. 
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Ggp
					
						

							Specifies the Gateway To Gateway Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Icmp
					
						

							Specifies the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) as defined by IETF RFC 1792.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Idp
					
						

							 Specifies the Inter-Domain Policy Protocol (IDP) as defined by IETF RFC 1764.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Igmp
					
						

							Specifies the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) as defined by IETF RFC 2236.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					IP
					
						

							Specifies the Internet Protocol (IP) as defined by IETF RFC 791, 792, 919, 
      922, and 1112.
							
								Multiple names are defined for this value based on prior art.
         This value is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Ipx
					
						

							 Specifies the Internetwork Packet Exchange Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					ND
					
						

							 Specifies the Net Disk Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Pup
					
						

							 Specifies the Xerox Post Office Update Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Raw
					
						

							Specifies the Raw IP packet protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Spx
					
						

							 Specifies the Sequenced Packet Exchange Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					SpxII
					
						

							Specifies the Sequenced Packet Exchange Version 2 Protocol.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Tcp
					
						

							Specifies the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as defined by IETF RFC 793. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Udp
					
						

							Specifies the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as defined by IETF RFC 768. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					Unknown
					
						

							Used to indicate an uninitialized state. This member is not to
      be used when constructing instances of the  class.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					IP
					
						

							Unspecified protocol.
							
								Multiple names are defined for this value based on prior art. 
         This value is identical to .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents errors that occur due to violating the rules of a network
 protocol.
				
				
					A  is thrown by types
 derived from  and  to indicate that an error has occurred as defined by the rules of the underlying
 protocol. For example, the  type throws a
 when an application 
 attempts to send content without specifying the content length.
				
			
			
				System.InvalidOperationException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							This constructor initializes the  property of the
   new instance to a system-supplied message that describes the error, such as
   "Protocol error occurred." This message takes into account the current system
   culture.
							The  property of the new instance is
initialized to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						A  that describes the error. The content of  is intended to be understood by humans. The caller of this constructor is required to ensure that this string has been localized for the current system culture.
						
							This constructor initializes the  property
   of the new instance using . If  is
, the  property is initialized to the system-supplied 
   message provided by the constructor that takes no arguments. 
							 The  property of the new
instance is initialized to . 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the mode used by the  method of
   the  class.
   
				
				
					A  member specifies the
   status information (read, write, or error) to retrieve from the
   current  instance.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SelectMode
					
					
					SelectError
					
						

							Determine the error status of the current  
instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SelectMode
					
					
					SelectRead
					
						

							Determine the read status of the current  
instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SelectMode
					
					
					SelectWrite
					
						

							Determine the write status of the current  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Represents connections to Internet hosts.
				
				
					The  class handles connections to a resource based on the host information
   passed in the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the resource. The initial
   connection to the host determines the information the  maintains, which is then
   shared by all subsequent requests for resources residing on the host. 
					
						
							 instances are
   created and managed by the 
   class. The maximum number of  instances is
   set by the 
   property.
						A  instance that is not connected to any host is idle. 
An idle 
is managed by the 
only until it has been
idle longer than the time specified in its  property.
After a 
instance exceeds the  , it is
released by the service point
manager and subsequently freed. The default value of  is set by the 
property. 
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Uri
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the .
   
						
						
							 A  instance
   representing the URI specified at the time the current instance was constructed 
							
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The  property
   of the  returned by this property names the host to which the current instance connects.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets the maximum number of
      simultaneous connections that the  can make to an Internet
      host.
      
						
						
							A  containing the 
   maximum number of simultaneous connections allowed on the current .
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than or equal to zero. 
						
							
								When the  is created, the value of
   this property is determined by the value of the
 
property.
Note that subsequent changes to  have no effect on existing  instances.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the connection group name specified by the  that created the connection.
   
						
						
							A  containing the 
   value of the  property of the  that
   initiated the connection provided
   by the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								If this
      property is set, only 
      instances with the same  can communicate with
      the host using the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

 Gets the number of connections held by the current
 instance.

						
 A  containing the number of connections held by
 the current instance.

						
							This property is read-only.
							
								The value of  cannot
 exceed that of .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to
 generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.DateTime
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the date and time that the  was last connected to a host.
   
						
						
							A  instance
   containing the date and time at which the  was last
   connected.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								When the difference between the current time
      and  exceeds the
      value of , the current instance is released by
      the  and subsequently freed.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

   Gets or sets the maximum amount of time the current
   instance can remain idle (unconnected to a host).

						
							A  containing the number of milliseconds that a  can remain idle before it is released by the  
and subsequently freed.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than  or greater than .
						
							
								When the difference between the current 
      time and  exceeds the value of , the current instance is released by
      the  and subsequently freed.
							
							The default value of this property is the value of the 
property at the time the  was created.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Version
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the version of the protocol that the  uses.
   
						
						
							A  instance
   containing the version of the protocol used by the  .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								As described
      above. 
							
							
								This property returns a  instance
   initialized to .
							
							
								Override this property to return
   the version information for types derived from .
							
							
								Use this property to determine the protocol
   version information used by the current instance.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 A  value that indicates whether the  supports pipelined connections.
   
						
						
							
								 if the  supports pipelined connections;
   otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								For information on pipelining, see IETF 
      RFC 2068.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			The public static fields exposed in ServicePointManager are not thread safe.  Changing one of these values in one thread will change the value for any other thread subsequently accessing the field.
			
				

					 Manages  instances.
				
				
					
						 creates, maintains,
 and deletes  instances. 
					 When an application requests a connection to an Internet resource through
 the , the 
 returns a  instance containing
 connection information for the host identified by
 the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the resource. If there is an existing  for that host, the
 
returns the existing , otherwise the  creates a new 
instance. 
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					2
					
						

							Gets or sets the maximum number of concurrent connections allowed by a
    instance.
						
						
							A  containing the maximum number of concurrent connections allowed by a  instance.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than or equal to zero.
						
							The  property sets the default maximum number of concurrent
   connections that the  assigns to the  property
   when creating  instances.
							
								Changing the  property has no effect on existing 
instances; it affects only  instances that
are initialized after the change.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					4
					
						

							 The default number of non-persistent connections allowed on a  .
   
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							The value of this field is
      4.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					2
					
						

							 The default number of persistent connections allowed on a  .
   
						
						
							This field is read-only.
							The value of this field is
      2.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.ServicePoint
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Finds an existing  or creates a new  to connect to the specified host.
						
						A  containing the Internet host to contact.
						
							A  that connects to the host identified in
 
.
						
						
							is .
						The maximum number of service points defined in  has been reached and there is no service point that connects to the specified host.
						
							This method is identical to (, ).
							 If no  exists for the host named in  , the  attempts to
create one.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.ServicePoint
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Finds an existing  or creates a new  to connect to the specified host.
						
						A  containing a URI that names the host to contact.
						A  that represents a proxy server to access.
						
							A  that connects to the host identified in
 
.
						
						
							 is .
						The URI specified in  is in an invalid form.
						The maximum number of service points defined in  has been reached and there is no service point that connects to the specified host.
						
							This method is identical to (new (),
).
							If no  exists for the host named in , the
 attempts to create one.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.ServicePoint
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Finds an existing  or creates a new  to connect to the specified host.
						
						A  instance containing the address of the Internet resource to contact.
						A  that represents a proxy server to access.
						
							A  that connects to the host identified in
 
.
						
						
							is .
						The maximum number of service points defined in  has been reached and there is no service point that connects to the specified host.
						
							 If no  exists for the  specified in  , the  attempts to create one.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					900000
					
						

							 Gets or sets the maximum amount of time a  instance can be idle, 
   after which resources allocated
   to the service point can be released.
						
						
							A  containing the maximum idle time, in milliseconds, of a  instance.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than  or greater than 
						
						
							 A 
is idle when the list of
connections associated with the  is empty.
							The 
property holds the value for the maximum idle time for service points. When a  instance is created,
this value is assigned to its  property. Changes to the value
of this property affect only  instances that are initialized after this property
is changed.
							After a  has been idle for the time
specified in  , it is
released by the service point manager, and
any resources allocated
for it are freed.
							The default value of this property is
   implementation defined.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					0
					
						

							Gets or sets the maximum number of  instances managed by this class at any
 time.
						
						
							A  containing the maximum number of  instances to maintain.
						
						The value specified for a set operation is less than zero or greater than 
						
						
							If this property is set to a value that is less than the
 number of  instances currently in
 existence, the 
 deletes the
  instances with the longest idle times.
 If the number of  instances with active
 connections is greater than the value of
 , the  
 deletes 
 instances as they become idle. 
							
								The default value
 of the  property is 0, which indicates
 there is no limit to the number of  instances.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Creates a communication endpoint through which an application sends or receives data across a
      network.
				
				
					 This class enables a  instance to communicate with another socket
   across a network. The communication can
   be through connection-oriented and connectionless protocols using either data streams or datagrams
   (discrete message packets).
					Message-oriented protocols preserve message boundaries
   and require that for each  method call there is one
   corresponding  method call. For stream-oriented protocols, data
   is transmitted without regards to message boundaries. In this case, for
   example, multiple  method calls may be necessary to
   retrieve all the data from one  method call. The protocol is set in
   the 
   
   class
   constructor. 
					A 
instance has a local and a remote endpoint associated with it. The local
endpoint contains the connection information for the current socket instance.
The remote endpoint contains the connection information for the socket that the current instance communicates with. The
endpoints are required to be an instance of a type derived from
the  class. For the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocols, an endpoint
includes the address family, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, and a port number.
For connection-oriented protocols (for example, TCP), the remote endpoint
does not have to be specified when transferring data. For connectionless
protocols (for example, UDP), the remote endpoint is required to be specified.
					Methods are provided for both synchronous and asynchronous
   operations. A synchronous method can operate in blocking mode, in which it waits
   (blocks) until the operation is complete before returning, or in non-blocking
   mode, where it returns immediately, possibly before the operation has completed.
   The blocking mode is set through the  property.
					 An asynchronous method returns immediately and, by convention, relies on a delegate to
   complete the operation. Asynchronous methods have names which correspond to their
   synchronous counterparts prefixed with either 'Begin' or End'. For example, the
   synchronous  method has asynchronous counterpart methods
   named  and . The
   example for the  method shows the basic
   steps for using an asynchronous operation. A complete working example follows this
   discussion.
					Connection-oriented protocols commonly use the client/server model. In this model, one of
   the sockets is set up as a server, and one or more sockets are set
   up as clients. A general procedure demonstrating the synchronous communication process for this model is as
   follows.
					On the server-side:
					
						
							
      Create a socket to listen for incoming connection
      requests.
						
						
							
      Set the local endpoint using the  method.
						
						
							
      Put the socket in the
      listening state using the  method.
						
						
							
      At this point incoming connection requests from a
      client are placed in a queue.
						
						
							
      Use the  method to create a server socket
      for a connection request issued by a client-side socket. This sets the remote
      endpoint.
						
						
							
      Use the  and  methods to communicate with the
      client socket.
						
						
							
      When communication is finished, terminate the connection
      using the  method.
						
						
							
      Release the resources allocated by the server socket using
      the  method.
						
						
							
      Release the resources allocated by the listener socket using the  method.
						
					
					On the client-side:
					
						
							
      Create the client socket.
						
						
							
      Connect to the server socket using the  method.
      This sets both the local and remote endpoints for the client socket.
						
						
							
      Use the  and  methods to communicate with the
      server socket.
						
						
							>
      When communication is finished, terminate the connection
      using the  method.
						
						
							
      Release
      
      the resources allocated by the client socket using
      the 
      
      method.
						
					
					 The shutdown step in the previous procedure is
   not necessary but ensures that any pending data is not lost. If the
 method is not called, the 
 
method shuts
down the connection either gracefully or by force. A graceful closure attempts
to transfer all pending data before the connection is terminated. Use
the  socket option to specify a graceful closure for a
socket. 
					
						 This implementation is based on the UNIX sockets implementation
      in the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, release 4.3)
      from the University of California at Berkeley. 
					
				
				
					The following examples provide a client/server
      application that demonstrates the
      use of asynchronous communication between sockets. Run the client and server on
      different consoles.
					 The following code is for the
      server application. Start this application before the client application.
					using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Text;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;

public class Server 
{
  // used to pass state information to delegate
  internal class StateObject 
  {
    internal byte[] sBuffer;
    internal Socket sSocket;
    internal StateObject(int size, Socket sock) {
      sBuffer = new byte[size];
      sSocket = sock;
    }
  }
  static void Main() 
  {
    IPAddress ipAddress =
      Dns.Resolve( Dns.GetHostName() ).AddressList[0];

    IPEndPoint ipEndpoint =
      new IPEndPoint(ipAddress, 1800);

    Socket listenSocket =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);

    listenSocket.Bind(ipEndpoint);
    listenSocket.Listen(1);
    IAsyncResult asyncAccept = listenSocket.BeginAccept(
      new AsyncCallback(Server.acceptCallback),
      listenSocket );

    // could call listenSocket.EndAccept(asyncAccept) here
    // instead of in the callback method, but since 
    // EndAccept blocks, the behavior would be similar to 
    // calling the synchronous Accept method

    Console.Write("Connection in progress.");
    if( writeDot(asyncAccept) == true ) 
    {
      // allow time for callbacks to
      // finish before the program ends 
      Thread.Sleep(3000);
    }
  }

  public static void
    acceptCallback(IAsyncResult asyncAccept) {
      Socket listenSocket = (Socket)asyncAccept.AsyncState;
      Socket serverSocket =
        listenSocket.EndAccept(asyncAccept);

      // arriving here means the operation completed
      // (asyncAccept.IsCompleted = true) but not
      // necessarily successfully
      if( serverSocket.Connected == false )
      {
        Console.WriteLine( ".server is not connected." );
        return;
      }
      else Console.WriteLine( ".server is connected." );

      listenSocket.Close();

      StateObject stateObject =
        new StateObject(16, serverSocket);

      // this call passes the StateObject because it 
      // needs to pass the buffer as well as the socket
      IAsyncResult asyncReceive =
        serverSocket.BeginReceive(
          stateObject.sBuffer,
          0,
          stateObject.sBuffer.Length,
          SocketFlags.None,
          new AsyncCallback(receiveCallback),
          stateObject);

      Console.Write("Receiving data.");
      writeDot(asyncReceive);
  }

  public static void
    receiveCallback(IAsyncResult asyncReceive) {
      StateObject stateObject =
        (StateObject)asyncReceive.AsyncState;
      int bytesReceived =
        stateObject.sSocket.EndReceive(asyncReceive);

      Console.WriteLine(
        ".{0} bytes received: {1}",
        bytesReceived.ToString(),
        Encoding.ASCII.GetString(stateObject.sBuffer) );

      byte[] sendBuffer =
        Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("Goodbye");
      IAsyncResult asyncSend =
        stateObject.sSocket.BeginSend(
          sendBuffer,
          0,
          sendBuffer.Length,
          SocketFlags.None,
          new AsyncCallback(sendCallback),
          stateObject.sSocket);

      Console.Write("Sending response.");
      writeDot(asyncSend);
  }

  public static void sendCallback(IAsyncResult asyncSend) {
    Socket serverSocket = (Socket)asyncSend.AsyncState;
    int bytesSent = serverSocket.EndSend(asyncSend);
    Console.WriteLine(
      ".{0} bytes sent.{1}{1}Shutting down.",
      bytesSent.ToString(),
      Environment.NewLine );

    serverSocket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both);
    serverSocket.Close();
  }

  // times out after 20 seconds but operation continues
  internal static bool writeDot(IAsyncResult ar)
  {
    int i = 0;
    while( ar.IsCompleted == false ) 
    {
      if( i++ > 40 ) 
      {
        Console.WriteLine("Timed out.");
        return false;
      }
      Console.Write(".");
      Thread.Sleep(500);
    }
    return true;
  }
}
   
					The following code is for the client application. When
      starting the application, supply the hostname of the console running the server
      application as an input parameter (for example, ProgramName 
      ). 
					using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Text;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;

public class Client {

  // used to pass state information to delegate
  class StateObject 
  {
    internal byte[] sBuffer;
    internal Socket sSocket;
    internal StateObject(int size, Socket sock) {
      sBuffer = new byte[size];
      sSocket = sock;
    }
  }

  static void Main(string[] argHostName) 
  {
    IPAddress ipAddress =
      Dns.Resolve( argHostName[0] ).AddressList[0];

    IPEndPoint ipEndpoint =
      new IPEndPoint(ipAddress, 1800);

    Socket clientSocket = new Socket(
      AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
      SocketType.Stream,
      ProtocolType.Tcp);

    IAsyncResult asyncConnect = clientSocket.BeginConnect(
      ipEndpoint,
      new AsyncCallback(connectCallback),
      clientSocket );

    Console.Write("Connection in progress.");
    if( writeDot(asyncConnect) == true ) 
    {
      // allow time for callbacks to
      // finish before the program ends
      Thread.Sleep(3000);
    }
  }

  public static void
    connectCallback(IAsyncResult asyncConnect) {
      Socket clientSocket =
        (Socket)asyncConnect.AsyncState;
      clientSocket.EndConnect(asyncConnect);
      // arriving here means the operation completed
      // (asyncConnect.IsCompleted = true) but not
      // necessarily successfully
      if( clientSocket.Connected == false )
      {
        Console.WriteLine( ".client is not connected." );
        return;
      }
      else Console.WriteLine( ".client is connected." );

      byte[] sendBuffer = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("Hello");
      IAsyncResult asyncSend = clientSocket.BeginSend(
        sendBuffer,
        0,
        sendBuffer.Length,
        SocketFlags.None,
        new AsyncCallback(sendCallback),
        clientSocket);

      Console.Write("Sending data.");
      writeDot(asyncSend);
  }

  public static void sendCallback(IAsyncResult asyncSend) 
  {
    Socket clientSocket = (Socket)asyncSend.AsyncState;
    int bytesSent = clientSocket.EndSend(asyncSend);
    Console.WriteLine(
      ".{0} bytes sent.",
      bytesSent.ToString() );

    StateObject stateObject =
      new StateObject(16, clientSocket);

    // this call passes the StateObject because it
    // needs to pass the buffer as well as the socket
    IAsyncResult asyncReceive =
      clientSocket.BeginReceive(
        stateObject.sBuffer,
        0,
        stateObject.sBuffer.Length,
        SocketFlags.None,
        new AsyncCallback(receiveCallback),
        stateObject);

    Console.Write("Receiving response.");
    writeDot(asyncReceive);
  }

  public static void
    receiveCallback(IAsyncResult asyncReceive) {
      StateObject stateObject =
       (StateObject)asyncReceive.AsyncState;

      int bytesReceived =
        stateObject.sSocket.EndReceive(asyncReceive);

      Console.WriteLine(
        ".{0} bytes received: {1}{2}{2}Shutting down.",
        bytesReceived.ToString(),
        Encoding.ASCII.GetString(stateObject.sBuffer),
        Environment.NewLine );

      stateObject.sSocket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both);
      stateObject.sSocket.Close();
  }

  // times out after 2 seconds but operation continues
  internal static bool writeDot(IAsyncResult ar)
  {
    int i = 0;
    while( ar.IsCompleted == false ) 
    {
      if( i++ > 20 ) 
      {
        Console.WriteLine("Timed out.");
        return false;
      }
      Console.Write(".");
      Thread.Sleep(100);
    }
    return true;
  }
}
   
					The output of the server application is
					
						Connection in progress...........server is connected.
						Receiving data......5 bytes received: Hello
						Sending response....7 bytes sent.
						Shutting down.
						-----------------------------------------
					
					The output of the client application is
					
						Connection in progress......client is connected.
						Sending data......5 bytes sent.
						Receiving response......7 bytes received: Goodbye
						Shutting down.
					
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
				
					System.IDisposable
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
   
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						
							The combination of , , and  is invalid.
							-or-
							An error occurred while creating the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						
							 The parameter
   specifies the addressing scheme used by the current instance, the parameter specifies the socket type of the current instance, and the
 parameter 
   specifies the protocol
   used by the current instance. The three parameters are not independent. Some
   address families restrict which protocols are used, and often the socket type is
   determined by the protocol. When the specified
   values are not a valid combination, a  exception
   is thrown.
							Using the  member of either the
 or  enumeration, results 
in a 
exception being thrown.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Sockets.Socket
					
					
					
						

							Creates and initializes a new  instance and connects it to an incoming connection
   request.
						
						
							 A new connected 
instance.
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							 The  property is set to .
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method is used only on the server-side of connection-oriented protocols. It extracts the first
      connection request from the queue of pending requests, creates a new 
      instance, and connects this instance to the socket associated with the request.
							 The  property
   of the socket determines the behavior of this method when there are no pending
   connection requests. When , this method will throw a
.
   When , this method blocks.
							 The following properties of the new  instance returned by this method have values 
identical to the corresponding properties of the current instance:
							
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
								
									
										
									
								
							
							 The  property of the new instance is set to the local endpoint of the first request in
the input queue. The  property is set to .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the address family of the current instance.
      
						
						
							One of the values defined in
      the  enumeration.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is set by the constructor for the current instance. The value of this property specifies the addressing scheme used by the current instance to resolve an address.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the amount
      of data available to be read in a single  or 
      call.
      
						
						
							 A  containing the number of bytes of data that are
   available to be read.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This property is read-only.
							When the current instance is stream-oriented (for example, the  socket type), the available data
   is generally the total amount of data queued on the current instance.
							When the current instance is message-oriented (for example, the  socket type), the available data
is the first message in the input queue.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous operation to accept an incoming connection request.
						
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						An error occurred while starting the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							To determine the connection status, check the  property, or use either the 
or 
method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						
							 The following excerpt from the  class overview
   example outlines an asynchronous accept operation. 
							public class Server
{
  static void Main()
  {
    .
    .
    .
    listenSocket.BeginAccept(
      new AsyncCallback(Server.acceptCallback),
      listenSocket);
    .
    .
    .
    // EndAccept can be called here
    .
    .
    .
  }

  public static void
    acceptCallback(IAsyncResult asyncAccept)
  {
    Socket listenSocket =
      (Socket)asyncAccept.AsyncState;

    Socket serverSocket =
      listenSocket.EndAccept(asyncAccept);

    serverSocket.BeginReceive(...);
    .
    .
    .
  }
}

						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to associate the current instance with a remote endpoint.
						
						
							The  associated with the socket to connect to.
						
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							
								is .
						
						An error occurred while starting the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						A caller higher in the call stack does not have permission for the requested operation.
						
							 To release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
       object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							To determine the connection status, check the  property, or use either the 
or  method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
						
						
							 For an outline of an asynchronous
      operation, see the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the
       class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to receive data from a socket.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in to begin storing the received data.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to receive data from a socket and,
      for connectionless protocols, store the endpoint associated with the socket that
      sent the data.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in to begin storing the received data.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or  .
						
							An instance of a class derived from the  class, which contains the endpoint associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							
								is .
							-or-
							
								is .
						
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						
							Requires permission to accept a connection on the endpoint defined by the  property of the current instance. See .
							Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, see .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Begins an asynchronous operation to send data to a connected socket.
						
						A  array storing data to send to the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in  containing the starting location of the data to send.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or  .
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or- 
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by
      this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.IAsyncResult
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Begins an asynchronous operation to send data to the socket associated with the specified endpoint.
						
						A  array storing data to send to the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in  to begin sending data.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or  .
						
							The  associated with the socket to receive the data.
						
						A  delegate, or .
						An application-defined object, or .
						
							A  instance that contains information about the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							
								is .
							-or-
							
								is .
						
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						
							To retrieve the results of the operation and release
      resources allocated by the  method, call
      the  method, and specify the
    object returned by this
      
      method.
							
								The  method should be
   called exactly once for each call to the 
   method.
							
							If the  parameter is not
, the method referenced by  is invoked 
when the asynchronous operation completes. The  object returned by this method is
passed as the argument to the method referenced by . The method
referenced by  can retrieve the results of the operation by calling
the 
method.
							 The  parameter
can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of
the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the
 
property of the object returned by this
method.
							
								For more information, see , the
   synchronous version of this method.
							
						
						
							Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For
      the complete example, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Associates the current instance with a local endpoint.
						
						
							The local  to be associated with the socket.
						
						
							is .
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						 A caller in the call stack does not have the required permission.
						
							This method sets the  property of the current instance to
.
							
								For connection-oriented protocols, this method is
      generally used only on the server-side and is required to be called before the first
      call to the  method.
      On the client-side, binding is usually performed implicitly by the  method. 
								For connectionless protocols, the 
									, and  methods bind the current instance to
the local endpoint if the current instance has not previously been bound. 
							
						
						Requires permission to accept connections on the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets or sets a  value that indicates whether the socket is in blocking mode.
   
						
						
							
								 indicates that
   the current instance is in blocking mode;
 indicates that the current instance is in 
   non-blocking mode. 
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 Blocking is when a method waits to complete an operation before returning. Sockets are created in blocking mode
      by default. 
							 Except for when the current instance has been disposed, no notification is given when an attempt to change
      the value of this property fails.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Closes the current instance and releases all managed and unmanaged resources allocated by the current instance.
      
						
						
							 This method calls the
   ()
      method with the argument set to , which frees both managed
      and unmanaged resources used by the current instance. 
							The socket attempts to perform a graceful closure when the  socket option is enabled
   and set to a non-zero linger time. In all other cases, closure is forced and any
   pending data is lost.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Associates the current instance with a remote endpoint.
						
						
							The  associated with the socket to connect to.
						
						
							is .
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						 A caller in the call stack does not have the required permission.
						
							This method sets the  property of the current instance to
.
							
								 For connection-oriented protocols, this method
      establishes a connection between the current instance and the
      socket associated with . This method is used only on
      the client-side. The  method establishes the connection on the
      server-side. Once the connection has been made, data can
      be sent using the 
      method, and received using the  method. 
								 For connectionless protocols, the 
method can be used from both
client and server-sides, allowing the use of the  method instead of the 
method. The  property is set to
 
and
the  property is set to a value determined
by the protocol; however, a connection is not established. Subsequent data is
required to be received on the endpoint set in
the  property.
							
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							 Gets a  value indicating whether the current instance is connected.
   
						
						
							
								 indicates that 
   the current instance was connected at
   the time of the
   last I/O operation;
 indicates that the 
   current instance is not connected.
						
						
							 This property is read-only.
      
							When this property returns , the current instance was
   connected at the time of the last I/O operation; it might not still be connected.
   When this property returns , the current instance was
   never connected or is not currently connected.
							The current instance is considered connected when
   the 
   property contains a valid endpoint.
							
								The  and  methods,
and their asynchronous counterparts set this
property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Closes the current instance, releases the unmanaged resources allocated by the current
      instance, and optionally releases the
      managed resources.
						
						A . Specify  to release both managed and unmanaged resources;  to release only unmanaged resources.
						
							
								
      
      This method
      closes the current  instance
      and releases all unmanaged resources allocated by the
      current instance. When  is , this method also releases all resources held by any managed
      objects allocated by the current
      instance.
   
							
							
								
      
      This method
      closes the current  instance but does not release any managed
      resources.
   
							
							
								
      
      The  method can be called
      multiple times by other objects. When overriding this method, do not reference
      objects that have been previously disposed in an earlier call.
   
							
							
								
      
      Use this method to release
      resources allocated by
      the current
      instance.
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Net.Sockets.Socket
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous call to accept
      an incoming connection
      request.
						
						A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
							 A new connected 
instance.
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous call
      to associate the current instance with a remote endpoint.
						
						A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Ends an asynchronous call to receive
      data from a
      socket.
						
						
							A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							 A  containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous call to receive
      data from a socket and store the endpoint associated with the socket that
      sent the data.
						
						
							A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
						A reference to the  associated with the socket that sent the data. 
						
							A  containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For
      the complete example, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous call to send data
      to a connected socket.
						
						
							A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							A  containing the number of bytes sent. 
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For the complete example, which uses the  method, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Ends an asynchronous call to send data to a socket associated
      with a specified endpoint.
						
						
							A  object that holds the state information for the asynchronous operation.
						
						
							A  containing the number of bytes sent. 
						
						
							is .
						
							 was not returned by the current instance from a call to the  method.
						
							 was previously called for this operation.
						An error occurred during the operation. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method blocks if the asynchronous operation has not completed.
							The 
method completes an asynchronous request that was started with a call to the
 method. The object specified for the 
 parameter is required to be the same object as was returned 
by the 
method call that began the
request.
							If the 
method is invoked via the  delegate specified to the  method, the
 parameter is the  
argument passed to the
delegate's method.
						
						
							For an outline of an asynchronous operation, see
      the  method.
      For
      the complete example, see the  class overview.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Closes the current instance and releases unmanaged resources allocated by the current
      instance.
						
						
							
								 Application code does not call this method; it
         is automatically invoked during garbage collection unless finalization by the
         garbage collector has been disabled. For more information, see ,
         and .
								 This method calls () to free unmanaged
      resources used by the current instance.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							
      The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified.
   
							
								
      
      This method overrides .
   
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Object
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Retrieves an object containing the value of the specified socket option.
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						
							 The following table describes the values returned 
      by this method.
							
								
									optionName
									Return value
								
								
									
										
									
									 An instance of the 
   class.
								
								
									
										
											
										
										 -or-
										
											
										
									
									 An instance of
   the 
   class.
								
								
									 All other values defined in the  enumeration.
									A  containing the value
of the option.
								
							
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							Socket options determine the behavior of the
      current instance. 
							
								 and  are not
   independent. See the (,
, ) method for a listing of the values of the  enumeration grouped
   by . 
						
						
							The following example gets the state of the linger option and the size of the receive buffer, changes the values of both, then gets the new values.
							using System;
using System.Net.Sockets;

class OptionTest{

  public static void Main() {

    // Get the current option values.
    Socket someSocket =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);

    LingerOption lingerOp =
      (LingerOption)someSocket.GetSocketOption(
                    SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
                    SocketOptionName.Linger);

    int receiveBuffer =
      (int)someSocket.GetSocketOption(
           SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
           SocketOptionName.ReceiveBuffer);

    Console.WriteLine(
      "Linger option is {0} and set to {1} seconds.",
      lingerOp.Enabled.ToString(),
      lingerOp.LingerTime.ToString() );

    Console.WriteLine(
      "Size of the receive buffer is {0} bytes.",
      receiveBuffer.ToString() );

    // Change the options.
    lingerOp = new LingerOption(true, 10);
    someSocket.SetSocketOption(
      SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
      SocketOptionName.Linger,
      lingerOp);

    someSocket.SetSocketOption(
      SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
      SocketOptionName.ReceiveBuffer,
      2048);

    Console.WriteLine(
      "The SetSocketOption method has been called.");
 
    // Get the new option values.
    lingerOp =
      (LingerOption)someSocket.GetSocketOption(
                    SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
                    SocketOptionName.Linger);

    receiveBuffer =
      (int)someSocket.GetSocketOption(
           SocketOptionLevel.Socket,
           SocketOptionName.ReceiveBuffer);

    Console.WriteLine(
      "Linger option is now {0} and set to {1} seconds.",
      lingerOp.Enabled.ToString(),
      lingerOp.LingerTime.ToString());

    Console.WriteLine(
      "Size of the receive buffer is now {0} bytes.",
      receiveBuffer.ToString());
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								 Linger option is False and set to 0 seconds.
								 Size of the receive buffer is 8192 bytes.
								The SetSocketOption method has been called.
								 Linger option is now True and set to 10 seconds.
								 Size of the receive buffer is now 2048 bytes.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Retrieves the value of the specified socket option.
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						A  array that receives the value of the specified socket option.
						
							
								 is too small to store the value of the specified socket option.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							Socket
      options determine the behavior of the current instance.
							Upon successful completion, the array specified by the  parameter contains the value of the
   specified socket option.
							When the length of the  array is smaller than the number of bytes required
to store the value of the specified socket option, a  exception is thrown.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Byte[]
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Retrieves the value of the
      specified socket option.
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						A  containing the maximum length, in bytes, of the value of the specified socket option.
						
							 A  array containing the value of the specified socket option.
						
						
							
								 is smaller than the number of bytes required to store the value of the specified socket option.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 Socket options
      determine the behavior of the current instance.
							The  parameter
   is used to allocate an array to store the value of the specified option. When this value is smaller than the number of bytes required to store
   the value of the specified option, a  exception is thrown. When this value is
   greater than or equal to the number of bytes required to store the value of the
   specified option, the array returned by this
   method is allocated to be exactly the required length.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.IntPtr
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the operating system handle for the current instance.
      
						
						
							A  containing the operating system handle for the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
						 Requires permission to access unmanaged code. See .
					
					1
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Provides low-level access to the socket, the
      transport protocol, or the communications subsystem.
						
						A  containing the control code of the operation to perform.
						A  array containing the input data required by the operation.
						A  array containing the output data supplied by the operation.
						
							 A  containing the length of the
 array after the method returns.
						
						
							An attempt was made to change the blocking mode.
							
								Use the  property to change the blocking mode.
							
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							If an attempt is made to change the blocking mode of the current instance, an
      exception is thrown. Use the  property to change the
      blocking mode.
							
      The control codes and their requirements
      are implementation defined. Do not use
      this method if platform
      independence is a requirement.
      
      
							
								
      
      Input data is not required for all control codes. Output data is not supplied
      by all control codes and, if not supplied, the return value is 0.
      
      
							
						
						Requires permission to access unmanaged code. See .
						
							The following example gets the number of bytes of available
      data to be read and writes the result to the console on a Windows system.
      The remote endpoint (remoteEndpoint) to connect to may need to be changed to a value that is valid on the current system.
							using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;

class App {

  static void Main() {

    IPAddress remoteAddress =
    Dns.Resolve(Dns.GetHostName()).AddressList[0];

    IPEndPoint remoteEndpoint =
      new IPEndPoint(remoteAddress, 80);

    Socket someSocket =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);

    someSocket.Connect(remoteEndpoint);

    int fionRead = 0x4004667F;
    byte[]inValue = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
    byte[]outValue = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};

    someSocket.IOControl(fionRead, inValue, outValue);

    uint bytesAvail = BitConverter.ToUInt32(outValue, 0);
      
    Console.WriteLine(
      "There are {0} bytes available to be read.",
      bytesAvail.ToString() );
  }
}
      
							The output is
							
								There are 0 bytes available to be read.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Places the current instance into the listening
      state where it waits for incoming connection requests.
						
						A  containing the maximum length of the queue of pending connections.
						The  property of the current instance is true, or an error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 Once this method is called, incoming connection requests
      are placed in a queue. The maximum size of the queue is specified by the
       parameter. The size of the queue is limited to legal
      values by the underlying protocol. Illegal values of the 
      parameter are replaced with a legal value, which is implementation defined.
							If a connection request arrives and the queue is full, a  is thrown on the client.
							 A socket in the listening state has no
   remote endpoint associated with it. Attempting to access the  property throws a  exception.
							 This method is ignored if called more than once on the
   current instance.
							
								This method is used
      only on the server-side of connection-oriented protocols. Call the  method before
      this method is called the first time. Call the  method before the first call to the 
      method.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.EndPoint
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the local endpoint associated with the current instance.
      
						
						
							 The local 
associated with the current
instance.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This property is read-only. 
							This property contains the network connection information for the
      current instance. 
							
								The  and
 methods, 
   and their
   asynchronous counterparts set this property. If not previously set,
   the  and  methods, and their asynchronous counterparts set this property.

							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines the read, write, or error status of the current instance.
						
						A  containing the time to wait for a response, in microseconds. Set the  parameter to a negative value to wait indefinitely for a response.
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						
							A  where  indicates the current instance
   satisfies at least one of the conditions in the following table
   corresponding to the specified 
   value; otherwise, .  is returned if the status of the current instance cannot be determined within the time specified by  . 
							
								
									SelectMode value
									 Condition
								
								
									 SelectRead
									
										 Data is available for reading (includes
            out-of-band data if the  value defined in
            the 
            enumeration
            is set).
										-or-
										The socket is in the listening state with a
            pending connection, and
            the  method has been called and is guaranteed to succeed without
            blocking.
										-or-
										 The connection has been closed, reset,
            or terminated.
									
								
								
									 SelectWrite
									
										Data can be sent.
										-or-
										 A non-blocking  method is being processed and the connection has
            succeeded.
									
								
								
									 SelectError
									
										The  value defined in
            the  enumeration is not set
            and out-of-band data is available.
										-or-
										 A non-blocking 
      method is being processed and the connection has
      failed.
									
								
							
						
						
							is not one of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.ProtocolType
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the protocol type of the current instance.
      
						
						
							One of the values defined in
      the  enumeration. 
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is set by the constructor for the current instance. The value of
      this property specifies the protocol used by the current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A  containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							 -or- 
							 An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This method is equivalent to (, 0, ,
).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a
      socket.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A  containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
						
						 A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length,
).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections. See .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in to begin storing the received data.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							The  property was not set.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							The  property is required to be set before 
   this method
   is called.
							The  property of the socket determines
the behavior of this method when no incoming data is available. When
, the  exception is thrown. When 
, this method blocks and 
waits for data
to arrive.
							 For  socket types, if the remote socket
was shut down gracefully, and all data was received, this method immediately returns zero,
regardless of the blocking state.
							For message-oriented sockets, if the message is larger than the size of
, the buffer is filled with the first part of the message, and the 
 exception is thrown. For unreliable 
   protocols, the excess data is lost; for reliable protocols, the data is retained
   by the service provider.
							When the  flag is
specified as part of the  parameter and the socket is configured for in-line reception of
out-of-band (OOB) data (using the  socket option) and OOB data is available,
only OOB data is returned.
							When the  flag is specified as part of the
 parameter, available data is copied into 
 but is not removed from the system
buffer.
						
						
							Requires permission to accept a connection on the endpoint defined by the  property of the current instance. See .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							is .
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						 A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length,
).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket and, for connectionless protocols, stores the
      endpoint associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A reference to the  associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							
								 or  is .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length,
, ).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections from the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket and, for connectionless protocols, stores the
      endpoint associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						A reference to the  associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							
								 or  is .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 specified an invalid value.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length, , ).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections from the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket and, for connectionless protocols, stores the
      endpoint associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						A reference to the  associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							
								 or  is .
						
						
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0,  , ,  ).
						
						Requires permission to accept connections from the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Receives data from a socket and,
      for connectionless protocols, stores the endpoint associated with the socket that sent
      the data.
						
						A  array to store data received from the socket.
						A  containing the zero-based position in to begin storing the received data.
						A  containing the number of bytes to receive.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						A reference to the  associated with the socket that sent the data.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes received.
						
						
							
								 or  is .
						
						
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length. 
							-or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							The  property was not set.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							For connectionless protocols, when this method successfully completes,  contains the
   endpoint associated with the socket that sent the data.
							For connection-oriented protocols,  is left unchanged.
							The  property is required to be set before
this method is called or a 
is thrown.
							The  property of the socket determines
the behavior of this method when no incoming data is available. When
, the  exception is thrown. When 
, this method blocks and 
waits for data to arrive.
							For  socket types, if the
remote socket was shut down gracefully, and all data was received, this method
immediately returns zero, regardless of the blocking state.
							For message-oriented sockets, if the message is larger than the size of
, the buffer is filled with the first part of the message, and the 
 
exception is thrown. For unreliable protocols, the excess data is lost; for
reliable protocols, the data is retained by the service provider.
							When the  flag is specified as part of theparameter and the socket is configured for
in-line reception of out-of-band (OOB) data (using the  socket option) and OOB
data is available, only OOB data is returned.
							When the  flag is specified as part of the
 parameter, available data is copied into 
 
but is not removed from the system
buffer.
						
						
							Requires permission to accept a connection on the endpoint defined by the  property of the current instance. See .
							Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.EndPoint
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the remote endpoint associated with the current instance.
      
						
						
							 The remote 
associated with the current instance.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							 This property
      is read-only.
							 This property contains the network
      connection information associated with the socket communicating with the current
      instance.
							 There is no remote endpoint
      associated with a socket in the listening state. An attempt to access the
    
   property causes a  exception to be
   thrown.
							
								The  and  methods, and their asynchronous 
counterparts set this property. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Determines the read, write, or error status of a set
      of  instances.
						
						A  object containing the  instances to check for read status.
						A  object containing the  instances to check for write status.
						A  object containing the  instances to check for error status.
						A  that specifies the time to wait for a response, in microseconds. Specify a negative value to wait indefinitely for the status to be determined.
						All of the following parameters are  or empty: , , and .
						An error occurred while accessing one of the sockets. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						
							Upon successful completion, this method removes all
    instances from
      the specified list that do not
      satisfy one of the conditions associated
      with that list. The following table describes the conditions for each list.
							
								
									List
									Condition to remain in list
								
								
									
										
									
									
										Data is available for reading (includes
            out-of-band data if the 
            value defined in the  enumeration is set).
										-or-
										The socket is in the listening state with a pending connection, and the  method has been called
         and is guaranteed to succeed without blocking.
										-or-
										The connection has been closed, reset, or terminated.
									
								
								
									
										
									
									
										Data can be sent.
										-or-
										A non-blocking  method is being processed and the
      connection has succeeded.
									
								
								
									
										
									
									
										The 
value defined in the  enumeration is not set and
out-of-band data is available.
										-or-
										A non-blocking  method is being processed and the
connection has failed.
									
								
							
							
								To determine the status of a specific
 instance, check whether the instance 
   remains in the list after the method returns.
							
							 When the method cannot determine the status of all the
 instances within the time specified in the 
 parameter, the 
   method removes all the 
   instances from all the lists and returns.
							 At least one of , , or
, is required to contain at least one  instance. The 
other parameters can be empty or .
						
						
							The following example determines the status of the socket instance named
      socket3 and writes the result to the console.
							using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Net.Sockets;

class SelectTest {

  public static void Main() {

    Socket socket1 =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);
    Socket socket2 =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);
    Socket socket3 =
      new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork,
                 SocketType.Stream,
                 ProtocolType.Tcp);

    ArrayList readList = new ArrayList();
    ArrayList writeList = new ArrayList();
    ArrayList errorList = new ArrayList();

    readList.Add(socket1);
    readList.Add(socket2);
    readList.Add(socket3);
    errorList.Add(socket1);
    errorList.Add(socket3);

    // readList.Contains(Socket3) returns true
    // if Socket3 is in ReadList.
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is placed in readList and errorList.");
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in readList.",
      readList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in writeList.",
      writeList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in errorList.",
      errorList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );

    Socket.Select(readList, writeList, errorList, 10);
    Console.WriteLine("The Select method has been called.");
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in readList.",
      readList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in writeList.",
      writeList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );
    Console.WriteLine(
      "socket3 is {0}in errorList.",
      errorList.Contains(socket3) ? "" : "not " );
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								socket3 is placed in readList and errorList.
								socket3 is in readList.
								socket3 is not in writeList.
								socket3 is in errorList.
								The Select method has been called.
								socket3 is not in readList.
								socket3 is not in writeList.
								socket3 is not in errorList.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Sends data to a connected socket.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A  that specifies the zero-based position in buffer that is the starting location of the data to send.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or- 
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							For connection-oriented protocols, the  property of the current instance is
   required to be set before calling this
   method.
							For connectionless protocols, calling the  methods sets the  property and allows the 
method to be used instead of the 
method.
							When the  flag
is specified as part of the  parameter,
the sent data is not routed.
							When the  flag is specified as part of the
 parameter, only out-of-band (OOB) data is sent.
							When the  property of the current instance is
set to  and
buffer space is not available within the underlying protocol, this method
blocks. 
							For message-oriented sockets, when 
 is greater than the maximum message size of the underlying
   protocol, no data is sent and the  exception is thrown.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Sends data to a
      connected socket.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							is .
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0,
.Length, ).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Sends data to a connected socket.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							is .
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length,
).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Sends data to a connected socket.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							is .
						
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values. 
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket.
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, ,
).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sends data to the socket associated with the specified
      endpoint.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						
							The  associated with the socket to receive the data.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							
								is .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (,
   0, .Length, ,).
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sends data to the socket associated with the specified
      endpoint.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							The  associated with the socket to receive the data.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							
								is .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, .Length,
, ).
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sends data to the socket associated with the specified
      endpoint.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							The  associated with the socket to receive the data.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							
								is .
						
						
							
								 < 0.
							 -or-
							
								 > .Length.
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 0, ,
, ).
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sends data to the socket associated with the specified
      endpoint.
						
						A  array containing data to send to the socket.
						A  that specifies the zero-based position in buffer that is the starting location of the data to send.
						A  containing the number of bytes to send.
						A bitwise combination of any of the following values defined in the  enumeration: , , or .
						
							The  associated with the socket to receive the data.
						
						
							A 
containing the number of bytes sent.
						
						
							
								is .
						
						
							
								 < 0. 
							-or- 
							
								 > .Length. 
							 -or-
							
								 < 0.
							-or-
							
								 > .Length - .
						
						
							An asynchronous call is pending and a blocking method has been called.
						
						
							
								 is not a valid combination of values.
							-or-
							An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
							
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						 A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							For connected sockets using connectionless
      protocols,  overrides the endpoint specified in the  property.
							For unconnected sockets using connectionless protocols, this method sets
      the 
      property of the current instance to a value determined by the protocol.
      Subsequent data is required to be received on .
							When the  flag
   is specified as part of the  parameter,
   the sent data is not routed.
							When the  flag is specified as part of the
 parameter, only out-of-band (OOB) data is sent.
							When the  property of the current instance is
set to  and
buffer space is not available within the underlying protocol, this method
blocks. 
							For message-oriented sockets, when   is greater than
the maximum message size of the underlying protocol, no data is sent and the
 exception is thrown.
							For connection-oriented sockets, the  parameter is
ignored.
						
						Requires permission to make a connection to the endpoint defined by . See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets the , , or
 socket options.
						
						Either the  or  member of the  enumeration.
						Either the , , or  member of the  enumeration.
						An instance of the  or  class.
						
							, , or  specified an invalid value.
						
							 is .
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							Socket options determine the behavior of the current
      instance. Multiple options can be set on the current instance by calling this method multiple times.
							The following table summarizes the valid combinations of input parameters.
							
								
									optionLevel/optionName
									optionValue
								
								
									
										/
									
									An instance of the  class.
								
								
									
										
											/
										
										- or -
										
											/
										
									
									An instance of the  class.
								
							
							 When setting the  option, a 
exception is thrown if the  property of
the  instance is less than zero or greater
than 
. 
							
								 For more information on the  option,
   see the  class and the 
   method. 
								 For more information on the  and  options, see the  class. 
								For socket options
   with values of type  or , see the (, , ) version
   of this method.
							
						
						The  and  options require permission to access unmanaged code. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Sets socket options with values of type .
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						A  array containing the value of the option.
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							Socket options determine the behavior of the current
      instance. Multiple options can be set on the current instance by calling this method
      multiple times.
							
								For socket options
      with values of type  or ,
      see the (,  , ) version of this method.
							
							
								For the , , or  socket options, see the
(, , ) version of this 
   method.
							
						
						 Requires permission to access unmanaged code. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							 Sets socket options with values of type  and .
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration. 
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						
							A  containing the value of the option.
						
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						A caller in the call stack does not have the required permissions.
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							Socket options determine the behavior of the current
      instance. Multiple options can be set on the current instance by calling
      this method multiple times.
							 For a socket option with a 
data type, specify a non-zero
 to enable the option, and an  equal to zero
to disable the option.
							Socket options are grouped by level of protocol support.
   The following tables list the members of
   the  enumeration
   supported by each member of the  enumeration.
   Only members that have associated values of the  and 
   data types are listed.
The following table lists the
members of the  enumeration supported by
the  member of the  enumeration.
Options that do not require permission to access unmanaged code are noted.

								
									SocketOptionName
									Description
								
								
									 Broadcast
									A
       where  indicates broadcast messages are allowed to be sent to the socket. 
								
								
									 Debug
									A 
   where  indicates to record debugging information.
								
								
									 DontLinger
									A 
where  indicates to close the socket without
lingering. This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 DontRoute
									A 
where  indicates not to route data.
								
								
									 Error
									A
    that
      contains the error code associated with the last socket error. The error
      code is cleared by this option. This option is read-only.
								
								
									 KeepAlive
									A 
where  (the default) indicates to enable
keep-alives, which allows a connection to remain open after a request has completed. This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 OutOfBandInline
									A 
where  indicates to receive out-of-band data in the normal data stream.
								
								
									 ReceiveBuffer
									A  that specifies the
   total per-socket buffer space reserved for receives.
   This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 ReceiveTimeout
									A
    that
      specifies the maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      receive data. If data is not received within this
      time, a  exception
      is thrown. This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 ReuseAddress
									A 
where  allows the socket to be bound to an address that is already in use.
								
								
									 SendBuffer
									A  that specifies the
   total per-socket buffer space reserved for sends. This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 SendTimeout
									A
    that
      specifies the maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      send data. If data is not sent within this time, a  exception
      is thrown. This option does not require permission to access unmanaged code.
								
								
									 Type
									
										One of the values defined in the  enumeration. This option is
      read-only.
									
								
							
							The following table lists the members of the 
enumeration supported by the  member of the 
enumeration. These options require permission to access unmanaged
code.
							
								
									
										SocketOptionName
										Description
									
									
										 HeaderIncluded
										A
       where  indicates
         the application is providing the IP header for outgoing
         datagrams. 
									
									
										 IPOptions
										A  array
      that specifies IP options to be inserted into outgoing
      datagrams.
									
									
										 IpTimeToLive
										A  that specifies the
   time-to-live for datagrams. The time-to-live designates the number of
   networks on which the datagram is allowed to travel
   before being discarded by a
   router.
									
									
										 MulticastInterface
										A
   
   array that specifies the interface for outgoing multicast
   packets.
									
									
										 MulticastLoopback
										A
    where  enables multicast
      loopback. 
									
									
										 MulticastTimeToLive
										A  that specifies the
   time-to-live for multicast datagrams. 
									
									
										 TypeOfService
										A  that specifies the
   type of service field in the IP header. 
									
									
										 UseLoopback
										A
    where  indicates to send a copy of the
      data back to the
      sender. 
									
								
							
							The following table lists the members of the 
enumeration supported by the  member of the  enumeration.
These options do not require permission to access unmanaged code.
							
								
									
										SocketOptionName
										Description
									
									
										 BsdUrgent
										A
       where  indicates to use urgent data
         as defined by IETF RFC 1222. Once enabled, this option cannot be disabled.
									
									
										 Expedited
										A
       where  indicates to use expedited data as defined by IETF RFC
         1222. Once enabled, this option cannot be disabled.
									
									
										 NoDelay
										A
       where  indicates to disable the Nagle algorithm for send
         coalescing.
									
								
							
							The following table lists the members of the 
enumeration supported by the  member of the  enumeration.
These options do not require permission to access unmanaged code.
							
								
									
										SocketOptionName
										Description
									
									
										 ChecksumCoverage
										A
       that specifies UDP checksum coverage.
									
									
										 NoChecksum
										A
       where  indicates to send UDP datagrams with the checksum set to zero.
									
								
							
							
								For the
   , , and
    members of the  enumeration, see
      the (, , ) version of this method.
							
						
						Some options require permission to access unmanaged code. All the options that do not require permission are noted in the tables in the Description section. All options not so noted require this permission. See .
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Terminates the ability to send or receive data on a connected socket.
						
						One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						An error occurred while accessing the socket. 
								For additional information on causes of the , see the  class.
							
						
						The current instance has been disposed.
						
							When  is set to  , the socket on the
   other end of the connection is notified that the current instance will not
   send any
   more data. If the  method is
   subsequently called, a 
   
   exception is thrown.
							When  is set to ,
the
socket on the other end of the
connection is notified that the current instance will not receive any more
data. After all the data currently queued on the current instance is
received, any subsequent calls to the  method cause a  exception to be thrown.
							Setting  to  terminates both sends and
receives as described above. Once this occurs, the socket cannot
be used.
							
								To free resources allocated by the current instance, call the 
method.
								Expected common usage is for the 
method to be called before the  method to
ensure that all pending data is sent or received.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the socket type of the current instance.
      
						
						
							One of the values defined in
      the  enumeration.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is set by the constructor for the current instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						
Implemented to support the  interface. [Note: For more information, see .]
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides a socket address stored in a  array.
   
				
				
					At a minimum, a socket address consists of a member of the  enumeration
   stored in the first two bytes of the array.
				
			
			
				System.Object
			
			
			
				
					DefaultMemberAttribute("Item")
					1
					System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
					RuntimeInfrastructure
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						One of the values of the  enumeration.
						
							This method is equivalent to (, 32).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the 
class.
						
						One of the values of the  enumeration.
						A  containing the number of bytes to allocate for the  array storing the socket address.
						
							 is less than 2.
						
							The minimum value for  is 2 bytes.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Determines whether the current instance and the
      specified  represent the same
      socket address.
						
						The  to compare to the current instance.
						
							A  where 
indicates  is an
instance of the  class and contains the same data as the current
instance; otherwise .
						
						
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily
					
					
					
						

							Gets the address family which specifies the addressing scheme used to resolve an address.
						
						
							One of the values defined in the  enumeration.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is set by the  constructors and is stored in
   the first two bytes of the socket address array.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is
         unspecified.
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Byte
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the element at the specified index of
      the  array storing the socket address.
						
						A  containing the zero-based index of the element to get or set.
						
							A  containing the element at the specified index.
						
						
							
								 is < 0.
							-or-
							
								 >= .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the length of the socket address.
						
						
							A  containing the length of the
 array storing the socket 
   address.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							This property is set by the  constructors.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Returns a  representation of the value of the current instance.
						
						
							A  representation of the current
   instance.
						
						
							 The returned string contains the string representation of the address family, the length of the array holding the socket
      address, and the contents of the array from the third to the maximum element, output in the
      following format:
							
								::{array[2], array[3], ...,
   element[-
   1]}
							
								This method overrides .
							
						
						
							The following example writes a socket address to the
      console.
							using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;

public class SocketAddressToString{
  public static void Main() {
    Console.WriteLine("This is a minimal SocketAddress.");
    SocketAddress socketAddress = new 
           SocketAddress(AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
    Console.WriteLine("{0}", socketAddress.ToString());
  }
}
   
							The output is
							
								This is a minimal SocketAddress.
								InterNetwork:32:{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Represents the error that occurs when a socket error occurs.
				
				
					A  is thrown by the  and
 classes
   when a network error occurs.
				
			
			
				System.SystemException
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						
							The exact behavior of this constructor is implementation-defined. 
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Controls the transfer behavior when sending and
      receiving data on a  instance.
				
				
					The following methods use this enumeration:
					
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
						
							
								
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					FlagsAttribute
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags
					
					
					DontRoute
					
						

							 Specifies not to use routing tables to transmit the data. If there is a router 
 between the local and destination addresses, the data will be lost.
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags
					
					
					None
					
						

							 No flags are specified. 
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags
					
					
					OutOfBand
					
						

							 Specifies to send or receive out-of-band (OOB) data. OOB
      data is specially marked data that can be received independently of unmarked data.
      
							
								Used only with a connection-oriented protocol. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags
					
					
					Partial
					
						

							 Specifies that a partial message has been received.
      
							
								Used only with a message-oriented protocol. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags
					
					
					Peek
					
						

							 Specifies to peek at the incoming data. This copies data 
 to the input buffer but does not remove it from the input queue.
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the option level associated with
 the  used in the  and  methods
 of the  class.
 
				
				
					Some socket options apply only to specific
 protocols while others apply to all types. Members of this enumeration specify which protocol applies to
 a specific socket option. 
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionLevel
					
					
					IP
					
						

							 Specifies that members of the  enumeration apply to
   Internet Protocol (IP).
   
							The following table lists the members of the  enumeration used
with this level.
							
								
									SocketOptionName
									Description of Socket Option Data
								
								
									 HeaderIncluded
									A
       where  indicates
         the application is providing the IP header for outgoing
         datagrams. 
								
								
									 IPOptions
									A
       array
         that specifies IP options to be inserted into outgoing
         datagrams.
								
								
									 IpTimeToLive
									A  that specifies the
      time-to-live for datagrams. The time-to-live designates the number of
      networks on which the datagram is allowed to travel
      before being discarded by a
      router.
								
								
									 MulticastInterface
									A 
array that specifies the interface for outgoing multicast
packets.
								
								
									 MulticastLoopback
									A
    where  enables multicast
      loopback. 
								
								
									 MulticastTimeToLive
									A  that specifies the
   time-to-live for multicast datagrams. 
								
								
									 TypeOfService
									A  that specifies the
   type of service field in the IP header. 
								
								
									 UseLoopback
									A
    where  indicates Bypass hardware when
      possible. 
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionLevel
					
					
					Socket
					
						

							Specifies that members of the  enumeration are not specific to a particular protocol. 
							The following table lists the members of the  enumeration used 
with this level.
							
								
									SocketOptionName
									Description
								
								
									 Broadcast
									A
       where  indicates broadcast messages are allowed to be sent to the socket. 
								
								
									 Debug
									A 
   where  indicates to record debugging information.
								
								
									 DontLinger
									A 
where  indicates to close the socket without lingering.
								
								
									 DontRoute
									A 
where  indicates not to route
data;  indicates to send data directly to interface addresses.
								
								
									 Error
									A
    that
      contains the error code associated with the last socket error. The error
      code is cleared by this option. This option is read-only.
								
								
									 KeepAlive
									A 
where  (the default) indicates to enable keep-alives, which allows a connection to remain open after a request.
								
								
									 OutOfBandInline
									A 
where  indicates to receive out-of-band data in the normal data stream.
								
								
									 ReceiveBuffer
									A  that specifies the
   total per-socket buffer space reserved for receives. This is unrelated to
   the maximum message size or the size of a TCP window.
								
								
									 ReceiveTimeout
									A
    that
      specifies the maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      receive data. If data is not received within this
      time, a  exception is thrown.
								
								
									 ReuseAddress
									A 
where  allows the socket to be bound to an address that is already in use.
								
								
									 SendBuffer
									A  that specifies the total per-socket buffer space reserved for sends. This is unrelated to the maximum message size or the size of a TCP window.
								
								
									 SendTimeout
									A
    that
      specifies the maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      send data. If data is not sent within this time, a  exception is thrown.
								
								
									 Type
									
										One of the values defined in the  enumeration. This option is
      read-only.
									
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionLevel
					
					
					Tcp
					
						

							Specifies that members of the  enumeration apply to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). 
							The following table lists the members of the  enumeration used 
with this level.
							
								
									SocketOptionName
									Description of Socket Option Data
								
								
									 BsdUrgent
									A
       where  indicates to use urgent data as defined
         by IETF RFC 1222. Once set, this option cannot be turned off.
								
								
									 Expedited
									A
       where  indicates to use expedited data as defined by IETF RFC 1222.
         Once set, this option cannot be turned off.
								
								
									 NoDelay
									A
       where  indicates to disable the Nagle algorithm for send
         coalescing.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionLevel
					
					
					Udp
					
						

							Specifies that members of the  enumeration apply to User Datagram Protocol
   (UDP). 
							The following table lists the members of the  enumeration used
with this level.
							
								
									SocketOptionName
									Description of Socket Option Data
								
								
									 ChecksumCoverage
									A 
       
      that specifies UDP checksum coverage.
								
								
									 NoChecksum
									A
    where  indicates to send UDP datagrams with the checksum set to zero.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies option names for use in the  and  
methods of the  class. 
				
				
					Socket options determine the behavior of an instance of
      the  class. Some socket options apply only to specific protocols while others apply to
      all types. Members of the  enumeration specify
      which protocol applies to a specific socket option. 
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					HeaderIncluded
					
						

							
								 has been called on the socket.
							The value associated with this option is a  
data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					AddMembership
					
						

							 Add an IP group membership.
 
							The value associated with this option is an instance of the  class. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					AddSourceMembership
					
						

							Join a source group.
							The value associated with this option is an instance of the 
class. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					BlockSource
					
						

							Block data from a source.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Broadcast
					
						

							 Permit sending broadcast messages on the socket.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					HeaderIncluded
					
						

							Use urgent data as defined by IETF RFC 1222. This option can
      be set only once, and once set, cannot be turned off.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ChecksumCoverage
					
						

							Set or get UDP checksum coverage.
							The value associated with this option is a  data
   type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Debug
					
						

							Record debugging information when available.
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					DontFragment
					
						

							Do not fragment IP datagrams.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					DontLinger
					
						

							 Close socket gracefully without lingering.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					DropSourceMembership
					
						

							 Do not route; send directly to interface addresses.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					DropMembership
					
						

							 Drop an IP group membership.
 
							The value associated with this option is an instance of the  class. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					DropSourceMembership
					
						

							Drop a source group.
							The value associated with this option is an instance of the 
class. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Error
					
						

							 Get the error status code, then clear the code.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ExclusiveAddressUse
					
						

							 Enable a socket to be bound for exclusive access.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data
   type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					HeaderIncluded
					
						

							Use expedited data as defined by IETF RFC 1222. This option
      can be set only once, and once set, cannot be turned off.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					HeaderIncluded
					
						

							 Application is providing the IP header for
 outgoing datagrams.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Debug
					
						

							Specifies IP options to be inserted into outgoing datagrams.
							The value associated with this option is a  
array.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ReuseAddress
					
						

							Set the IP header time-to-live field.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					KeepAlive
					
						

							 Send keep-alives.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Linger
					
						

							 Linger on close if unsent data is present.
 
							The value associated with this option is an instance of 
 the  class. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					MaxConnections
					
						

							 Maximum queue length that can be specified by .
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					MulticastInterface
					
						

							Set the interface for outgoing multicast packets.
							The value associated with this option is a 
array. 
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					MulticastLoopback
					
						

							IP multicast loopback.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					MulticastTimeToLive
					
						

							 IP multicast time to live.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Debug
					
						

							Send UDP datagrams with checksum set to zero.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Debug
					
						

							 Disable the Nagle algorithm for send coalescing.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					OutOfBandInline
					
						

							 Receive out-of-band data in the normal data stream.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					PacketInformation
					
						

							Return information about received packets.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ReceiveBuffer
					
						

							Specifies the total per-socket buffer space reserved for
 receives. This is unrelated to the maximum message size or the size of a TCP window. 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ReceiveLowWater
					
						

							 Receive low water mark.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ReceiveTimeout
					
						

							 Specifies the 
      maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      receive data. If data is not received within this time, a  exception is thrown.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					ReuseAddress
					
						

							 Allow the socket to be bound to an address that is already in use.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data 
 type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					SendBuffer
					
						

							 Specifies the total per-socket buffer space reserved for sends. This is
 unrelated to the maximum message size or the size of a TCP window.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					SendLowWater
					
						

							 Send low water mark.
 
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					SendTimeout
					
						

							 Specifies the 
      maximum time, in milliseconds, the  and  methods will block when attempting to
      send data. If data is not sent within this time, a  exception is thrown.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  member of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					Type
					
						

							 Get the socket type, one of the members of 
      the  enumeration.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					TypeOfService
					
						

							Change the IP header type of service field.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					UnblockSource
					
						

							Unblock a previously blocked source.
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketOptionName
					
					
					UseLoopback
					
						

							 Bypass hardware when possible.
      
							The value associated with this option is a  data type.
							The  value of the  enumeration applies to this option.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Secures socket connections.
      
				
				
					
						 instances control permission to accept connections
   or initiate socket connections. A socket permission can secure access based
   on host name or IP address, a port number, and a transport
   protocol. 
					The XML encoding of a  instance is defined below in EBNF format,
   in particular the following conventions are used: 
					
						
							
								 All non-literals in the grammar below are shown in normal type.
							
						
						
							
								 All literals are in bold font. 
							
						
					
					 The following meta-language symbols are used: 
					
						
							
         
         '*' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '?' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear zero or one time.
						
						
							
         
         '+' represents a meta-language symbol suffixing an
         expression that can appear one or more times.
						
						
							
         
         '(',')' is used to group literals, non-literals or a
         mixture of literals and non-literals.
						
						
							
         
         '|' denotes an exclusive disjunction between two
         expressions.
						
						
							
         
         '::= ' denotes a production rule where a left hand
         non-literal is replaced by a right hand expression containing literals,
         non-literals or both.
						
					
					 BuildVersion refers to the build version of the shipping CLI. This is
   a dotted build number such as '2412.0'.
					ECMAPubKeyToken ::= 
					
					HostName refers to a host name such as www.contoso.com . 
					Portnumber denotes a  value indicating a port. 
					TransportProtocol ::=  |  | /*1= UDP , 2 = TCP, 3 = both */ 
					SocketPermissionXML::=
   
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							BuildVersion
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						
							=ECMAPubKeyToken
						
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						( 
					
					
						
							
						
					
					
						) 
					
					
						| 
					
					
						> 
					
					
						(
						
					
					
						(
						
							HostNamePortNumberTransportProtocol
						
						)+
						
							
						
						)
						|
						
							
						
						(
						
						(
						
							HostNamePortNumberTransportProtocol
						
						)+
						
							
						
						
							
						
						)
						|
						
							
						
						
							
						
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.CodeAccessPermission
			
			
				
					System.Security.IPermission
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified
 value.
						
						A  value.
						
							
								This constructor creates either fully restricted () 
      or  access to
      sockets.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class.
						
						A  value indicating the type of access to secure.
						A  value indicating the transport type to secure. Specify  to create a permission that secures all transport types.
						A  containing the host name for the transport address.
						A  containing the port number for the transport address. Specify  create a permission that secures all ports.
						The  parameter is .
						
							No exception is thrown if the specified  or
 is
   invalid.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							 Defines a constant value that represents all ports.
 
 This field is read-only. The value of this field is -1.

					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a new  object containing the same values as the
 current instance.
 
						
						
							A new  containing the same values as the current instance.
						
						
							
								 The
 object returned by this method represents the same level of access as the
 current instance.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Reconstructs the state of a  object using the specified XML encoding.
						
						A  instance containing the XML encoding used to reconstruct the state of a  object.
						
							
								is .
						
						
							
								is not a  permission element.
						
						
							The state of the current instance is changed to the state
      encoded in .
							
								For the XML schema for this class, see the
       class
         page.
								This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  object that is the intersection of the current
   instance and the specified object.
						
						A  instance to intersect with the current instance.
						
							A new  instance that represents the intersection of the
   current instance and . If target is
, returns . If the intersection is
   empty, returns . If the
   current instance is unrestricted, returns a copy of . If
 is unrestricted, returns a copy of the current instance.
						
						
							 is not of type  .
						
							
								The intersection of two permissions is a permission that secures the
         resources and operations secured by both permissions. Specifically, it
         represents the minimum permission such that any demand that passes both
         permissions will also pass their intersection.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
      support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Determines whether the current instance is a subset of the specified
      object.
						
						A  instance that is to be tested for the subset relationship.
						
							
								 if the current instance is a subset of  ;
   otherwise,. If the current instance is unrestricted, and
 is not, returns . If  is 
   unrestricted, returns . If  is
 
and the current instance does not secure any resources and is not unrestricted, returns .
						
						
							
								is not  and is not of type .
						
						
							The subset relationship is  if every resource secured by the current
   instance is secured by 
   .
							
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
   support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.SecurityElement
					
					
					
						

							Returns the XML encoding of the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the XML encoding of the state of the current instance.
						
						
							
								For the XML schema for this class, see the  class
 page.
								This method overrides  .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  that is the union of the current instance and the
 specified object.
						
						A  instance to combine with the current instance.
						
							A  instance that represents the union of the current
 instance and . If the current instance or is
 unrestricted, returns a  instance that is unrestricted.
						
						
							 is not of type  .
						
							
								The result of a call to  is a permission
 that represents all of the access to socket connections represented by
 the current instance as well as the access represented by . Any
 demand that passes either the current instance or passes their
 union.
								This method overrides  and is implemented to
 support the  interface.
							
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					Used to declaratively specify security actions to control socket connections.
				
				
					The properties of a  are required to have non-null
   values. Once set, the values of the properties cannot be changed.
					
						The details of a socket connection are specified using the properties of the
      current instance. For example, to secure a socket connection to port 80, set the
    property equal to
      "80".
						The security information declared by a security attribute is stored in the
      metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time.
      Security attributes are used for declarative security only. For imperative
      security, use the corresponding permission class, 
      .
						The allowable  targets are
   determined by the  passed to the constructor.
					
				
			
			
				System.Security.Permissions.CodeAccessSecurityAttribute
			
			
			
				
					AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.Assembly | AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct | AttributeTargets.Constructor | AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)
					0
				
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class with the specified  value.
						
						A  value.
						
							 is not a valid  value.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the network access method specified by the
      current instance.
						
						
							A  containing a
   network access method allowed by the current instance. Valid values are
   "Accept" and "Connect".
						
						
							 is being set and is not  .
						
							This property is write-once. Once this property has been 
      set to a non-null value, attempts to set this
      property to new value cause a  .
   Valid values for this property correspond to  enumeration values.

					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Security.IPermission
					
					
					
						

							 Returns a
  that
 contains the security information of the current instance.
						
						
							A 
object with the security information of the current
instance.
						
						One or more of the current instance's , ,  or  properties is .
						
							
								This method overrides .
								Applications typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the
 system.
								The security information described by a security attribute is stored in the
 metadata of the attribute target, and is accessed by the system at run-time. The
 system uses the object returned by this method to convert the security
 information of the current instance into the form stored in metadata.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the DNS host name or IP address specified
      by the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing a DNS host name or
   IP address.
						
						
							 is being set and is not .
						
							 This property is write-once. Once this property has been
      set to a non-null value, attempts to set this property to new value cause a
   .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the port specified by the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing a port number, or "All" or
   -1 to indicate all
   ports.
						
						
							 is being set and is not .
						
							This property is write-once. Once this property has been 
      set to a non-null value, attempts to set this property to new value cause a
    .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets or sets the transport type specified by the current
      instance.
						
						
							A  containing the
   transport type associated with the current
   instance. Valid values are "All", "Connectionless", "ConnectionOriented", "Tcp", and
   "Udp".
						
						
							 is being set and is not .
						
							This property is write-once. Once this property has been 
      set to a non-null value, attempts to set this property to new value cause a
    .
							Valid values for this property correspond to  enumeration values.
						
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					Specifies whether the ability to send or receive data is terminated when the 
method is called on a connected  instance.
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketShutdown
					
					
					Both
					
						

							 Specifies to terminate the ability to send and receive data 
 on a  instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketShutdown
					
					
					Receive
					
						

							 Specifies to terminate the ability to receive data on a 
  
 instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketShutdown
					
					
					Send
					
						

							Specifies to terminate the ability to send data from a 
  
 instance.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies the type of socket an instance of the  class represents.
   
				
				
					A  member 
   is required
   when constructing instances of the 
   class and specifies the functionality the instance supports. 
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Dgram
					
						

							 Supports datagrams, which are connectionless, unreliable
      messages of a fixed (typically small) maximum length. Uses the User Datagram
      Protocol ( ) protocol
      and the  address family.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Raw
					
						

							 Supports access to the underlying
      transport protocol. Can communicate through protocols other than  and ,
      such as Internet Control Message Protocol () and Internet Group Management
      Protocol ().
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Rdm
					
						

							Supports message-oriented, reliably delivered messages, and preserves message 
      boundaries in data. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Seqpacket
					
						

							 Supports message-oriented, sequenced packets.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Stream
					
						

							 Supports reliable, two-way, connection-based byte
      streams with an out-of-band (OOB) data transmission mechanism. Uses the Transmission
      Control Protocol () protocol and the  address family.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.Sockets.SocketType
					
					
					Unknown
					
						

							 Unknown socket type.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			
				

					 Specifies transport types.
      
				
				
					
						The  enumeration defines transport types
   for the  and  classes.
					
				
			
			
				System.Enum
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.TransportType
					
					
					All
					
						

							 Specifies any transport type.
 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.TransportType
					
					
					Udp
					
						

							 Specifies any connectionless transport, such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.TransportType
					
					
					Tcp
					
						

							 Specifies any connection-oriented transport, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.TransportType
					
					
					Tcp
					
						

							 Specifies the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transport as defined by IETF RFC 793.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Net.TransportType
					
					
					Udp
					
						

							 Specifies the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) transport as defined by IETF RFC 768.
      
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Field
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
					0
				
			
			0
		
		
			
			
			Networking
			
				System
				[00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ]
				1.0.x.x
				none
				
					
						CLSCompliantAttribute(true)
						0
					
				
			
			All public static members of this type are safe for multithreaded operations. No instance members are guaranteed to be thread safe.
			
				

					 Provides an object representation of a uniform resource identifier
      (URI) as defined by IETF RFC 2396.
				
				
					
						 A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact
         string of
         characters used to identify a resource located on a computer. A resource can be anything that
         has identity. Examples of resources that may be accessed using a
         URI include an electronic document, an image, a web service, and a collection
         of other resources. A URI is represented as a sequence of characters.
         While the exact format of a URI is determined by the protocol
         used to access the resource, many URI consist of four major
         components:
						 <>://<><>?<>
						
							 - Indicates a protocol used to access the
   resource.
						
							 - Indicates the
naming authority (server or registry) that governs the namespace defined by the
remainder of the URI. The authority component is composed of ,
 and  subcomponents in the form 
<>@<>:<>. Only
the  subcomponent is required to be present in the
 component. Authority information is stored in the 
property.
						
							 - Identifies the
resource within the scope of the scheme and, if present, the authority. This
information is stored in the  , , and 
properties.
						
							 - Parameter
information that is passed to the executable script identified
by the URI. The query, if present, is the last element in a URI and begins
with a "?". This information is stored in the 
property.
						
							 [Subcomponent of ] Consists of a user name and, optionally,
scheme-specific authorization information used to access 
. The ,
if present, is separated from the  component by the "@" character.
Note that for some URI schemes, the format of the  subcomponent
is "username:password". Passing authorization information in this manner is
strongly discouraged due to security issues. The
 information is stored in the  
property.
						
							 - [Subcomponent of
] The Domain Name system (DNS) name or IP4 address of a machine that provides
access to the resource. This information is stored in the  property.
						
							 - [Subcomponent of
 ] The network port number used to connect
to the host. If no port number is specified in the URI, most schemes designate
protocols that have a default port number. This information is stored
in the 
property.
						
							 - The fragment is
not part of the URI, but is used in conjunction with the URI and is included here for completeness. This component contains resource-specific information that
is used after a resource is retrieved. The 
, if present, is separated from the
URI by the "#" character. This information is stored in the 
property.
						 URIs include components consisting of or delimited by
   certain special (reserved) characters that have a special meaning in a URI
   component. If the reserved meaning is not intended, then the character is
   required to be escaped in the URI. An escaped character is encoded as a
   character triplet consisting of the percent character "%" followed by the
   US-ASCII character code specified as two hexadecimal digits. For example, "%20"
   is the escaped encoding for the US-ASCII space character. The URI represented by
   a 
   
   instance is always
   in "escaped" form. The following characters are reserved:
						
							
								
									Semi-colon (";" )
								
							
							
								
									Forward slash ( "/")
								
							
							
								
									Question mark ( "?" )
								
							
							
								
									Colon ( ":" )
								
							
							
								
									At-sign ("@") 
								
							
							
								
									Ampersand ( "&" )
								
							
							
								
									Equal sign ("=" )
								
							
							
								
									Plus sign ("+" )
								
							
							
								
									US Dollar sign ("$" )
								
							
							
								
									Comma (",")
								
							
						
						To transform the URI contained in a  instance from an
                           escape encoded URI to a human-readable URI, use the  method.
					
					
					URIs are stored as canonical URIs in escaped encoding,
                        with all characters with ASCII values greater than 127 replaced with their
                        hexadecimal equivalents. The  constructors do not escape URI strings
                        if the string is a well-formed URI, including a scheme identifier, that
                        contains escape sequences. To put the URI in canonical form, the 
                        
                        constructors perform
                        the following steps.
					
						
							
                           
                           Converts the URI scheme to lower case.
						
						
							
                           
                           Converts the host name to lower case.
						
						
							
                           
                           Removes default and empty port numbers.
						
						
							
                           
                           Simplifies the URI by removing superfluous segments such as "/" and
                           "/test" segments.
						
					
					The 
               class stores only absolute URIs (for example, "http://www.contoso.com/index.htm"). Relative URIs (for example, "/new/index.htm") are
               expanded to absolute form using a specified base URI. The 
               method converts absolute URIs to relative URIs.
					 The  class properties
            are read-only; to modify a  instance use the  class.
				
			
			
				System.MarshalByRefObject
			
			
			
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class
   by parsing the specified
   URI.
						
						A  containing a URI.
						
							
								 is  .
						
						
							
								 is a zero length string or contains only spaces.
							
								is in an invalid form and cannot be parsed.
						
						
							This constructor is equivalent to calling the  (, ) constructor, and specifying
 and  as the arguments.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class by parsing the specified
   URI.
						
						A  containing a URI.
						
							 if the URI in  is already escaped; otherwise, .
						
							
								 is  .
						
						
							
								 is a zero length string or contains only spaces.
							The parsing routine detected a scheme in an invalid form.
							The parser detected more than two consecutive slashes in a URI that does not use the "file" scheme.
							
								is in an invalid form and cannot be parsed.
						
						
							 This constructor parses the URI, places
      its components into the appropriate properties, and puts the URI in
      canonical form. If the specified URI does not contain a scheme component, the URI
      is parsed using "file" as the scheme.
						
						
							The following example creates a  instance for the URI
   "http://www.contoso.com/Hello%20World.htm". Because the URI contains escaped
   characters, the third parameter,  , is set to
 .
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {
 
 Uri myUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/Hello%20World.htm", true);

 Console.WriteLine(myUri.ToString());
 }
}

							The output is
							
								http://www.contoso.com/Hello World.htm
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class by
   combining the specified
   base and relative URIs.
						
						A  containing a base URI.
						A  containing a relative URI.
						
							
								is in an invalid form.
						
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor is equivalent to calling the  (, , ) constructor, and specifying and  as the arguments.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Constructor
					
					
						
						
						
					
					
						

							Constructs and initializes a new instance of the  class by combining the specified
   base and relative URIs.
						
						A  containing the base URI. This parameter can, but is not required to contain a terminating slash ("/") character.
						A  containing the relative URI to add to the base URI. This parameter can, but is not required to contain a leading slash ("/") character.
						
							 if  and  are already escaped; otherwise, .
						
							
								is in an invalid form.
						
						
							 is .
						
							This constructor compensates for the presence or absence
      of a terminating slash in  and/or a leading slash in
   
   to produce a well-formed URI.
							 
   If the relative URI contains a  that is the same as the
   scheme of the base URI and the  is not present, or the
   relative URI does not contain a scheme, the new instance is composed of the
   relative URI (without its scheme component, if any) qualified by the scheme and
   authority information from the base URI. 
							If the relative URI contains a  followed by the , 
it is treated as an absolute URI and the base URI is ignored. If the relative
URI contains a scheme that differs from the scheme of the base URI, the
base URI is ignored. If the  is not present in the relative URI,
it is assumed, and the new instance is constructed as though the relative URI
were an absolute URI.
							
								When the base URI is ignored, only the 
   components of the relative URI are used to construct the new
   instance.
							
						
						
							 The following example creates new instances of the
    class by
      combining a  instance representing the
      base URI and a string containing a relative URI.
      
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {

 // Typical base and relative URI constructor usage.

 Uri baseUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com", true);
 Uri myUri = new Uri(baseUri, "index.htm",true);
 Console.WriteLine("Typical usage: {0}",myUri.ToString());

 // Base and relative URI contain slashes.
 Uri baseUri2 = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/", true);
 Uri myUri2 = new Uri(baseUri2, "/index.htm",true);
 Console.WriteLine("Slash example: {0}",myUri2.ToString());

 // Relative URI contains a different scheme than the base URI.
 Uri baseUri3 = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/", true);
 Uri myUri3 = new Uri(baseUri3, "ftp://www.contoso2.com/index.htm",true);
 Console.WriteLine("Different schemes: {0}", myUri3.ToString());


 // Relative URI contains the same scheme as the base URI.
 // The scheme delimiter is not present in the relative URI.
 Uri baseUri4 = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/", true);
 Uri myUri4 = new Uri(baseUri4, "http:www.contoso2.com/index.htm",true);
 Console.WriteLine("Same schemes - relative treated as relative: {0}",myUri4.ToString());

 // Relative URI contains the same scheme as the base URI.
 // The scheme delimiter is present in the relative URI.
 Uri baseUri5 = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/", true);
 Uri myUri5 = new Uri(baseUri5, "http://www.contoso2/index.htm",true);
 Console.WriteLine("Same schemes - relative treated as absolute: {0}",myUri5.ToString());

 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								Typical usage: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm
         
								Slash example: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm
								Different schemes: ftp://www.contoso2.com/index.htm 
								Same schemes - relative treated as relative: http://www.contoso.com/www.contoso2 .com/index.htm
								Same schemes - relative treated as absolute: http://www.contoso2/index.htm 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the absolute path of the resource identified by the
      current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the
   absolute path to the resource.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The 
property contains the path to
the resource identified by the current instance. The 
property always returns at least a slash
('/').
							If, when the current instance was constructed, the URI was already escaped or
   the constructor's  parameter was set to  ,
   the value returned by this property is escaped.
							
								The path information
   does not include the scheme, host name,
   query, or fragment components of the URI. 
							
						
						
							 The following example outputs the absolute
      path of a URI.
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {
   Uri myUri = new Uri ("http://www.contoso.com/URI/Hello%20World.htm?date=today", true);
   Console.WriteLine(myUri.AbsolutePath);
 }
}
   
							The output is
							
								/URI/Hello%20World.htm
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the absolute URI of the resource identified by the current instance in canonical form.
						
						
							A  containing the URI
   used to construct the current instance, in canonical format.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property includes the entire URI stored in the current  instance, including any
   fragment or query information. If, when the current instance was constructed,
   the URI was already escaped or the constructor's  parameter was
   set to  , the value returned
   by this property is escaped.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the authority component of the URI used to construct the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the
 authority component of the current instance. The value returned by this property
 is composed of the values returned by the  and  properties.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property returns the  and  information
 specified in the URI used to construct the current instance. The value of this
 property includes the port information only if the URI specified a port that is
 not the default for the current scheme. When port information is included
 in the value returned by this property, the host and port are separated by a
 colon (":").
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							 Converts the components of the URI represented by
      the current instance to canonical form.
						
						
							
								This method converts the URI to a format suitable for machine interpretation
      according to the scheme of the current instance. The conversions
      are required to preserve all information that could, if removed or
      altered, change the URI represented by the current instance. 
							
							
								This method performs the following conversions:
								
									
										
            
            Converts file references to the format of the current
            platform, for example on a Windows system, file://c|/AFile.txt is converted to
            "file:///c:/AFile.txt".
									
									
										
            
            Converts any backslash characters ('\') to forward
            slashes ('/').
									
									
										
            
            Compresses multiple consecutive forward slashes ('/')
            in the path component to a single forward slash.
									
									
										
            
            Compresses any path meta sequences ("/." and "/..").
									
								
							
							
								Override this
      method to canonicalize the type derived from 
      .
							
							
								Applications
      do not call this method; it is called by constructors after
      parsing the URI and escaping the components. 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.UriHostNameType
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a value that describes the format of a host name
      string.
						
						A  containing the host name to validate. 
						
							 A  that indicates the type of the host name. If the type of
   the host name cannot be determined, or the host name is  or
   a zero-length string, returns  .
   
						
						
							 The following example demonstrates using the  method.
   
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {
 
 Console.WriteLine(Uri.CheckHostName("www.contoso.com"));
 }
}

							The output is
							
								Dns
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value indicating whether the specified scheme name is valid.
   
						
						A  containing the scheme name to validate. 
						
							
								if the scheme name is valid; otherwise,
. If 
 is  or is a zero-length string, returns 
.
   
						
						
							
								The scheme name is
      required to begin with a letter, and contain only letters, digits,
      and the characters '.', '+' or '-'.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Checks the current instance for character sequences that can result in unauthorized access to resources,
      and removes them.
						
						
							
								This method checks for invalid
      or dangerous character sequences in the components of the current instance, and
      removes them. The semantics that determine whether a character sequence presents
      a security risk are determined by the scheme of the current
      instance.
							
							
								The default implementation does
      nothing.
							
							
								Override this method to provide
      security checks for types derived from .
							
							
								Invoke this method on instances of
      types derived from  to remove any URI content that allows unauthorized
      access to resources.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Compares the current instance and the specified
      object for equality.
						
						The  instance to compare with the current instance. This argument can be a  or a  .
						
							
								if
represents the same URI (ignoring any fragment or query information) as
   the current instance; otherwise,  . If  is
, a zero-length string, or is not an instance of  or  
, returns false.
						
						
							If  is a , it is converted
   to a  by
   calling ().
							The ,  and unescaped version of the  of the
current instance and  are compared for equality.
							If the scheme of
   the current instance is the  scheme, the absolute paths are compared
   in accordance with the case sensitivity of the current
   platform.
							
								
   This method overrides .
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Void
					
					
					
						

							Converts any unsafe or reserved characters in the  component to equivalent escaped hexadecimal
   sequences.
						
						
							
								Converts any unsafe or reserved characters in the  component to a character 
      sequence
      consisting of a "%" followed by the hexadecimal value of the character
      as described by IETF 2396. 
								If the path component of the current instance is , the
   escaped path is .
							
							
								As described
   above.
							
							
								Override this
   method to customize the escaping behavior provided by the 
   type.
							
							
								Applications
   typically do not call this method; it is intended for use by the
   constructors.
							
							
								For additional
   information on escaping URI, see section 2 of RFC 2396.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Converts a string to its escaped representation.
						
						A  to convert to its escaped representation.
						
							A  containing the escaped representation of
 .
						
						
							 
      The string is escaped in accordance with RFC 2396. 
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							Gets the fragment component of the URI used to construct the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing any
   fragment information contained in the URI used to construct the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property gets
   any text following a fragment marker ('#') in the URI, including the fragment
   marker itself. If, when the current instance was constructed, the URI
   was already escaped or the constructor's  parameter was set to
 
, the value
returned by this property is escaped. 
							
								 The  property is not considered in a  comparison.
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the use of the
   
   property.
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {

 Uri baseUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/");
 Uri myUri = new Uri(baseUri, "index.htm#main");
 
 Console.WriteLine(myUri.Fragment);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								#main
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the decimal value of a hexadecimal digit.
 
						
						The hexadecimal digit (0-9, a-f, A-F) to convert. 
						
							 A  containing an integer from 0 - 15 that corresponds to the specified hexadecimal
 digit.
 
						
						
							is not a valid hexadecimal digit (0-9, a-f, A-F).
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Int32
					
					
					
						

							Generates a hash code for the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the hash code for this instance.
						
						
							 The hash code is generated without the fragment component.
      For example, the URIs "http://www.contoso.com/index.htm#search"
      and "http://www.contoso.com/index.htm"
      produce the same hash code.
							The algorithm used to generate the hash code is unspecified.
							
								
      This method overrides . 
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns the specified portion of the URI represented by
      the current instance.
						
						A  value that specifies the component to return.
						
							A  containing all
   components up to the specified portion of the URI, or  if
   the current instance does not contain the component identified by
 .
						
						The  parameter is not a valid  value.
						
							The  method returns a string containing the URI
   components starting with the left-most component of
   the URI and ending with the component specified by 
   . The returned string does not include fragment or
   query information.
							
								 includes delimiters as follows:
							
								
									
										 has 
      the scheme delimiter added.
								
								
									
										 does 
      not have the path delimiter added.
								
								
									
										
   includes any delimiters in the original URI up to the query or
   fragment delimiter.
								
							
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  method.
							using System;

public class UriTest {
  public static void Main() {
    string[] myUri  = {
            "http://www.contoso.com/index.htm",
            "http:www.contoso.com/index.htm#mark",
                    "mailto:user@contoso.com?subject=uri",
                    "nntp://news.contoso.com/123456@contoso.com"
    };
    foreach (string s in myUri) {
      Uri aUri = new Uri(s);
      Console.WriteLine("URI: {0}", aUri.ToString());
      Console.WriteLine("Scheme: {0}",aUri.GetLeftPart(UriPartial.Scheme));
      Console.WriteLine("Authority: {0}",aUri.GetLeftPart(UriPartial.Authority));
      Console.WriteLine("Path: {0}",aUri.GetLeftPart(UriPartial.Path));
    }  
  }
}

							The output is
							
								URI: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm
								Scheme: http://
								Authority: http://www.contoso.com
								Path: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm
								URI: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm#mark
								Scheme: http://
								Authority: http://www.contoso.com
								Path: http://www.contoso.com/index.htm
								URI: mailto:user@contoso.com?subject=uri
								Scheme: mailto:
								Authority:
								Path: mailto:user@contoso.com
								URI: nntp://news.contoso.com/123456@contoso.com
								Scheme: nntp://
								Authority: nntp://news.contoso.com
								Path: nntp://news.contoso.com/123456@contoso.com
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Converts a specified ASCII character into its escaped hexadecimal equivalent.
      
						
						A  containing the character to convert to escaped hexadecimal representation. 
						
							 A  containing the escaped hexadecimal representation of the specified character.
   
						
						The numerical value of  is greater than 255. 
						
							 The returned string is in the
      form "%XX", where X represents a hexadecimal digit (0-9, A-F).
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Char
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Converts a specified escaped hexadecimal representation of a character to the character.
      
						
						A  containing the hexadecimal representation of a character. 
						A  containing the location in  where the hexadecimal representation of a character begins. 
						
							 A  containing a character. If the character pointed to
   by  is a "%" and there are at least two characters following the
   "%", and the two characters are valid hexadecimal digits, the hexadecimal
   digits are converted to . Otherwise, the character at  is returned. Valid hexadecimal digits are:
   0-9,
   a-f, A-F.
   
							On return, the value of 
contains the index of the character following the one returned.
						
						
							0 or >= the number of characters in pattern.
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the host component of the URI used to construct the current instance.
						
						
							A  containing the DNS host
   name or IP address of the host server. If the host information was not
   specified to the constructor, the value of this property is  .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							 If the host information is an IP6 address, the information is enclosed in square brackets ("[" and "]").
						
						
							The following example demonstrates using the  
property.
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {

 Uri baseUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com:8080/");
 Uri myUri = new Uri(baseUri, "shownew.htm?date=today");
 
 Console.WriteLine(myUri.Host);
 }
}

							The output is
							
								www.contoso.com
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.UriHostNameType
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the format of the host address in the URI used to construct the current instance.
      
						
						
							 A  that indicates the format of the host address 
   information in the current instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							If  is , the value of this property is
 .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  value that indicates whether the specified character would be an invalid character
   if used in a file system name.
						
						A  containing the character to check.
						
							
								 if the specified character is not acceptable for use in a file
   system name; otherwise, .
							The value returned by this
   method is implementation-defined.
						
						
							
								This method
      returns  if the specified character cannot be used in a
      URI that identifies a file, as defined by the current file system on the current
      platform.
							
							
								As described
      above.
							
							
								Override this
      method to provide a check for invalid characters as defined by the current file system on the current
      platform.
							
							
								Use this method to determine if a character can be used in a file
      name.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the  value of the current instance is the default port for the scheme of the current instance.
						
						
							
								if the value in the  property is the default
 port for the 
 ; otherwise, .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							
								For a list of default
 port values, see the  property.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value that indicates whether the specified 
   character is excluded from use or is unwise in URIs, as defined by IETF
   RFC 2396.
						
						A  containing the character to check.
						
							
								 if the
   specified character is required to
   be escaped; otherwise,  .
						
						
							This method returns  for the following characters:
   
							
								
									Character(s)
									Description
								
								
									
										< 0x0020 
									Any character with the ASCII value less than
      hexadecimal 0x20 (32). 
								
								
									
										< 0x007f
									Any character with the ASCII value greater than
   hexadecimal 0x7f (127).
								
								
									 <
									Less than sign.
								
								
									 >
									Greater than sign.
								
								
									 #
									 Number sign (crosshatch, pound sign).
								
								
									 %
									Percent.
								
								
									 "
									
										Quotation mark.
									
								
								
									 {
									Left curly brace.
								
								
									 }
									Right curly brace.
								
								
									 |
									Pipe sign (vertical bar).
								
								
									 \
									 Backward slash.
								
								
									 ^
									Circumflex (caret).
								
								
									 [
									Left square bracket.
								
								
									 ]
									Right square bracket.
								
								
									 `
									Grave accent.
								
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating whether the current instance identifies a file.
						
						
							
								if the 
 resource identified by the current  is a file; otherwise,
 .
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							The  property is  when the  property
 equals .
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value that indicates whether the specified character is a valid hexadecimal digit.
   
						
						A  containing the character to validate. 
						
							
								if the
   character is a valid hexadecimal digit (0-9, A-F, a-f);
   otherwise .
   
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
						
					
					
						

							 Returns a  value that indicates whether
   a substring of the specified string is in escaped hexadecimal encoding format ("%" followed by two hexadecimal
   characters).
   
						
						The  to check. 
						A  containing the location in to check for hex encoding. 
						
							
								if the 
   specified location in contains a
   substring in escaped hexadecimal encoding
   format; otherwise, .
   
						
						
							The 
method checks for hexadecimal digits case-insensitively.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
					
						

							Gets a  value indicating
 whether the host information of the current instance is the current computer.
						
						
							
								if the host of
 the current instance is the reserved hostname "localhost" or the
 loop-back IP address (127.0.0.1); otherwise,
.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the  property.
							using System;

public class UriTest {
 public static void Main() {
 Uri myUri = new Uri("http://127.0.0.1/index.htm", true);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} is loopback? {1}", myUri.ToString(), myUri.IsLoopback);

 myUri = new Uri("http://localhost/index.htm", true);
 Console.WriteLine("{0} is loopback? {1}", myUri.ToString(), myUri.IsLoopback);

 }
}

							The output is 
							 
 http://127.0.0.1/index.htm is loopback?
 True
							http://localhost/index.htm is loopback? True
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.Boolean
					
					
						
					
					
						

							Returns a  value that indicates whether a character is part of the URI reserved set.
						
						
							
								 if  is a URI reserved character as defined by IETF RFC
   2396; otherwise, .
						
						
							The following characters are reserved for the use in URI:
							
								
									Character
									Description
								
								
									 ;
									Semi-colon.
								
								
									 /
									 Forward slash.
								
								
									 :
									Colon.
								
								
									 @
									At sign (commercial at).
								
								
									 &
									Ampersand.
								
								
									 =
									Equals sign.
								
								
									 +
									Plus sign.
								
								
									 $
									US
            Dollar sign.
								
								
									 ,
									Comma.
								
							
							
								 As described above. 
   
							
							
								Override this 
   method to customize the escaping behavior provided by the 
   type.
							
							
								Use this method to determine if a character is reserved.
							
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Property
					
						System.String
					
					
					
						

							 Gets the local operating-system representation of the resource identified by the
      current instance.
						
						
							 A  containing the
   local representation of the resource identified by the current
   instance.
						
						
							This property is read-only.
							If the  of the current instance is not equal to , this
   property returns the same value as  . 
							If the scheme is equal to
, this 
   property returns an unescaped platform-dependent local representation of the file name.
						
					
					0
				
				
					
					
					Method
					
						System.String
					
					
						
					
					
						

							 Returns the specified  as a relative URI.
						
						The URI to compare to the current URI.
						
							A  with
   the difference between the current instance and  if the two
   URIs are the same except for the path information. If the two
   URIs differ in more than the , this method returns a 
   with the absolute URI of .
						
						
							The following example demonstrates the 
method.
							using System;
public class UriTest {
  public static void Main() {
    Uri myUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/Hello%20World.htm", true);
    Console.WriteLine(myUri.ToString());
    Console.WriteLine(myUri.MakeRelative(new Uri ("http://www.contoso.com/index.htm")));
  }
}

							The output is